mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

PVA: Pixel-aligned Volumetric Avatars

arXiv 2101.02697 ↗First posted 7 Jan 2021cs.CVcited by 40

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Abstract (arXiv)

Acquisition and rendering of photo-realistic human heads is a highly challenging research problem of particular importance for virtual telepresence. Currently, the highest quality is achieved by volumetric approaches trained in a person specific manner on multi-view data. These models better represent fine structure, such as hair, compared to simpler mesh-based models. Volumetric models typically employ a global code to represent facial expressions, such that they can be driven by a small set of animation parameters. While such architectures achieve impressive rendering quality, they can not easily be extended to the multi-identity setting. In this paper, we devise a novel approach for predicting volumetric avatars of the human head given just a small number of inputs. We enable generalization across identities by a novel parameterization that combines neural radiance fields with local, pixel-aligned features extracted directly from the inputs, thus sidestepping the need for very deep or complex networks. Our approach is trained in an end-to-end manner solely based on a photometric re-rendering loss without requiring explicit 3D supervision.We demonstrate that our approach outperforms the existing state of the art in terms of quality and is able to generate faithful facial expressions in a multi-identity setting.

Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Jan 2021.

Builds on

24 of 30 references.

References · 24

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  2. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
  3. 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,230
  4. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  5. 2019Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Representationscited by 864
  6. 2019PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitizationcited by 818
  7. 2020GRAF: Generative Radiance Fields for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 688
  8. 2019Image2StyleGAN: How to Embed Images Into the StyleGAN Latent Space?cited by 675
  9. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  10. 2020PIFuHD: Multi-Level Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution 3D Human Digitizationcited by 521
  11. 2017Neural 3D Mesh Renderercited by 437
  12. 2019Soft Rasterizer: A Differentiable Renderer for Image-based 3D Reasoningcited by 420
12 more
  1. 2018DeepVoxels: Learning Persistent 3D Feature Embeddingscited by 401
  2. 2018Learning Category-Specific Mesh Reconstruction from Image Collectionscited by 317
  3. 2020State of the Art on Neural Renderingcited by 276
  4. 2020StyleRig: Rigging StyleGAN for 3D Control over Portrait Imagescited by 267
  5. 2019Learning to Predict 3D Objects with an Interpolation-based Differentiable Renderercited by 221
  6. 2019Texture Fields: Learning Texture Representations in Function Spacecited by 210
  7. 2018Escaping Plato's Cave: 3D Shape From Adversarial Renderingcited by 170
  8. 2018Deep Appearance Models for Face Renderingcited by 164
  9. 2018Visual Object Networks: Image Generation with Disentangled 3D Representationcited by 124
  10. 2020StyleGAN2 Distillation for Feed-forward Image Manipulationcited by 78
  11. 2018RenderNet: A deep convolutional network for differentiable rendering from 3D shapescited by 42
  12. 2019Transformable Bottleneck Networkscited by 23

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 10; 2023: 12; 2024: 7; 2025: 3.

40 papers.

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  1. 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 539
  2. 2021AD-NeRF: Audio Driven Neural Radiance Fields for Talking Head Synthesiscited by 339
  3. 2021HeadNeRF: A Real-time NeRF-based Parametric Head Modelcited by 228
  4. 2021Neural Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 212
  5. 2021Neural Rays for Occlusion-aware Image-based Renderingcited by 192
  6. 2022MagicPony: Learning Articulated 3D Animals in the Wildcited by 111
  7. 2021MoFaNeRF: Morphable Facial Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 94
  8. 2021Stochastic Neural Radiance Fields: Quantifying Uncertainty in Implicit 3D Representationscited by 80
  9. 2022KeypointNeRF: Generalizing Image-based Volumetric Avatars using Relative Spatial Encoding of Keypointscited by 77
  10. 2023Multiview Compressive Coding for 3D Reconstructioncited by 71
  11. 2023NOFA: NeRF-based One-shot Facial Avatar Reconstructioncited by 53
  12. 2022Aug-NeRF: Training Stronger Neural Radiance Fields with Triple-Level Physically-Grounded Augmentationscited by 46
28 more
  1. 2022FDNeRF: Few-shot Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields for Face Reconstruction and Expression Editingcited by 38
  2. 2021VariTex: Variational Neural Face Texturescited by 30
  3. 2022NeuWigs: A Neural Dynamic Model for Volumetric Hair Capture and Animationcited by 30
  4. 20223DFaceShop: Explicitly Controllable 3D-Aware Portrait Generationcited by 22
  5. 2023ARTIC3D: Learning Robust Articulated 3D Shapes from Noisy Web Image Collectionscited by 22
  6. 2022FvOR: Robust Joint Shape and Pose Optimization for Few-view Object Reconstructioncited by 19
  7. 2022Video-driven Neural Physically-based Facial Asset for Productioncited by 17
  8. 2023GANHead: Towards Generative Animatable Neural Head Avatarscited by 17
  9. 2022MonoNHR: Monocular Neural Human Renderercited by 15
  10. 2023GHuNeRF: Generalizable Human NeRF from a Monocular Videocited by 10
  11. 2023HQ3DAvatar: High Quality Controllable 3D Head Avatarcited by 9
  12. 2024Entity-NeRF: Detecting and Removing Moving Entities in Urban Scenescited by 8
  13. 2025LUCAS: Layered Universal Codec Avatarscited by 7
  14. 2023Replay: Multi-modal Multi-view Acted Videos for Casual Holographycited by 6
  15. 2023LANe: Lighting-Aware Neural Fields for Compositional Scene Synthesiscited by 5
  16. 2023MELON: NeRF with Unposed Images in SO(3)cited by 4
  17. 20243D Visibility-aware Generalizable Neural Radiance Fields for Interacting Handscited by 4
  18. 2024MagicMirror: Fast and High-Quality Avatar Generation with a Constrained Search Spacecited by 4
  19. 2024TalkinNeRF: Animatable Neural Fields for Full-Body Talking Humanscited by 4
  20. 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Fieldcited by 4
  21. 2023A Local Appearance Model for Volumetric Capture of Diverse Hairstylecited by 3
  22. 2024MI-NeRF: Learning a Single Face NeRF from Multiple Identitiescited by 3
  23. 2024Generalizable Neural Human Renderercited by 3
  24. 2024MIGS: Multi-Identity Gaussian Splatting via Tensor Decompositioncited by 3
  25. 2025NeRFs are Mirror Detectors: Using Structural Similarity for Multi-View Mirror Scene Reconstruction with 3D Surface Primitivescited by 2
  26. 2023360deg Volumetric Portrait Avatarcited by 1
  27. 2022Efficient 3D Reconstruction, Streaming and Visualization of Static and Dynamic Scene Parts for Multi-client Live-telepresence in Large-scale Environmentscited by 0
  28. 2023Towards a Pipeline for Real-Time Visualization of Faces for VR-based Telepresence and Live Broadcasting Utilizing Neural Renderingcited by 0