mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

VariTex: Variational Neural Face Textures

arXiv 2104.05988 ↗First posted 13 Apr 2021cs.CV cs.AI cs.GRcited by 30

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Abstract (arXiv)

Deep generative models can synthesize photorealistic images of human faces with novel identities. However, a key challenge to the wide applicability of such techniques is to provide independent control over semantically meaningful parameters: appearance, head pose, face shape, and facial expressions. In this paper, we propose VariTex - to the best of our knowledge the first method that learns a variational latent feature space of neural face textures, which allows sampling of novel identities. We combine this generative model with a parametric face model and gain explicit control over head pose and facial expressions. To generate complete images of human heads, we propose an additive decoder that adds plausible details such as hair. A novel training scheme enforces a pose-independent latent space and in consequence, allows learning a one-to-many mapping between latent codes and pose-conditioned exterior regions. The resulting method can generate geometrically consistent images of novel identities under fine-grained control over head pose, face shape, and facial expressions. This facilitates a broad range of downstream tasks, like sampling novel identities, changing the head pose, expression transfer, and more. Code and models are available for research on https://mcbuehler.github.io/VariTex.

Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Apr 2021.

Builds on

35 of 47 references.

References · 35

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  3. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  4. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
  5. 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
  6. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
  7. 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,239
  8. 2017Rethinking Atrous Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 2,154
  9. 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,295
  10. 2019StarGAN v2: Diverse Image Synthesis for Multiple Domainscited by 1,095
  11. 2017StarGAN: Unified Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1,036
  12. 2020pi-GAN: Periodic Implicit Generative Adversarial Networks for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 708
23 more
  1. 2020GRAF: Generative Radiance Fields for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 688
  2. 2019MaskGAN: Towards Diverse and Interactive Facial Image Manipulationcited by 624
  3. 2020GANSpace: Discovering Interpretable GAN Controlscited by 612
  4. 2020Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields for Monocular 4D Facial Avatar Reconstructioncited by 465
  5. 2021AD-NeRF: Audio Driven Neural Radiance Fields for Talking Head Synthesiscited by 339
  6. 2020StyleRig: Rigging StyleGAN for 3D Control over Portrait Imagescited by 267
  7. 2018Deep Video Portraitscited by 265
  8. 2019SEAN: Image Synthesis with Semantic Region-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 253
  9. 2019Neural Voice Puppetry: Audio-driven Facial Reenactmentcited by 249
  10. 2020Disentangled and Controllable Face Image Generation via 3D Imitative-Contrastive Learningcited by 219
  11. 2020ETH-XGaze: A Large Scale Dataset for Gaze Estimation under Extreme Head Pose and Gaze Variationcited by 141
  12. 2017Morphable Face Models - An Open Frameworkcited by 138
  13. 2021GAN-Control: Explicitly Controllable GANscited by 91
  14. 2020SofGAN: A Portrait Image Generator with Dynamic Stylingcited by 65
  15. 2017UV-GAN: Adversarial Facial UV Map Completion for Pose-invariant Face Recognitioncited by 62
  16. 2020CONFIG: Controllable Neural Face Image Generationcited by 61
  17. 2020ANR: Articulated Neural Rendering for Virtual Avatarscited by 55
  18. 2020GIF: Generative Interpretable Facescited by 53
  19. 2021PVA: Pixel-aligned Volumetric Avatarscited by 40
  20. 2018SMIT: Stochastic Multi-Label Image-to-Image Translationcited by 21
  21. 2020DeepSEE: Deep Disentangled Semantic Explorative Extreme Super-Resolutioncited by 17
  22. 2019Synthesizing facial photometries and corresponding geometries using generative adversarial networkscited by 11
  23. 2020High Resolution Zero-Shot Domain Adaptation of Synthetically Rendered Face Imagescited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 11; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.

30 papers.

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  1. 2021I M Avatar: Implicit Morphable Head Avatars from Videoscited by 230
  2. 2021HeadNeRF: A Real-time NeRF-based Parametric Head Modelcited by 228
  3. 2021Neural Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 212
  4. 2022PointAvatar: Deformable Point-based Head Avatars from Videoscited by 183
  5. 2022KeypointNeRF: Generalizing Image-based Volumetric Avatars using Relative Spatial Encoding of Keypointscited by 77
  6. 2022AvatarMAV: Fast 3D Head Avatar Reconstruction Using Motion-Aware Neural Voxelscited by 73
  7. 2022AniFaceGAN: Animatable 3D-Aware Face Image Generation for Video Avatarscited by 46
  8. 2022VoLux-GAN: A Generative Model for 3D Face Synthesis with HDRI Relightingcited by 37
  9. 2024FATE: Full-head Gaussian Avatar with Textural Editing from Monocular Videocited by 31
  10. 2022HARP: Personalized Hand Reconstruction from a Monocular RGB Videocited by 28
  11. 2021MOST-GAN: 3D Morphable StyleGAN for Disentangled Face Image Manipulationcited by 24
  12. 2023Towards Robust and Unconstrained Full Range of Rotation Head Pose Estimationcited by 20
18 more
  1. 2022DINER: Depth-aware Image-based NEural Radiance fieldscited by 19
  2. 20223D-FM GAN: Towards 3D-Controllable Face Manipulationcited by 17
  3. 2022GAN-based Facial Attribute Manipulationcited by 16
  4. 2022A Survey on Deep Generative 3D-aware Image Synthesiscited by 16
  5. 20253DPR: Single Image 3D Portrait Relight using Generative Priorscited by 8
  6. 20233D-Aware Talking-Head Video Motion Transfercited by 4
  7. 2024SelfSwapper: Self-Supervised Face Swapping via Shape Agnostic Masked AutoEncodercited by 4
  8. 2024Gaussian Head & Shoulders: High Fidelity Neural Upper Body Avatars with Anchor Gaussian Guided Texture Warpingcited by 4
  9. 2025Dream, Lift, Animate: From Single Images to Animatable Gaussian Avatarscited by 4
  10. 2025HyperGaussians: High-Dimensional Gaussian Splatting for High-Fidelity Animatable Face Avatarscited by 3
  11. 2021Causal Representation Learning for Context-Aware Face Transfercited by 2
  12. 2024PAV: Personalized Head Avatar from Unstructured Video Collectioncited by 2
  13. 2024FaceFolds: Meshed Radiance Manifolds for Efficient Volumetric Rendering of Dynamic Facescited by 1
  14. 2026Instruction-Driven 3D Facial Expression Generation and Transitioncited by 1
  15. 2026GAT-NeRF: Geometry-Aware-Transformer Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields for High-Fidelity 4D Facial Avatarscited by 1
  16. 2026NBAvatar: Neural Billboards Avatars with Realistic Hand-Face Interactioncited by 1
  17. 2022LiP-Flow: Learning Inference-time Priors for Codec Avatars via Normalizing Flows in Latent Spacecited by 0
  18. 2026Giving Faces Their Feelings Back: Explicit Emotion Control for Feedforward Single-Image 3D Head Avatarscited by 0