mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

StegaNeRF: Embedding Invisible Information within Neural Radiance Fields

arXiv 2212.01602 ↗First posted 3 Dec 2022cs.CVcited by 32

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in neural rendering imply a future of widespread visual data distributions through sharing NeRF model weights. However, while common visual data (images and videos) have standard approaches to embed ownership or copyright information explicitly or subtly, the problem remains unexplored for the emerging NeRF format. We present StegaNeRF, a method for steganographic information embedding in NeRF renderings. We design an optimization framework allowing accurate hidden information extractions from images rendered by NeRF, while preserving its original visual quality. We perform experimental evaluations of our method under several potential deployment scenarios, and we further discuss the insights discovered through our analysis. StegaNeRF signifies an initial exploration into the novel problem of instilling customizable, imperceptible, and recoverable information to NeRF renderings, with minimal impact to rendered images. Project page: https://xggnet.github.io/StegaNeRF/.

Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 53 of its 91 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Dec 2022.

Builds on

53 of 91 references.

References · 53

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,177
  2. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
  3. 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,689
  4. 2020Implicit Neural Representations with Periodic Activation Functionscited by 2,238
  5. 2020Fourier Features Let Networks Learn High Frequency Functions in Low Dimensional Domainscited by 2,200
  6. 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,041
  7. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,032
  8. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,964
  9. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,712
  10. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
  11. 2020pixelNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from One or Few Imagescited by 1,584
  12. 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,465
38 more
  1. 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,232
  2. 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,198
  3. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
  4. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  5. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 905
  6. 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 861
  7. 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 740
  8. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 724
  9. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 673
  10. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  11. 2021RegNeRF: Regularizing Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis from Sparse Inputscited by 615
  12. 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 511
  13. 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 468
  14. 2020Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields for Monocular 4D Facial Avatar Reconstructioncited by 467
  15. 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
  16. 2021Light Field Networks: Neural Scene Representations with Single-Evaluation Renderingcited by 332
  17. 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
  18. 2019StegaStamp: Invisible Hyperlinks in Physical Photographscited by 265
  19. 2021BungeeNeRF: Progressive Neural Radiance Field for Extreme Multi-scale Scene Renderingcited by 229
  20. 2020Artificial Fingerprinting for Generative Models: Rooting Deepfake Attribution in Training Datacited by 201
  21. 2022Fourier PlenOctrees for Dynamic Radiance Field Rendering in Real-timecited by 165
  22. 2022SinNeRF: Training Neural Radiance Fields on Complex Scenes from a Single Imagecited by 165
  23. 2022NeuralLift-360: Lifting An In-the-wild 2D Photo to A 3D Object with 360deg Viewscited by 148
  24. 2022VoxGRAF: Fast 3D-Aware Image Synthesis with Sparse Voxel Gridscited by 133
  25. 2022Generalizable Patch-Based Neural Renderingcited by 122
  26. 2022Is Attention All That NeRF Needs?cited by 113
  27. 2022EfficientNeRF: Efficient Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 111
  28. 2021A Structured Dictionary Perspective on Implicit Neural Representationscited by 100
  29. 2021TermiNeRF: Ray Termination Prediction for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 70
  30. 2022R2L: Distilling Neural Radiance Field to Neural Light Field for Efficient Novel View Synthesiscited by 69
  31. 2017Generating Steganographic Images via Adversarial Trainingcited by 58
  32. 2021Meta-Learning Sparse Implicit Neural Representationscited by 48
  33. 2021DVMark: A Deep Multiscale Framework for Video Watermarkingcited by 46
  34. 2022Ray Priors through Reprojection: Improving Neural Radiance Fields for Novel View Extrapolationcited by 26
  35. 2022NeurMiPs: Neural Mixture of Planar Experts for View Synthesiscited by 23
  36. 2022Knowledge Condensation Distillationcited by 20
  37. 2021Consistent Posterior Distributions under Vessel-Mixing: A Regularization for Cross-Domain Retinal Artery/Vein Classificationcited by 15
  38. 2021Hierarchical Deep Network with Uncertainty-aware Semi-supervised Learning for Vessel Segmentationcited by 15

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 17; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.

32 papers.

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  1. 2024Large Spatial Model: End-to-end Unposed Images to Semantic 3Dcited by 73
  2. 2024Endora: Video Generation Models as Endoscopy Simulatorscited by 55
  3. 2024BIMCV-R: A Landmark Dataset for 3D CT Text-Image Retrievalcited by 30
  4. 2024WateRF: Robust Watermarks in Radiance Fields for Protection of Copyrightscited by 26
  5. 2024GS-Hider: Hiding Messages into 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 26
  6. 2024LGS: A Light-weight 4D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Surgical Scene Reconstructioncited by 21
  7. 2024Protecting NeRFs' Copyright via Plug-And-Play Watermarking Base Modelcited by 18
  8. 20243D-GSW: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust Watermarkingcited by 18
  9. 2024EndoSparse: Real-Time Sparse View Synthesis of Endoscopic Scenes using Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
  10. 2024Geometry Cloak: Preventing TGS-based 3D Reconstruction from Copyrighted Imagescited by 15
  11. 2025All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Key-Secured 3D Secrets within 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  12. 2024Neural Radiance Field-based Visual Rendering: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 12
20 more
  1. 2024GaussianStego: A Generalizable Stenography Pipeline for Generative 3D Gaussians Splattingcited by 11
  2. 2025The NeRF Signature: Codebook-Aided Watermarking for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
  3. 2024Research on the Application of Computer Vision Based on Deep Learning in Autonomous Driving Technologycited by 9
  4. 2024GTP-4o: Modality-prompted Heterogeneous Graph Learning for Omni-modal Biomedical Representationcited by 7
  5. 2024GeometrySticker: Enabling Ownership Claim of Recolorized Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 6
  6. 2025GS-Marker: Generalizable and Robust Watermarking for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
  7. 2024Noise-NeRF: Hide Information in Neural Radiance Fields using Trainable Noisecited by 4
  8. 2025GaussianSeal: Rooting Adaptive Watermarks for 3D Gaussian Generation Modelcited by 4
  9. 2025ConcealGS: Concealing Invisible Copyright Information in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 3
  10. 2023Implicit Steganography Beyond the Constraints of Modalitycited by 1
  11. 2025X-SG2S: Safe and Generalizable Gaussian Splatting with X-dimensional Watermarkscited by 1
  12. 2024StegaINR4MIH: steganography by implicit neural representation for multi-image hidingcited by 0
  13. 2025MultiNeRF: Multiple Watermark Embedding for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 0
  14. 2025Defense against Unauthorized Distillation in Image Restoration via Feature Space Perturbationcited by 0
  15. 2026StegoNGP: 3D Cryptographic Steganography using Instant-NGPcited by 0
  16. 2026Splats in Splats++: Robust and Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Steganographycited by 0
  17. 2026GuardMarkGS: Unified Ownership Tracing and Edit Deterrence for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  18. 20264D-GSW: Kinematic-Aware Spatio-Temporal Consistent Watermarking for 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  19. 2026IBRSteG: Learning a Generalizable Steganography Framework for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  20. 2026Geometry-Preserving Blind Watermarking for Raw 3D Point Cloudscited by 0