mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Generating Steganographic Images via Adversarial Training

arXiv 1703.00371 ↗First posted 1 Mar 2017stat.ML cs.CR cs.MMcited by 57

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Abstract (arXiv)

Adversarial training was recently shown to be competitive against supervised learning methods on computer vision tasks, however, studies have mainly been confined to generative tasks such as image synthesis. In this paper, we apply adversarial training techniques to the discriminative task of learning a steganographic algorithm. Steganography is a collection of techniques for concealing information by embedding it within a non-secret medium, such as cover texts or images. We show that adversarial training can produce robust steganographic techniques: our unsupervised training scheme produces a steganographic algorithm that competes with state-of-the-art steganographic techniques, and produces a robust steganalyzer, which performs the discriminative task of deciding if an image contains secret information. We define a game between three parties, Alice, Bob and Eve, in order to simultaneously train both a steganographic algorithm and a steganalyzer. Alice and Bob attempt to communicate a secret message contained within an image, while Eve eavesdrops on their conversation and attempts to determine if secret information is embedded within the image. We represent Alice, Bob and Eve by neural networks, and validate our scheme on two independent image datasets, showing our novel method of studying steganographic problems is surprisingly competitive against established steganographic techniques.

Key facts. Cited by 57 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 9; 2023: 12; 2024: 12; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.

57 papers.

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  1. 2023Tree-Ring Watermarks: Fingerprints for Diffusion Images that are Invisible and Robustcited by 179
  2. 2024WAVES: Benchmarking the Robustness of Image Watermarkscited by 89
  3. 2023Watermarks in the Sand: Impossibility of Strong Watermarking for Generative Modelscited by 77
  4. 2023AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A Surveycited by 59
  5. 2024Copyright Protection in Generative AI: A Technical Perspectivecited by 35
  6. 2023Backdoor Attacks and Defenses in Federated Learning: Survey, Challenges and Future Research Directionscited by 33
  7. 2022StegaNeRF: Embedding Invisible Information within Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 32
  8. 2025SynthID-Image: Image watermarking at internet scalecited by 26
  9. 2023Generative Watermarking Against Unauthorized Subject-Driven Image Synthesiscited by 21
  10. 2023Large-capacity and Flexible Video Steganography via Invertible Neural Networkcited by 20
  11. 2022Learning to Immunize Images for Tamper Localization and Self-Recoverycited by 19
  12. 2021Universal Adversarial Perturbations Through the Lens of Deep Steganography: Towards A Fourier Perspectivecited by 18
38 more
  1. 2022FaceSigns: Semi-Fragile Neural Watermarks for Media Authentication and Countering Deepfakescited by 18
  2. 2024Watermarking Language Models for Many Adaptive Userscited by 16
  3. 2022Generative Steganography Networkcited by 15
  4. 2023On the Trustworthiness Landscape of State-of-the-art Generative Models: A Survey and Outlookcited by 15
  5. 2021From Image to Imuge: Immunized Image Generationcited by 11
  6. 2024GaussianStego: A Generalizable Stenography Pipeline for Generative 3D Gaussians Splattingcited by 11
  7. 2021Embedding Novel Views in a Single JPEG Imagecited by 10
  8. 2024Purified and Unified Steganographic Networkcited by 10
  9. 2021A Brief Survey on Deep Learning Based Data Hidingcited by 9
  10. 2024RAW: A Robust and Agile Plug-and-Play Watermark Framework for AI-Generated Images with Provable Guaranteescited by 7
  11. 2024U Can't Gen This? A Survey of Intellectual Property Protection Methods for Data in Generative AIcited by 7
  12. 2021Multi-Stage Residual Hiding for Image-into-Audio Steganographycited by 6
  13. 2023PRIS: Practical robust invertible network for image steganographycited by 5
  14. 2024Social Media Authentication and Combating Deepfakes using Semi-fragile Invisible Image Watermarkingcited by 5
  15. 2023Learning Iterative Neural Optimizers for Image Steganographycited by 4
  16. 2022DeepFormableTag: End-to-end Generation and Recognition of Deformable Fiducial Markerscited by 3
  17. 2023Low-frequency Image Deep Steganography: Manipulate the Frequency Distribution to Hide Secrets with Tenacious Robustnesscited by 3
  18. 2021Multi-Image Steganography Using Deep Neural Networkscited by 2
  19. 2021Multitask Identity-Aware Image Steganography via Minimax Optimizationcited by 2
  20. 2022FastStamp: Accelerating Neural Steganography and Digital Watermarking of Images on FPGAscited by 2
  21. 2023Deep Cross-Modal Steganography Using Neural Representationscited by 2
  22. 2024Cover-separable Fixed Neural Network Steganography via Deep Generative Modelscited by 2
  23. 2021StegaPos: Preventing Unwanted Crops and Replacements with Imperceptible Positional Embeddingscited by 1
  24. 2021Deep Learning for Predictive Analytics in Reversible Steganographycited by 1
  25. 2022Hiding Data in Colors: Secure and Lossless Deep Image Steganography via Conditional Invertible Neural Networkscited by 1
  26. 2023Exploiting Fine-Grained DCT Representations for Hiding Image-Level Messages within JPEG Imagescited by 1
  27. 2024RoWSFormer: A Robust Watermarking Framework with Swin Transformer for Enhanced Geometric Attack Resiliencecited by 1
  28. 2025Spread them Apart: Towards Robust Watermarking of Generated Contentcited by 1
  29. 2025WaterFlow: Learning Fast & Robust Watermarks using Stable Diffusioncited by 1
  30. 2025CLPSTNet: A Progressive Multi-Scale Convolutional Steganography Model Integrating Curriculum Learningcited by 1
  31. 2025STCL:Curriculum learning Strategies for deep learning image steganography modelscited by 1
  32. 2025The Coding Limits of Robust Watermarking for Generative Modelscited by 1
  33. 2022On the predictability in reversible steganographycited by 0
  34. 2022Deniable Steganographycited by 0
  35. 2024FIIH: Fully Invertible Image Hiding for Secure and Robustcited by 0
  36. 2024CausalVE: Face Video Privacy Encryption via Causal Video Predictioncited by 0
  37. 2025Steganographic Embeddings as an Effective Data Augmentationcited by 0
  38. 2025TSCL:Multi-party loss Balancing scheme for deep learning Image steganography based on Curriculum learningcited by 0

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