Generating Steganographic Images via Adversarial Training
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Abstract (arXiv)
Adversarial training was recently shown to be competitive against supervised learning methods on computer vision tasks, however, studies have mainly been confined to generative tasks such as image synthesis. In this paper, we apply adversarial training techniques to the discriminative task of learning a steganographic algorithm. Steganography is a collection of techniques for concealing information by embedding it within a non-secret medium, such as cover texts or images. We show that adversarial training can produce robust steganographic techniques: our unsupervised training scheme produces a steganographic algorithm that competes with state-of-the-art steganographic techniques, and produces a robust steganalyzer, which performs the discriminative task of deciding if an image contains secret information. We define a game between three parties, Alice, Bob and Eve, in order to simultaneously train both a steganographic algorithm and a steganalyzer. Alice and Bob attempt to communicate a secret message contained within an image, while Eve eavesdrops on their conversation and attempts to determine if secret information is embedded within the image. We represent Alice, Bob and Eve by neural networks, and validate our scheme on two independent image datasets, showing our novel method of studying steganographic problems is surprisingly competitive against established steganographic techniques.
Key facts. Cited by 57 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 9; 2023: 12; 2024: 12; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.
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- 2023Tree-Ring Watermarks: Fingerprints for Diffusion Images that are Invisible and Robustcited by 179
- 2024WAVES: Benchmarking the Robustness of Image Watermarkscited by 89
- 2023Watermarks in the Sand: Impossibility of Strong Watermarking for Generative Modelscited by 77
- 2023AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A Surveycited by 59
- 2024Copyright Protection in Generative AI: A Technical Perspectivecited by 35
- 2023Backdoor Attacks and Defenses in Federated Learning: Survey, Challenges and Future Research Directionscited by 33
- 2022StegaNeRF: Embedding Invisible Information within Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 32
- 2025SynthID-Image: Image watermarking at internet scalecited by 26
- 2023Generative Watermarking Against Unauthorized Subject-Driven Image Synthesiscited by 21
- 2023Large-capacity and Flexible Video Steganography via Invertible Neural Networkcited by 20
- 2022Learning to Immunize Images for Tamper Localization and Self-Recoverycited by 19
- 2021Universal Adversarial Perturbations Through the Lens of Deep Steganography: Towards A Fourier Perspectivecited by 18
38 more
- 2022FaceSigns: Semi-Fragile Neural Watermarks for Media Authentication and Countering Deepfakescited by 18
- 2024Watermarking Language Models for Many Adaptive Userscited by 16
- 2022Generative Steganography Networkcited by 15
- 2023On the Trustworthiness Landscape of State-of-the-art Generative Models: A Survey and Outlookcited by 15
- 2021From Image to Imuge: Immunized Image Generationcited by 11
- 2024GaussianStego: A Generalizable Stenography Pipeline for Generative 3D Gaussians Splattingcited by 11
- 2021Embedding Novel Views in a Single JPEG Imagecited by 10
- 2024Purified and Unified Steganographic Networkcited by 10
- 2021A Brief Survey on Deep Learning Based Data Hidingcited by 9
- 2024RAW: A Robust and Agile Plug-and-Play Watermark Framework for AI-Generated Images with Provable Guaranteescited by 7
- 2024U Can't Gen This? A Survey of Intellectual Property Protection Methods for Data in Generative AIcited by 7
- 2021Multi-Stage Residual Hiding for Image-into-Audio Steganographycited by 6
- 2023PRIS: Practical robust invertible network for image steganographycited by 5
- 2024Social Media Authentication and Combating Deepfakes using Semi-fragile Invisible Image Watermarkingcited by 5
- 2023Learning Iterative Neural Optimizers for Image Steganographycited by 4
- 2022DeepFormableTag: End-to-end Generation and Recognition of Deformable Fiducial Markerscited by 3
- 2023Low-frequency Image Deep Steganography: Manipulate the Frequency Distribution to Hide Secrets with Tenacious Robustnesscited by 3
- 2021Multi-Image Steganography Using Deep Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2021Multitask Identity-Aware Image Steganography via Minimax Optimizationcited by 2
- 2022FastStamp: Accelerating Neural Steganography and Digital Watermarking of Images on FPGAscited by 2
- 2023Deep Cross-Modal Steganography Using Neural Representationscited by 2
- 2024Cover-separable Fixed Neural Network Steganography via Deep Generative Modelscited by 2
- 2021StegaPos: Preventing Unwanted Crops and Replacements with Imperceptible Positional Embeddingscited by 1
- 2021Deep Learning for Predictive Analytics in Reversible Steganographycited by 1
- 2022Hiding Data in Colors: Secure and Lossless Deep Image Steganography via Conditional Invertible Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2023Exploiting Fine-Grained DCT Representations for Hiding Image-Level Messages within JPEG Imagescited by 1
- 2024RoWSFormer: A Robust Watermarking Framework with Swin Transformer for Enhanced Geometric Attack Resiliencecited by 1
- 2025Spread them Apart: Towards Robust Watermarking of Generated Contentcited by 1
- 2025WaterFlow: Learning Fast & Robust Watermarks using Stable Diffusioncited by 1
- 2025CLPSTNet: A Progressive Multi-Scale Convolutional Steganography Model Integrating Curriculum Learningcited by 1
- 2025STCL:Curriculum learning Strategies for deep learning image steganography modelscited by 1
- 2025The Coding Limits of Robust Watermarking for Generative Modelscited by 1
- 2022On the predictability in reversible steganographycited by 0
- 2022Deniable Steganographycited by 0
- 2024FIIH: Fully Invertible Image Hiding for Secure and Robustcited by 0
- 2024CausalVE: Face Video Privacy Encryption via Causal Video Predictioncited by 0
- 2025Steganographic Embeddings as an Effective Data Augmentationcited by 0
- 2025TSCL:Multi-party loss Balancing scheme for deep learning Image steganography based on Curriculum learningcited by 0
50 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2026StegGNN: Learning Graphical Representation for Image Steganography26 Sep 2026
- 2026IBRSteG: Learning a Generalizable Steganography Framework for 3D Gaussian Splatting29 Jun 2026
- 2026StegaFFD: Privacy-Preserving Face Forgery Detection via Fine-Grained Steganographic Domain Lifting3 Mar 2026
- 2026ONRW: Optimizing inversion noise for high-quality and robust watermark24 Jan 2026
- 2026Breaking the Resolution Barrier: Arbitrary-resolution Deep Image Steganography Framework22 Jan 2026
- 2025Training-Free Color-Aware Adversarial Diffusion Sanitization for Diffusion Stegomalware Defense at Security Gateways30 Dec 2025
- 2025SynthID-Image: Image watermarking at internet scale10 Oct 2025
- 2025Approximate Gaussian Mapping for Generative Image Steganography8 Oct 2025
- 2025The Coding Limits of Robust Watermarking for Generative Models11 Sep 2025
- 2025TSCL:Multi-party loss Balancing scheme for deep learning Image steganography based on Curriculum learning25 Apr 2025
- 2025STCL:Curriculum learning Strategies for deep learning image steganography models24 Apr 2025
- 2025CLPSTNet: A Progressive Multi-Scale Convolutional Steganography Model Integrating Curriculum Learning23 Apr 2025
38 more
- 2025WaterFlow: Learning Fast & Robust Watermarks using Stable Diffusion15 Apr 2025
- 2025Steganographic Embeddings as an Effective Data Augmentation21 Feb 2025
- 2025Spread them Apart: Towards Robust Watermarking of Generated Content11 Feb 2025
- 2024Social Media Authentication and Combating Deepfakes using Semi-fragile Invisible Image Watermarking2 Oct 2024
- 2024CausalVE: Face Video Privacy Encryption via Causal Video Prediction28 Sep 2024
- 2024RoWSFormer: A Robust Watermarking Framework with Swin Transformer for Enhanced Geometric Attack Resilience23 Sep 2024
- 2024FIIH: Fully Invertible Image Hiding for Secure and Robust24 Jul 2024
- 2024Cover-separable Fixed Neural Network Steganography via Deep Generative Models16 Jul 2024
- 2024GaussianStego: A Generalizable Stenography Pipeline for Generative 3D Gaussians Splatting1 Jul 2024
- 2024Watermarking Language Models for Many Adaptive Users17 May 2024
- 2024U Can't Gen This? A Survey of Intellectual Property Protection Methods for Data in Generative AI22 Apr 2024
- 2024Purified and Unified Steganographic Network27 Feb 2024
- 2024Copyright Protection in Generative AI: A Technical Perspective4 Feb 2024
- 2024RAW: A Robust and Agile Plug-and-Play Watermark Framework for AI-Generated Images with Provable Guarantees23 Jan 2024
- 2024WAVES: Benchmarking the Robustness of Image Watermarks16 Jan 2024
- 2023Watermarks in the Sand: Impossibility of Strong Watermarking for Generative Models7 Nov 2023
- 2023PRIS: Practical robust invertible network for image steganography24 Sep 2023
- 2023On the Trustworthiness Landscape of State-of-the-art Generative Models: A Survey and Outlook31 Jul 2023
- 2023Deep Cross-Modal Steganography Using Neural Representations2 Jul 2023
- 2023Generative Watermarking Against Unauthorized Subject-Driven Image Synthesis13 Jun 2023
- 2023Tree-Ring Watermarks: Fingerprints for Diffusion Images that are Invisible and Robust31 May 2023
- 2023Exploiting Fine-Grained DCT Representations for Hiding Image-Level Messages within JPEG Images11 May 2023
- 2023Large-capacity and Flexible Video Steganography via Invertible Neural Network24 Apr 2023
- 2023Learning Iterative Neural Optimizers for Image Steganography27 Mar 2023
- 2023AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A Survey26 Mar 2023
- 2023Low-frequency Image Deep Steganography: Manipulate the Frequency Distribution to Hide Secrets with Tenacious Robustness23 Mar 2023
- 2023Backdoor Attacks and Defenses in Federated Learning: Survey, Challenges and Future Research Directions3 Mar 2023
- 2022StegaNeRF: Embedding Invisible Information within Neural Radiance Fields3 Dec 2022
- 2022Learning to Immunize Images for Tamper Localization and Self-Recovery28 Oct 2022
- 2022FastStamp: Accelerating Neural Steganography and Digital Watermarking of Images on FPGAs26 Sep 2022
- 2022Generative Steganography Network28 Jul 2022
- 2022DeepFormableTag: End-to-end Generation and Recognition of Deformable Fiducial Markers16 Jun 2022
- 2022Deniable Steganography25 May 2022
- 2022FaceSigns: Semi-Fragile Neural Watermarks for Media Authentication and Countering Deepfakes5 Apr 2022
- 2022On the predictability in reversible steganography5 Feb 2022
- 2022Hiding Data in Colors: Secure and Lossless Deep Image Steganography via Conditional Invertible Neural Networks19 Jan 2022
- 2021From Image to Imuge: Immunized Image Generation27 Oct 2021
- 2021Embedding Novel Views in a Single JPEG Image30 Aug 2021
50 newest of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2023Watermarks in the Sand: Impossibility of Strong Watermarking for Generative Modelscited by 77
- 2023Generative Watermarking Against Unauthorized Subject-Driven Image Synthesiscited by 21
- 2022FaceSigns: Semi-Fragile Neural Watermarks for Media Authentication and Countering Deepfakescited by 18
- 2024Watermarking Language Models for Many Adaptive Userscited by 16
- 2024RAW: A Robust and Agile Plug-and-Play Watermark Framework for AI-Generated Images with Provable Guaranteescited by 7
- 2024Social Media Authentication and Combating Deepfakes using Semi-fragile Invisible Image Watermarkingcited by 5
- 2025Spread them Apart: Towards Robust Watermarking of Generated Contentcited by 1
- 2025The Coding Limits of Robust Watermarking for Generative Modelscited by 1
- 2025The Coding Limits of Robust Watermarking for Generative Models11 Sep 2025
- 2025Spread them Apart: Towards Robust Watermarking of Generated Content11 Feb 2025
- 2024Social Media Authentication and Combating Deepfakes using Semi-fragile Invisible Image Watermarking2 Oct 2024
- 2024Watermarking Language Models for Many Adaptive Users17 May 2024
- 2024RAW: A Robust and Agile Plug-and-Play Watermark Framework for AI-Generated Images with Provable Guarantees23 Jan 2024
- 2023Watermarks in the Sand: Impossibility of Strong Watermarking for Generative Models7 Nov 2023
- 2023Generative Watermarking Against Unauthorized Subject-Driven Image Synthesis13 Jun 2023
- 2022FaceSigns: Semi-Fragile Neural Watermarks for Media Authentication and Countering Deepfakes5 Apr 2022
- 2023Tree-Ring Watermarks: Fingerprints for Diffusion Images that are Invisible and Robustcited by 179
- 2023On the Trustworthiness Landscape of State-of-the-art Generative Models: A Survey and Outlookcited by 15
- 2025WaterFlow: Learning Fast & Robust Watermarks using Stable Diffusioncited by 1
- 2025Approximate Gaussian Mapping for Generative Image Steganographycited by 0
- 2026ONRW: Optimizing inversion noise for high-quality and robust watermarkcited by 0
- 2026ONRW: Optimizing inversion noise for high-quality and robust watermark24 Jan 2026
- 2025Approximate Gaussian Mapping for Generative Image Steganography8 Oct 2025
- 2025WaterFlow: Learning Fast & Robust Watermarks using Stable Diffusion15 Apr 2025
- 2023On the Trustworthiness Landscape of State-of-the-art Generative Models: A Survey and Outlook31 Jul 2023
- 2023Tree-Ring Watermarks: Fingerprints for Diffusion Images that are Invisible and Robust31 May 2023
- 2024WAVES: Benchmarking the Robustness of Image Watermarkscited by 89
- 2023AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A Surveycited by 59
- 2024Copyright Protection in Generative AI: A Technical Perspectivecited by 35
- 2023Backdoor Attacks and Defenses in Federated Learning: Survey, Challenges and Future Research Directionscited by 33
- 2022StegaNeRF: Embedding Invisible Information within Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 32
- 2025SynthID-Image: Image watermarking at internet scalecited by 26
- 2023Large-capacity and Flexible Video Steganography via Invertible Neural Networkcited by 20
- 2022Learning to Immunize Images for Tamper Localization and Self-Recoverycited by 19
- 2021Universal Adversarial Perturbations Through the Lens of Deep Steganography: Towards A Fourier Perspectivecited by 18
- 2022Generative Steganography Networkcited by 15
- 2021From Image to Imuge: Immunized Image Generationcited by 11
- 2024GaussianStego: A Generalizable Stenography Pipeline for Generative 3D Gaussians Splattingcited by 11
12 most cited of 44 All 44 (JSON)
- 2026StegGNN: Learning Graphical Representation for Image Steganography26 Sep 2026
- 2026IBRSteG: Learning a Generalizable Steganography Framework for 3D Gaussian Splatting29 Jun 2026
- 2026StegaFFD: Privacy-Preserving Face Forgery Detection via Fine-Grained Steganographic Domain Lifting3 Mar 2026
- 2026Breaking the Resolution Barrier: Arbitrary-resolution Deep Image Steganography Framework22 Jan 2026
- 2025Training-Free Color-Aware Adversarial Diffusion Sanitization for Diffusion Stegomalware Defense at Security Gateways30 Dec 2025
- 2025SynthID-Image: Image watermarking at internet scale10 Oct 2025
- 2025TSCL:Multi-party loss Balancing scheme for deep learning Image steganography based on Curriculum learning25 Apr 2025
- 2025STCL:Curriculum learning Strategies for deep learning image steganography models24 Apr 2025
- 2025CLPSTNet: A Progressive Multi-Scale Convolutional Steganography Model Integrating Curriculum Learning23 Apr 2025
- 2025Steganographic Embeddings as an Effective Data Augmentation21 Feb 2025
- 2024CausalVE: Face Video Privacy Encryption via Causal Video Prediction28 Sep 2024
- 2024RoWSFormer: A Robust Watermarking Framework with Swin Transformer for Enhanced Geometric Attack Resilience23 Sep 2024
12 newest of 44 All 44 (JSON)