NeRF-In: Free-Form NeRF Inpainting with RGB-D Priors
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Abstract (arXiv)
Though Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) demonstrates compelling novel view synthesis results, it is still unintuitive to edit a pre-trained NeRF because the neural network's parameters and the scene geometry/appearance are often not explicitly associated. In this paper, we introduce the first framework that enables users to remove unwanted objects or retouch undesired regions in a 3D scene represented by a pre-trained NeRF without any category-specific data and training. The user first draws a free-form mask to specify a region containing unwanted objects over a rendered view from the pre-trained NeRF. Our framework first transfers the user-provided mask to other rendered views and estimates guiding color and depth images within these transferred masked regions. Next, we formulate an optimization problem that jointly inpaints the image content in all masked regions across multiple views by updating the NeRF model's parameters. We demonstrate our framework on diverse scenes and show it obtained visual plausible and structurally consistent results across multiple views using shorter time and less user manual efforts.
Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jun 2022.
Builds on
34 of 46 references.
References · 34
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,093
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,223
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,610
- 2020pixelNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from One or Few Imagescited by 1,581
- 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,462
- 2016Context Encoders: Feature Learning by Inpaintingcited by 1,427
- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,277
- 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,195
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 962
- 2020GIRAFFE: Representing Scenes as Compositional Generative Neural Feature Fieldscited by 785
- 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 733
- 2020pi-GAN: Periodic Implicit Generative Adversarial Networks for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 708
22 more
- 2020GRAF: Generative Radiance Fields for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 689
- 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
- 2018Generative Image Inpainting with Contextual Attentioncited by 580
- 2018Image Inpainting for Irregular Holes Using Partial Convolutionscited by 505
- 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
- 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
- 2021CLIP-NeRF: Text-and-Image Driven Manipulation of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 370
- 2021AD-NeRF: Audio Driven Neural Radiance Fields for Talking Head Synthesiscited by 339
- 2021Dense Depth Priors for Neural Radiance Fields from Sparse Input Viewscited by 301
- 2020Single-View View Synthesis with Multiplane Imagescited by 263
- 2021Editing Conditional Radiance Fieldscited by 222
- 2022NeRF-Editing: Geometry Editing of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 216
- 2021Rethinking Space-Time Networks with Improved Memory Coverage for Efficient Video Object Segmentationcited by 202
- 2019EdgeConnect: Generative Image Inpainting with Adversarial Edge Learningcited by 163
- 2016Semantic Image Inpainting with Deep Generative Modelscited by 157
- 2021NeRF--: Neural Radiance Fields Without Known Camera Parameterscited by 155
- 2015The Fast Bilateral Solvercited by 86
- 2022Incremental Transformer Structure Enhanced Image Inpainting with Masking Positional Encodingcited by 83
- 2017Generative Face Completioncited by 79
- 2022Neural Volumetric Object Selectioncited by 61
- 2021Learning a Sketch Tensor Space for Image Inpainting of Man-made Scenescited by 25
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 12; 2024: 21; 2025: 8.
43 papers.
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- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 389
- 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 333
- 2023GaussianEditor: Editing 3D Gaussians Delicately with Text Instructionscited by 167
- 2023DreamEditor: Text-Driven 3D Scene Editing with Neural Fieldscited by 154
- 2022SPIn-NeRF: Multiview Segmentation and Perceptual Inpainting with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 144
- 2024DGE: Direct Gaussian 3D Editing by Consistent Multi-view Editingcited by 93
- 2024StyleGaussian: Instant 3D Style Transfer with Gaussian Splattingcited by 79
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- 2022Removing Objects From Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 66
- 2024InFusion: Inpainting 3D Gaussians via Learning Depth Completion from Diffusion Priorcited by 56
- 2023Watch Your Steps: Local Image and Scene Editing by Text Instructionscited by 50
- 2023Masked Space-Time Hash Encoding for Efficient Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 43
31 more
- 2023Reference-guided Controllable Inpainting of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 40
- 2024GScream: Learning 3D Geometry and Feature Consistent Gaussian Splatting for Object Removalcited by 39
- 2023OR-NeRF: Object Removing from 3D Scenes Guided by Multiview Segmentation with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 34
- 2024Mesh-based Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Large-scale Deformationcited by 28
- 2024MVIP-NeRF: Multi-view 3D Inpainting on NeRF Scenes via Diffusion Priorcited by 24
- 2024RefFusion: Reference Adapted Diffusion Models for 3D Scene Inpaintingcited by 21
- 2025AuraFusion360: Augmented Unseen Region Alignment for Reference-based 360deg Unbounded Scene Inpaintingcited by 21
- 2024Taming Latent Diffusion Model for Neural Radiance Field Inpaintingcited by 20
- 2023Seal-3D: Interactive Pixel-Level Editing for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 18
- 2023LatentEditor: Text Driven Local Editing of 3D Scenescited by 17
- 2023InNeRF360: Text-Guided 3D-Consistent Object Inpainting on 360-degree Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 16
- 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Surveycited by 16
- 2024GenN2N: Generative NeRF2NeRF Translationcited by 11
- 20243DEgo: 3D Editing on the Go!cited by 10
- 2024Semantically-aware Neural Radiance Fields for Visual Scene Understanding: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 9
- 2025InstaInpaint: Instant 3D-Scene Inpainting with Masked Large Reconstruction Modelcited by 9
- 2024View-consistent Object Removal in Radiance Fieldscited by 7
- 2024NeRF-US: Removing Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts from Neural Radiance Fields in the Wildcited by 7
- 2024IE-NeRF: Inpainting Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields in the Wildcited by 6
- 2024Generative Object Insertion in Gaussian Splatting with a Multi-View Diffusion Modelcited by 6
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenescited by 5
- 2024SealD-NeRF: Interactive Pixel-Level Editing for Dynamic Scenes by Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 4
- 2024Fast Sparse View Guided NeRF Update for Object Reconfigurationscited by 3
- 2025DiGA3D: Coarse-to-Fine Diffusional Propagation of Geometry and Appearance for Versatile 3D Inpaintingcited by 3
- 2025High-fidelity 3D Gaussian Inpainting: preserving multi-view consistency and photorealistic detailscited by 3
- 2025Perspective-aware 3D Gaussian Inpainting with Multi-view Consistencycited by 3
- 2025DeclutterNeRF: Generative-Free 3D Scene Recovery for Occlusion Removalcited by 1
- 2025Visibility-Uncertainty-guided 3D Gaussian Inpainting via Scene Conceptional Learningcited by 1
- 2023BluNF: Blueprint Neural Fieldcited by 0
- 2024Neural Radiance Fields with Torch Unitscited by 0
- 2024Point Resampling and Ray Transformation Aid to Editable NeRF Modelscited by 0
- 2025Perspective-aware 3D Gaussian Inpainting with Multi-view Consistency13 Oct 2025
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenes24 Sep 2025
- 2025High-fidelity 3D Gaussian Inpainting: preserving multi-view consistency and photorealistic details24 Jul 2025
- 2025DiGA3D: Coarse-to-Fine Diffusional Propagation of Geometry and Appearance for Versatile 3D Inpainting1 Jul 2025
- 2025InstaInpaint: Instant 3D-Scene Inpainting with Masked Large Reconstruction Model12 Jun 2025
- 2025Visibility-Uncertainty-guided 3D Gaussian Inpainting via Scene Conceptional Learning23 Apr 2025
- 2025DeclutterNeRF: Generative-Free 3D Scene Recovery for Occlusion Removal7 Apr 2025
- 2025AuraFusion360: Augmented Unseen Region Alignment for Reference-based 360deg Unbounded Scene Inpainting7 Feb 2025
- 2024Generative Object Insertion in Gaussian Splatting with a Multi-View Diffusion Model25 Sep 2024
- 2024NeRF-US: Removing Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts from Neural Radiance Fields in the Wild13 Aug 2024
- 2024View-consistent Object Removal in Radiance Fields4 Aug 2024
- 2024IE-NeRF: Inpainting Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields in the Wild15 Jul 2024
31 more
- 20243DEgo: 3D Editing on the Go!14 Jul 2024
- 2024Point Resampling and Ray Transformation Aid to Editable NeRF Models12 May 2024
- 2024MVIP-NeRF: Multi-view 3D Inpainting on NeRF Scenes via Diffusion Prior5 May 2024
- 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Survey2 May 2024
- 2024DGE: Direct Gaussian 3D Editing by Consistent Multi-view Editing29 Apr 2024
- 2024GScream: Learning 3D Geometry and Feature Consistent Gaussian Splatting for Object Removal21 Apr 2024
- 2024InFusion: Inpainting 3D Gaussians via Learning Depth Completion from Diffusion Prior17 Apr 2024
- 2024RefFusion: Reference Adapted Diffusion Models for 3D Scene Inpainting16 Apr 2024
- 2024Taming Latent Diffusion Model for Neural Radiance Field Inpainting15 Apr 2024
- 2024GenN2N: Generative NeRF2NeRF Translation3 Apr 2024
- 2024Neural Radiance Fields with Torch Units3 Apr 2024
- 2024Fast Sparse View Guided NeRF Update for Object Reconfigurations16 Mar 2024
- 2024StyleGaussian: Instant 3D Style Transfer with Gaussian Splatting12 Mar 2024
- 2024SealD-NeRF: Interactive Pixel-Level Editing for Dynamic Scenes by Neural Radiance Fields21 Feb 2024
- 2024Semantically-aware Neural Radiance Fields for Visual Scene Understanding: A Comprehensive Review17 Feb 2024
- 2024Mesh-based Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Large-scale Deformation7 Feb 2024
- 2024TIP-Editor: An Accurate 3D Editor Following Both Text-Prompts And Image-Prompts26 Jan 2024
- 2023LatentEditor: Text Driven Local Editing of 3D Scenes14 Dec 2023
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenes1 Dec 2023
- 2023GaussianEditor: Editing 3D Gaussians Delicately with Text Instructions27 Nov 2023
- 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splatting24 Nov 2023
- 2023Masked Space-Time Hash Encoding for Efficient Dynamic Scene Reconstruction26 Oct 2023
- 2023BluNF: Blueprint Neural Field7 Sep 2023
- 2023Watch Your Steps: Local Image and Scene Editing by Text Instructions17 Aug 2023
- 2023Seal-3D: Interactive Pixel-Level Editing for Neural Radiance Fields27 Jul 2023
- 2023DreamEditor: Text-Driven 3D Scene Editing with Neural Fields23 Jun 2023
- 2023InNeRF360: Text-Guided 3D-Consistent Object Inpainting on 360-degree Neural Radiance Fields24 May 2023
- 2023OR-NeRF: Object Removing from 3D Scenes Guided by Multiview Segmentation with Neural Radiance Fields17 May 2023
- 2023Reference-guided Controllable Inpainting of Neural Radiance Fields19 Apr 2023
- 2022Removing Objects From Neural Radiance Fields22 Dec 2022
- 2022SPIn-NeRF: Multiview Segmentation and Perceptual Inpainting with Neural Radiance Fields22 Nov 2022
- 2023GaussianEditor: Editing 3D Gaussians Delicately with Text Instructionscited by 167
- 2024InFusion: Inpainting 3D Gaussians via Learning Depth Completion from Diffusion Priorcited by 56
- 2023Watch Your Steps: Local Image and Scene Editing by Text Instructionscited by 50
- 2024MVIP-NeRF: Multi-view 3D Inpainting on NeRF Scenes via Diffusion Priorcited by 24
- 2024RefFusion: Reference Adapted Diffusion Models for 3D Scene Inpaintingcited by 21
- 2024Taming Latent Diffusion Model for Neural Radiance Field Inpaintingcited by 20
- 20243DEgo: 3D Editing on the Go!cited by 10
- 2024Generative Object Insertion in Gaussian Splatting with a Multi-View Diffusion Modelcited by 6
- 2025DiGA3D: Coarse-to-Fine Diffusional Propagation of Geometry and Appearance for Versatile 3D Inpaintingcited by 3
- 2025Perspective-aware 3D Gaussian Inpainting with Multi-view Consistencycited by 3
- 2025Perspective-aware 3D Gaussian Inpainting with Multi-view Consistency13 Oct 2025
- 2025DiGA3D: Coarse-to-Fine Diffusional Propagation of Geometry and Appearance for Versatile 3D Inpainting1 Jul 2025
- 2024Generative Object Insertion in Gaussian Splatting with a Multi-View Diffusion Model25 Sep 2024
- 20243DEgo: 3D Editing on the Go!14 Jul 2024
- 2024MVIP-NeRF: Multi-view 3D Inpainting on NeRF Scenes via Diffusion Prior5 May 2024
- 2024InFusion: Inpainting 3D Gaussians via Learning Depth Completion from Diffusion Prior17 Apr 2024
- 2024RefFusion: Reference Adapted Diffusion Models for 3D Scene Inpainting16 Apr 2024
- 2024Taming Latent Diffusion Model for Neural Radiance Field Inpainting15 Apr 2024
- 2023GaussianEditor: Editing 3D Gaussians Delicately with Text Instructions27 Nov 2023
- 2023Watch Your Steps: Local Image and Scene Editing by Text Instructions17 Aug 2023
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 389
- 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 333
- 2023DreamEditor: Text-Driven 3D Scene Editing with Neural Fieldscited by 154
- 2022SPIn-NeRF: Multiview Segmentation and Perceptual Inpainting with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 144
- 2024DGE: Direct Gaussian 3D Editing by Consistent Multi-view Editingcited by 93
- 2024StyleGaussian: Instant 3D Style Transfer with Gaussian Splattingcited by 79
- 2024TIP-Editor: An Accurate 3D Editor Following Both Text-Prompts And Image-Promptscited by 76
- 2022Removing Objects From Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 66
- 2023Masked Space-Time Hash Encoding for Efficient Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 43
- 2023Reference-guided Controllable Inpainting of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 40
- 2024GScream: Learning 3D Geometry and Feature Consistent Gaussian Splatting for Object Removalcited by 39
- 2023OR-NeRF: Object Removing from 3D Scenes Guided by Multiview Segmentation with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 34
12 most cited of 33 All 33 (JSON)
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenes24 Sep 2025
- 2025High-fidelity 3D Gaussian Inpainting: preserving multi-view consistency and photorealistic details24 Jul 2025
- 2025InstaInpaint: Instant 3D-Scene Inpainting with Masked Large Reconstruction Model12 Jun 2025
- 2025Visibility-Uncertainty-guided 3D Gaussian Inpainting via Scene Conceptional Learning23 Apr 2025
- 2025DeclutterNeRF: Generative-Free 3D Scene Recovery for Occlusion Removal7 Apr 2025
- 2025AuraFusion360: Augmented Unseen Region Alignment for Reference-based 360deg Unbounded Scene Inpainting7 Feb 2025
- 2024NeRF-US: Removing Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts from Neural Radiance Fields in the Wild13 Aug 2024
- 2024View-consistent Object Removal in Radiance Fields4 Aug 2024
- 2024IE-NeRF: Inpainting Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields in the Wild15 Jul 2024
- 2024Point Resampling and Ray Transformation Aid to Editable NeRF Models12 May 2024
- 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Survey2 May 2024
- 2024DGE: Direct Gaussian 3D Editing by Consistent Multi-view Editing29 Apr 2024
12 newest of 33 All 33 (JSON)