RefFusion: Reference Adapted Diffusion Models for 3D Scene Inpainting
On the map: Diffusion models → 3D, point cloud and scene generation
Abstract (arXiv)
Neural reconstruction approaches are rapidly emerging as the preferred representation for 3D scenes, but their limited editability is still posing a challenge. In this work, we propose an approach for 3D scene inpainting -- the task of coherently replacing parts of the reconstructed scene with desired content. Scene inpainting is an inherently ill-posed task as there exist many solutions that plausibly replace the missing content. A good inpainting method should therefore not only enable high-quality synthesis but also a high degree of control. Based on this observation, we focus on enabling explicit control over the inpainted content and leverage a reference image as an efficient means to achieve this goal. Specifically, we introduce RefFusion, a novel 3D inpainting method based on a multi-scale personalization of an image inpainting diffusion model to the given reference view. The personalization effectively adapts the prior distribution to the target scene, resulting in a lower variance of score distillation objective and hence significantly sharper details. Our framework achieves state-of-the-art results for object removal while maintaining high controllability. We further demonstrate the generality of our formulation on other downstream tasks such as object insertion, scene outpainting, and sparse view reconstruction.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in 3D, point cloud and scene generation, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 36 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Apr 2024.
Builds on
36 of 52 references.
Closest ancestors · 11
Same direction, newest first
- 2023ReconFusion: 3D Reconstruction with Diffusion Priors5 Dec
- 2023A Unified Approach for Text- and Image-guided 4D Scene Generation28 Nov
- 2023DreamCraft3D: Hierarchical 3D Generation with Bootstrapped Diffusion Prior25 Oct
- 2023ProlificDreamer: High-Fidelity and Diverse Text-to-3D Generation with Variational Score Distillation25 May
- 2023NeuralField-LDM: Scene Generation with Hierarchical Latent Diffusion Models19 Apr
- 2023Fantasia3D: Disentangling Geometry and Appearance for High-quality Text-to-3D Content Creation24 Mar
- 2022Point-E: A System for Generating 3D Point Clouds from Complex Prompts16 Dec
- 2022SmartBrush: Text and Shape Guided Object Inpainting with Diffusion Model9 Dec
- 2022Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creation18 Nov
- 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion29 Sep
- 2022RePaint: Inpainting using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models24 Jan
Other references · 25
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 21,076
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,863
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,177
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 9,122
- 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,058
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
- 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,847
- 2023SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,356
- 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,588
- 2022DreamBooth: Fine Tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Subject-Driven Generationcited by 3,300
- 2022An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversioncited by 2,245
- 2021Palette: Image-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,300
13 more
- 2018Which Training Methods for GANs do actually Converge?cited by 679
- 2018Free-Form Image Inpainting with Gated Convolutioncited by 594
- 2023Instruct-NeRF2NeRF: Editing 3D Scenes with Instructionscited by 484
- 2023LucidDreamer: Towards High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Interval Score Matchingcited by 290
- 2021Learning Object-Compositional Neural Radiance Field for Editable Scene Renderingcited by 228
- 2021Large Scale Image Completion via Co-Modulated Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 220
- 2022MAT: Mask-Aware Transformer for Large Hole Image Inpaintingcited by 218
- 2021PD-GAN: Probabilistic Diverse GAN for Image Inpaintingcited by 80
- 2022Removing Objects From Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 66
- 2023NeRFiller: Completing Scenes via Generative 3D Inpaintingcited by 62
- 2023RealFill: Reference-Driven Generation for Authentic Image Completioncited by 59
- 2022NeRF-In: Free-Form NeRF Inpainting with RGB-D Priorscited by 43
- 2023GANeRF: Leveraging Discriminators to Optimize Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 26
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 15; 2026: 3.
21 papers.
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- 20253D Gaussian Inpainting with Depth-Guided Cross-View Consistencycited by 24
- 2025AuraFusion360: Augmented Unseen Region Alignment for Reference-based 360deg Unbounded Scene Inpaintingcited by 21
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2025Orchid: Image Latent Diffusion for Joint Appearance and Geometry Generationcited by 17
- 2025DecoupledGaussian: Object-Scene Decoupling for Physics-Based Interactioncited by 17
- 2024TrAME: Trajectory-Anchored Multi-View Editing for Text-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Manipulationcited by 10
- 2025IMFine: 3D Inpainting via Geometry-guided Multi-view Refinementcited by 10
- 2025InstaInpaint: Instant 3D-Scene Inpainting with Masked Large Reconstruction Modelcited by 10
- 2025CL-Splats: Continual Learning of Gaussian Splatting with Local Optimizationcited by 10
- 2025Inpaint360GS: Efficient Object-Aware 3D Inpainting via Gaussian Splatting for 360deg Scenescited by 8
- 2025Geometry-Aware Diffusion Models for Multiview Scene Inpaintingcited by 6
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenescited by 5
9 more
- 2026OpenVoxel: Training-Free Grouping and Captioning Voxels for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 5
- 20243D StreetUnveiler with Semantic-aware 2DGS -- a simple baselinecited by 4
- 2025GaMO: Geometry-aware Multi-view Diffusion Outpainting for Sparse-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2025SplatFill: 3D Scene Inpainting via Depth-Guided Gaussian Splattingcited by 3
- 2024Towards High-Fidelity 3D Portrait Generation with Rich Details by Cross-View Prior-Aware Diffusioncited by 1
- 2025ROODI: Reconstructing Occluded Objects with Denoising Inpainterscited by 1
- 2025Visibility-Uncertainty-guided 3D Gaussian Inpainting via Scene Conceptional Learningcited by 1
- 2026BEA-GS: BEyond RAdiance Supervision in 3DGS for Precise Object Extractioncited by 0
- 2026ObjectSplat: Improving Mesh Fidelity and Interactivity for 3D Scenes via Object-Level Mesh Splattingcited by 0
- 2026ObjectSplat: Improving Mesh Fidelity and Interactivity for 3D Scenes via Object-Level Mesh Splatting31 Aug 2026
- 2026BEA-GS: BEyond RAdiance Supervision in 3DGS for Precise Object Extraction10 May 2026
- 2026OpenVoxel: Training-Free Grouping and Captioning Voxels for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding14 Jan 2026
- 2025GaMO: Geometry-aware Multi-view Diffusion Outpainting for Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction31 Dec 2025
- 2025Inpaint360GS: Efficient Object-Aware 3D Inpainting via Gaussian Splatting for 360deg Scenes9 Nov 2025
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenes24 Sep 2025
- 2025SplatFill: 3D Scene Inpainting via Depth-Guided Gaussian Splatting9 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025CL-Splats: Continual Learning of Gaussian Splatting with Local Optimization26 Jun 2025
- 2025InstaInpaint: Instant 3D-Scene Inpainting with Masked Large Reconstruction Model12 Jun 2025
- 2025Visibility-Uncertainty-guided 3D Gaussian Inpainting via Scene Conceptional Learning23 Apr 2025
- 2025ROODI: Reconstructing Occluded Objects with Denoising Inpainters13 Mar 2025
9 more
- 2025DecoupledGaussian: Object-Scene Decoupling for Physics-Based Interaction7 Mar 2025
- 2025IMFine: 3D Inpainting via Geometry-guided Multi-view Refinement6 Mar 2025
- 2025Geometry-Aware Diffusion Models for Multiview Scene Inpainting18 Feb 2025
- 20253D Gaussian Inpainting with Depth-Guided Cross-View Consistency17 Feb 2025
- 2025AuraFusion360: Augmented Unseen Region Alignment for Reference-based 360deg Unbounded Scene Inpainting7 Feb 2025
- 2025Orchid: Image Latent Diffusion for Joint Appearance and Geometry Generation22 Jan 2025
- 2024Towards High-Fidelity 3D Portrait Generation with Rich Details by Cross-View Prior-Aware Diffusion15 Nov 2024
- 2024TrAME: Trajectory-Anchored Multi-View Editing for Text-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Manipulation2 Jul 2024
- 20243D StreetUnveiler with Semantic-aware 2DGS -- a simple baseline28 May 2024
- 20253D Gaussian Inpainting with Depth-Guided Cross-View Consistencycited by 24
- 2025AuraFusion360: Augmented Unseen Region Alignment for Reference-based 360deg Unbounded Scene Inpaintingcited by 21
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2025DecoupledGaussian: Object-Scene Decoupling for Physics-Based Interactioncited by 17
- 2024TrAME: Trajectory-Anchored Multi-View Editing for Text-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Manipulationcited by 10
- 2025IMFine: 3D Inpainting via Geometry-guided Multi-view Refinementcited by 10
- 2025InstaInpaint: Instant 3D-Scene Inpainting with Masked Large Reconstruction Modelcited by 10
- 2025CL-Splats: Continual Learning of Gaussian Splatting with Local Optimizationcited by 10
- 2025Inpaint360GS: Efficient Object-Aware 3D Inpainting via Gaussian Splatting for 360deg Scenescited by 8
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenescited by 5
- 20243D StreetUnveiler with Semantic-aware 2DGS -- a simple baselinecited by 4
- 2025GaMO: Geometry-aware Multi-view Diffusion Outpainting for Sparse-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 4
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026ObjectSplat: Improving Mesh Fidelity and Interactivity for 3D Scenes via Object-Level Mesh Splatting31 Aug 2026
- 2026BEA-GS: BEyond RAdiance Supervision in 3DGS for Precise Object Extraction10 May 2026
- 2025GaMO: Geometry-aware Multi-view Diffusion Outpainting for Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction31 Dec 2025
- 2025Inpaint360GS: Efficient Object-Aware 3D Inpainting via Gaussian Splatting for 360deg Scenes9 Nov 2025
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenes24 Sep 2025
- 2025SplatFill: 3D Scene Inpainting via Depth-Guided Gaussian Splatting9 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025CL-Splats: Continual Learning of Gaussian Splatting with Local Optimization26 Jun 2025
- 2025InstaInpaint: Instant 3D-Scene Inpainting with Masked Large Reconstruction Model12 Jun 2025
- 2025Visibility-Uncertainty-guided 3D Gaussian Inpainting via Scene Conceptional Learning23 Apr 2025
- 2025ROODI: Reconstructing Occluded Objects with Denoising Inpainters13 Mar 2025
- 2025DecoupledGaussian: Object-Scene Decoupling for Physics-Based Interaction7 Mar 2025
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2023Inpaint3D: 3D Scene Content Generation using 2D Inpainting Diffusion
- 20243D-Consistent Image Inpainting with Diffusion Models
- 2024InFusion: Inpainting 3D Gaussians via Learning Depth Completion from Diffusion Prior
- 2023Reference-based Painterly Inpainting via Diffusion: Crossing the Wild Reference Domain Gap
- 2023Infusion: internal diffusion for inpainting of dynamic textures and complex motion
- 2024DiffMVR: Diffusion-based Automated Multi-Guidance Video Restoration
- 2024Diffusion-based image inpainting with internal learning
- 2025CorrFill: Enhancing Faithfulness in Reference-based Inpainting with Correspondence Guidance in Diffusion Models