Gait Recognition in the Wild with Dense 3D Representations and A Benchmark
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Abstract (arXiv)
Existing studies for gait recognition are dominated by 2D representations like the silhouette or skeleton of the human body in constrained scenes. However, humans live and walk in the unconstrained 3D space, so projecting the 3D human body onto the 2D plane will discard a lot of crucial information like the viewpoint, shape, and dynamics for gait recognition. Therefore, this paper aims to explore dense 3D representations for gait recognition in the wild, which is a practical yet neglected problem. In particular, we propose a novel framework to explore the 3D Skinned Multi-Person Linear (SMPL) model of the human body for gait recognition, named SMPLGait. Our framework has two elaborately-designed branches of which one extracts appearance features from silhouettes, the other learns knowledge of 3D viewpoints and shapes from the 3D SMPL model. In addition, due to the lack of suitable datasets, we build the first large-scale 3D representation-based gait recognition dataset, named Gait3D. It contains 4,000 subjects and over 25,000 sequences extracted from 39 cameras in an unconstrained indoor scene. More importantly, it provides 3D SMPL models recovered from video frames which can provide dense 3D information of body shape, viewpoint, and dynamics. Based on Gait3D, we comprehensively compare our method with existing gait recognition approaches, which reflects the superior performance of our framework and the potential of 3D representations for gait recognition in the wild. The code and dataset are available at https://gait3d.github.io.
Key facts. Cited by 113 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Apr 2022.
Builds on
24 of 63 references.
References · 24
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12 more
- 2018GaitSet: Regarding Gait as a Set for Cross-View Gait Recognitioncited by 137
- 2020Gait Recognition via Effective Global-Local Feature Representation and Local Temporal Aggregationcited by 120
- 2021GaitGraph: Graph Convolutional Network for Skeleton-Based Gait Recognitioncited by 114
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 13; 2023: 25; 2024: 22; 2025: 28; 2026: 25.
113 papers.
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- 2022OpenGait: Revisiting Gait Recognition Toward Better Practicalitycited by 85
- 2022LidarGait: Benchmarking 3D Gait Recognition with Point Cloudscited by 54
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Gait Recognition: Algorithms, Datasets and Challengescited by 45
- 2023Exploring Deep Models for Practical Gait Recognitioncited by 44
- 2024BigGait: Learning Gait Representation You Want by Large Vision Modelscited by 44
- 2023SkeletonGait: Gait Recognition Using Skeleton Mapscited by 40
- 2023GPGait: Generalized Pose-based Gait Recognitioncited by 39
- 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognitioncited by 37
- 2023DyGait: Exploiting Dynamic Representations for High-performance Gait Recognitioncited by 35
- 2023Parsing is All You Need for Accurate Gait Recognition in the Wildcited by 32
- 2023GaitGCI: Generative Counterfactual Intervention for Gait Recognitioncited by 30
- 2022GaitGL: Learning Discriminative Global-Local Feature Representations for Gait Recognitioncited by 25
38 more
- 2022Learning Gait Representation from Massive Unlabelled Walking Videos: A Benchmarkcited by 24
- 2022Gait Recognition in the Wild with Multi-hop Temporal Switchcited by 22
- 2025BiggerGait: Unlocking Gait Recognition with Layer-wise Representations from Large Vision Modelscited by 18
- 2023Hierarchical Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning for Gait Recognitioncited by 17
- 2022Gait Recognition in Large-scale Free Environment via Single LiDARcited by 16
- 2024QAGait: Revisit Gait Recognition from a Quality Perspectivecited by 16
- 2024OpenGait: A Comprehensive Benchmark Study for Gait Recognition towards Better Practicalitycited by 15
- 2025On Denoising Walking Videos for Gait Recognitioncited by 14
- 2023ShARc: Shape and Appearance Recognition for Person Identification In-the-wildcited by 13
- 2024Causality-inspired Discriminative Feature Learning in Triple Domains for Gait Recognitioncited by 13
- 2022Gait Recognition Using 3-D Human Body Shape Inferencecited by 12
- 2023A Multi-Stage Adaptive Feature Fusion Neural Network for Multimodal Gait Recognitioncited by 12
- 2024Open-Set Biometrics: Beyond Good Closed-Set Modelscited by 12
- 2024Exploring More from Multiple Gait Modalities for Human Identificationcited by 12
- 2023GaitPT: Skeletons Are All You Need For Gait Recognitioncited by 11
- 2022Gait Recognition in the Wild: A Large-scale Benchmark and NAS-based Baselinecited by 10
- 2023PsyMo: A Dataset for Estimating Self-Reported Psychological Traits from Gaitcited by 10
- 2024Cross-Modality Gait Recognition: Bridging LiDAR and Camera Modalities for Human Identificationcited by 10
- 2024It Takes Two: Accurate Gait Recognition in the Wild via Cross-granularity Alignmentcited by 10
- 2024Multi-Granularity Class Prototype Topology Distillation for Class-Incremental Source-Free Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 10
- 2023GaitRef: Gait Recognition with Refined Sequential Skeletonscited by 9
- 2024Computer Vision for Clinical Gait Analysis: A Gait Abnormality Video Datasetcited by 9
- 2025Prosody-Enhanced Acoustic Pre-training and Acoustic-Disentangled Prosody Adapting for Movie Dubbingcited by 9
- 2022MAPLE: Masked Pseudo-Labeling autoEncoder for Semi-supervised Point Cloud Action Recognitioncited by 8
- 2023Free Lunch for Gait Recognition: A Novel Relation Descriptorcited by 8
- 2023GaitContour: Efficient Gait Recognition based on a Contour-Pose Representationcited by 8
- 2025DAGait: Generalized Skeleton-Guided Data Alignment for Gait Recognitioncited by 8
- 2023HybridGait: A Benchmark for Spatial-Temporal Cloth-Changing Gait Recognition with Hybrid Explorationscited by 6
- 2025Beyond Role-Based Surgical Domain Modeling: Generalizable Re-Identification in the Operating Roomcited by 6
- 2025GestureHYDRA: Semantic Co-speech Gesture Synthesis via Hybrid Modality Diffusion Transformer and Cascaded-Synchronized Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 6
- 2022Delving into the Frequency: Temporally Consistent Human Motion Transfer in the Fourier Spacecited by 5
- 20264DPC2hat: Towards Dynamic Point Cloud Understanding with Failure-Aware Bootstrappingcited by 5
- 2022REMOT: A Region-to-Whole Framework for Realistic Human Motion Transfercited by 4
- 2023Pedestrian Attribute Editing for Gait Recognition and Anonymizationcited by 4
- 2023HiH: A Multi-modal Hierarchy in Hierarchy Network for Unconstrained Gait Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024Learning to Generate Diverse Pedestrian Movements from Web Videos with Noisy Labelscited by 4
- 2025SciEducator: Scientific Video Understanding and Educating via Deming-Cycle Multi-Agent Systemcited by 4
- 2023Distillation-guided Representation Learning for Unconstrained Gait Recognitioncited by 3
50 most cited of 113 All 113 (JSON)
- 2026Learning A Unified Template for Gait Recognition16 Sep 2026
- 2026Vocabulary-Guided Gait Recognition16 Sep 2026
- 2026MMGait: Benchmarking and Unifying Gait Recognition across Heterogeneous Modalities10 Sep 2026
- 2026MultiGait: A Multi-Sensor Multi-Perspective Multi-Session Biometric Inference Benchmark and its Dataset1 Sep 2026
- 2026Who Remains, What Changes: Identity Anchored Composed Gait Retrieval27 Aug 2026
- 2026Decoding Children's Gait Behavior1 Aug 2026
- 2026MHRGait: Gait Recognition from Momentum Human Rig Pose31 Jul 2026
- 2026GaitFace: A Multimodal Dataset for Long-Range Person Identification26 Jul 2026
- 2026Probing Identity-Specific Motion Signatures: A Controlled Diagnostic Study3 Jul 2026
- 2026SRENet: Spectral Re-Entry Network for Point Cloud Action Recognition2 Jun 2026
- 2026DiffCrossGait: Trajectory-Level Alignment for 2D-3D Cross-Modal Gait Recognition via Latent Diffusion29 May 2026
- 2026GaitProtector: Impersonation-Driven Gait De-Identification via Training-Free Diffusion Latent Optimization12 May 2026
38 more
- 2026GaitKD: A Universal Decoupled Distillation Framework for Efficient Gait Recognition29 Apr 2026
- 2026DVAR: Adversarial Multi-Agent Debate for Video Authenticity Detection18 Apr 2026
- 2026BarbieGait: An Identity-Consistent Synthetic Human Dataset with Versatile Cloth-Changing for Gait Recognition14 Apr 2026
- 2026Gait Recognition with Temporal Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks11 Apr 2026
- 2026A Gait Foundation Model Predicts Multi-System Health Phenotypes from 3D Skeletal Motion26 Mar 2026
- 2026The Gait Signature of Frailty: Transfer Learning based Deep Gait Models for Scalable Frailty Assessment25 Mar 2026
- 2026SilLang: Improving Gait Recognition with Silhouette Language Encoding25 Mar 2026
- 2026Walking Further: Semantic-aware Multimodal Gait Recognition Under Long-Range Conditions15 Mar 2026
- 2026Sketch It Out: Exploring Label-Free Structural Cues for Multimodal Gait Recognition4 Mar 2026
- 2026Human Identification at a Distance: Challenges, Methods and Results on the Competition HID 20257 Feb 2026
- 20264DPC2hat: Towards Dynamic Point Cloud Understanding with Failure-Aware Bootstrapping3 Feb 2026
- 2026LocalScore: Local Density-Aware Similarity Scoring for Biometrics1 Feb 2026
- 2026Learning Geometric Invariance for Gait Recognition9 Jan 2026
- 2025Beyond Motion Pattern: An Empirical Study of Physical Forces for Human Motion Understanding23 Dec 2025
- 2025Silhouette-based Gait Foundation Model30 Nov 2025
- 2025SciEducator: Scientific Video Understanding and Educating via Deming-Cycle Multi-Agent System22 Nov 2025
- 2025RobustGait: Robustness Analysis for Appearance Based Gait Recognition17 Nov 2025
- 2025Gait Recognition via Collaborating Discriminative and Generative Diffusion Models9 Nov 2025
- 2025Watch Where You Move: Region-aware Dynamic Aggregation and Excitation for Gait Recognition18 Oct 2025
- 2025Combo-Gait: Unified Transformer Framework for Multi-Modal Gait Recognition and Attribute Analysis12 Oct 2025
- 2025Mesh-Gait: A Unified Framework for Gait Recognition Through Multi-Modal Representation Learning from 2D Silhouettes12 Oct 2025
- 2025MoME: Estimating Psychological Traits from Gait with Multi-Stage Mixture of Movement Experts6 Oct 2025
- 2025GaitSnippet: Gait Recognition Beyond Unordered Sets and Ordered Sequences11 Aug 2025
- 2025DepthGait: Multi-Scale Cross-Level Feature Fusion of RGB-Derived Depth and Silhouette Sequences for Robust Gait Recognition5 Aug 2025
- 2025GaitAdapt: Continual Learning for Evolving Gait Recognition5 Aug 2025
- 2025TrackletGait: A Robust Framework for Gait Recognition in the Wild4 Aug 2025
- 2025GestureHYDRA: Semantic Co-speech Gesture Synthesis via Hybrid Modality Diffusion Transformer and Cascaded-Synchronized Retrieval-Augmented Generation30 Jul 2025
- 2025Progressive Homeostatic and Plastic Prompt Tuning for Audio-Visual Multi-Task Incremental Learning29 Jul 2025
- 2025A Multi-View High-Resolution Foot-Ankle Complex Point Cloud Dataset During Gait for Occlusion-Robust 3D Completion15 Jul 2025
- 2025On Denoising Walking Videos for Gait Recognition24 May 2025
- 2025BiggerGait: Unlocking Gait Recognition with Layer-wise Representations from Large Vision Models23 May 2025
- 2025CVVNet: A Cross-Vertical-View Network for Gait Recognition3 May 2025
- 2025VGNC: Reducing the Overfitting of Sparse-view 3DGS via Validation-guided Gaussian Number Control20 Apr 2025
- 2025On Model and Data Scaling for Skeleton-based Self-Supervised Gait Recognition10 Apr 2025
- 2025DAGait: Generalized Skeleton-Guided Data Alignment for Gait Recognition24 Mar 2025
- 2025Beyond Role-Based Surgical Domain Modeling: Generalizable Re-Identification in the Operating Room17 Mar 2025
- 2025Prosody-Enhanced Acoustic Pre-training and Acoustic-Disentangled Prosody Adapting for Movie Dubbing15 Mar 2025
- 2025CarGait: Cross-Attention based Re-ranking for Gait recognition5 Mar 2025
50 newest of 113 All 113 (JSON)
- 2025GestureHYDRA: Semantic Co-speech Gesture Synthesis via Hybrid Modality Diffusion Transformer and Cascaded-Synchronized Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 6
- 2025Gait Recognition via Collaborating Discriminative and Generative Diffusion Modelscited by 1
- 2026GaitProtector: Impersonation-Driven Gait De-Identification via Training-Free Diffusion Latent Optimizationcited by 1
- 2024ZipGait: Bridging Skeleton and Silhouette with Diffusion Model for Advancing Gait Recognitioncited by 0
- 2024Gait Sequence Upsampling using Diffusion Models for Single LiDAR Sensorscited by 0
- 2026DiffCrossGait: Trajectory-Level Alignment for 2D-3D Cross-Modal Gait Recognition via Latent Diffusioncited by 0
- 2026Learning A Unified Template for Gait Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Learning A Unified Template for Gait Recognition16 Sep 2026
- 2026DiffCrossGait: Trajectory-Level Alignment for 2D-3D Cross-Modal Gait Recognition via Latent Diffusion29 May 2026
- 2026GaitProtector: Impersonation-Driven Gait De-Identification via Training-Free Diffusion Latent Optimization12 May 2026
- 2025Gait Recognition via Collaborating Discriminative and Generative Diffusion Models9 Nov 2025
- 2025GestureHYDRA: Semantic Co-speech Gesture Synthesis via Hybrid Modality Diffusion Transformer and Cascaded-Synchronized Retrieval-Augmented Generation30 Jul 2025
- 2024Gait Sequence Upsampling using Diffusion Models for Single LiDAR Sensors11 Oct 2024
- 2024ZipGait: Bridging Skeleton and Silhouette with Diffusion Model for Advancing Gait Recognition22 Aug 2024
- 2022OpenGait: Revisiting Gait Recognition Toward Better Practicalitycited by 85
- 2022LidarGait: Benchmarking 3D Gait Recognition with Point Cloudscited by 54
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Gait Recognition: Algorithms, Datasets and Challengescited by 45
- 2023Exploring Deep Models for Practical Gait Recognitioncited by 44
- 2024BigGait: Learning Gait Representation You Want by Large Vision Modelscited by 44
- 2023SkeletonGait: Gait Recognition Using Skeleton Mapscited by 40
- 2023GPGait: Generalized Pose-based Gait Recognitioncited by 39
- 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognitioncited by 37
- 2023DyGait: Exploiting Dynamic Representations for High-performance Gait Recognitioncited by 35
- 2023Parsing is All You Need for Accurate Gait Recognition in the Wildcited by 32
- 2023GaitGCI: Generative Counterfactual Intervention for Gait Recognitioncited by 30
- 2022GaitGL: Learning Discriminative Global-Local Feature Representations for Gait Recognitioncited by 25
12 most cited of 103 All 103 (JSON)
- 2026Vocabulary-Guided Gait Recognition16 Sep 2026
- 2026MMGait: Benchmarking and Unifying Gait Recognition across Heterogeneous Modalities10 Sep 2026
- 2026MultiGait: A Multi-Sensor Multi-Perspective Multi-Session Biometric Inference Benchmark and its Dataset1 Sep 2026
- 2026Who Remains, What Changes: Identity Anchored Composed Gait Retrieval27 Aug 2026
- 2026Decoding Children's Gait Behavior1 Aug 2026
- 2026MHRGait: Gait Recognition from Momentum Human Rig Pose31 Jul 2026
- 2026GaitFace: A Multimodal Dataset for Long-Range Person Identification26 Jul 2026
- 2026Probing Identity-Specific Motion Signatures: A Controlled Diagnostic Study3 Jul 2026
- 2026SRENet: Spectral Re-Entry Network for Point Cloud Action Recognition2 Jun 2026
- 2026GaitKD: A Universal Decoupled Distillation Framework for Efficient Gait Recognition29 Apr 2026
- 2026BarbieGait: An Identity-Consistent Synthetic Human Dataset with Versatile Cloth-Changing for Gait Recognition14 Apr 2026
- 2026Gait Recognition with Temporal Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks11 Apr 2026
12 newest of 103 All 103 (JSON)