VoxelTrack: Multi-Person 3D Human Pose Estimation and Tracking in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present VoxelTrack for multi-person 3D pose estimation and tracking from a few cameras which are separated by wide baselines. It employs a multi-branch network to jointly estimate 3D poses and re-identification (Re-ID) features for all people in the environment. In contrast to previous efforts which require to establish cross-view correspondence based on noisy 2D pose estimates, it directly estimates and tracks 3D poses from a 3D voxel-based representation constructed from multi-view images. We first discretize the 3D space by regular voxels and compute a feature vector for each voxel by averaging the body joint heatmaps that are inversely projected from all views. We estimate 3D poses from the voxel representation by predicting whether each voxel contains a particular body joint. Similarly, a Re-ID feature is computed for each voxel which is used to track the estimated 3D poses over time. The main advantage of the approach is that it avoids making any hard decisions based on individual images. The approach can robustly estimate and track 3D poses even when people are severely occluded in some cameras. It outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by a large margin on three public datasets including Shelf, Campus and CMU Panoptic.
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 58 of its 96 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Aug 2021.
Builds on
58 of 96 references.
References · 58
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- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
- 2018MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottleneckscited by 4,773
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- 2016Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,061
- 2016Stacked Hourglass Networks for Human Pose Estimationcited by 913
- 2017Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metriccited by 908
- 2016Simple Online and Realtime Trackingcited by 862
- 2016Performance Measures and a Data Set for Multi-Target, Multi-Camera Trackingcited by 685
- 2018Simple Baselines for Human Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 502
38 more
- 2016Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation In The Wild Using Improved CNN Supervisioncited by 493
- 2020FairMOT: On the Fairness of Detection and Re-Identification in Multiple Object Trackingcited by 489
- 2017Beyond Part Models: Person Retrieval with Refined Part Pooling (and a Strong Convolutional Baseline)cited by 472
- 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
- 2017A simple yet effective baseline for 3d human pose estimationcited by 401
- 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
- 2017Cascaded Pyramid Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 341
- 2019Towards Real-Time Multi-Object Trackingcited by 311
- 2019HigherHRNet: Scale-Aware Representation Learning for Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimationcited by 247
- 2016Associative Embedding: End-to-End Learning for Joint Detection and Groupingcited by 211
- 2016Panoptic Studio: A Massively Multiview System for Social Interaction Capturecited by 173
- 2018Monocular Total Capture: Posing Face, Body, and Hands in the Wildcited by 162
- 2019Learnable Triangulation of Human Posecited by 160
- 2017Towards Accurate Multi-person Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 131
- 2014Joint Training of a Convolutional Network and a Graphical Model for Human Pose Estimationcited by 129
- 2019PifPaf: Composite Fields for Human Pose Estimationcited by 120
- 2015DeepCut: Joint Subset Partition and Labeling for Multi Person Pose Estimationcited by 117
- 2017V2V-PoseNet: Voxel-to-Voxel Prediction Network for Accurate 3D Hand and Human Pose Estimation from a Single Depth Mapcited by 102
- 2018Real-time Multiple People Tracking with Deeply Learned Candidate Selection and Person Re-Identificationcited by 96
- 2019Cross View Fusion for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 90
- 2018Features for Multi-Target Multi-Camera Tracking and Re-Identificationcited by 88
- 2017Pose-driven Deep Convolutional Model for Person Re-identificationcited by 86
- 2019Fast and Robust Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation from Multiple Viewscited by 83
- 2018Pose Flow: Efficient Online Pose Trackingcited by 80
- 2019Online Multi-Object Tracking with Dual Matching Attention Networkscited by 77
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- 2019Rethinking on Multi-Stage Networks for Human Pose Estimationcited by 58
- 2017Detect-and-Track: Efficient Pose Estimation in Videoscited by 51
- 2017Harvesting Multiple Views for Marker-less 3D Human Pose Annotationscited by 48
- 20193D Multi-Object Tracking: A Baseline and New Evaluation Metricscited by 47
- 2016PoseTrack: Joint Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 44
- 2017Deep Occlusion Reasoning for Multi-Camera Multi-Target Detectioncited by 42
- 2017Deep Multi-camera People Detectioncited by 37
- 2021Context Modeling in 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Unified Perspectivecited by 37
- 2020Cross-View Tracking for Multi-Human 3D Pose Estimation at over 100 FPScited by 36
- 2018Efficient Online Multi-Person 2D Pose Tracking with Recurrent Spatio-Temporal Affinity Fieldscited by 32
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50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 11; 2023: 11; 2024: 7; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2023EgoHumans: An Egocentric 3D Multi-Human Benchmarkcited by 58
- 20233D Human Mesh Estimation from Virtual Markerscited by 44
- 2022Faster VoxelPose: Real-time 3D Human Pose Estimation by Orthographic Projectioncited by 39
- 2022Scene-aware Egocentric 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 30
- 2021MMPTRACK: Large-scale Densely Annotated Multi-camera Multiple People Tracking Benchmarkcited by 28
- 2023TEMPO: Efficient Multi-View Pose Estimation, Tracking, and Forecastingcited by 22
- 2024HMD-Poser: On-Device Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Scalable Sparse Observationscited by 22
- 2024SelfPose3d: Self-Supervised Multi-Person Multi-View 3d Pose Estimationcited by 21
- 2023ByteTrackV2: 2D and 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 20
- 2023Multiple View Geometry Transformers for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 19
- 2025WorldPose: A World Cup Dataset for Global 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 13
27 more
- 2024Deep learning for 3D human pose estimation and mesh recovery: A surveycited by 11
- 2022VirtualPose: Learning Generalizable 3D Human Pose Models from Virtual Datacited by 10
- 2023Correlation Pyramid Network for 3D Single Object Trackingcited by 10
- 2024Markerless Multi-view 3D Human Pose Estimation: a surveycited by 9
- 2022Robust Multi-Object Tracking by Marginal Inferencecited by 7
- 2024AvatarPose: Avatar-guided 3D Pose Estimation of Close Human Interaction from Sparse Multi-view Videoscited by 7
- 2022SimpleTrack: Rethinking and Improving the JDE Approach for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 6
- 2022Snipper: A Spatiotemporal Transformer for Simultaneous Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation Tracking and Forecasting on a Video Snippetcited by 6
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 6
- 2022SportsTrack: An Innovative Method for Tracking Athletes in Sports Scenescited by 5
- 2023A Unified Multi-view Multi-person Tracking Frameworkcited by 5
- 2025MITracker: Multi-View Integration for Visual Object Trackingcited by 5
- 2022A survey of top-down approaches for human pose estimationcited by 3
- 2022VTP: Volumetric Transformer for Multi-view Multi-person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 3
- 2023Multi-View Person Matching and 3D Pose Estimation with Arbitrary Uncalibrated Camera Networkscited by 2
- 2024Sports Analysis and VR Viewing System Based on Player Tracking and Pose Estimation with Multimodal and Multiview Sensorscited by 2
- 2021Bottom-up approaches for multi-person pose estimation and it's applications: A brief reviewcited by 1
- 2022Leveraging Systematic Knowledge of 2D Transformationscited by 1
- 2023Intelligent Knee Sleeves: A Real-time Multimodal Dataset for 3D Lower Body Motion Estimation Using Smart Textilecited by 1
- 2024A Robust Filter for Marker-less Multi-person Tracking in Human-Robot Interaction Scenarioscited by 1
- 2025RocSync: Millisecond-Accurate Temporal Synchronization for Heterogeneous Camera Systemscited by 1
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Camera Gymnast Tracking Through Domain Knowledge Integrationcited by 1
- 2022VariabilityTrack:Multi-Object Tracking with Variable Speed Object Movementcited by 0
- 2023MirrorCalib: Utilizing Human Pose Information for Mirror-based Virtual Camera Calibrationcited by 0
- 2025VSE-MOT: Multi-Object Tracking in Low-Quality Video Scenes Guided by Visual Semantic Enhancementcited by 0
- 2026VSD-MOT: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking in Low-Quality Video Scenes Guided by Visual Semantic Distillationcited by 0
- 2026Feed-Forward Multi-view Multi-person Reconstruction with Contrastive Human-Aware 3D Representationcited by 0
- 2026Feed-Forward Multi-view Multi-person Reconstruction with Contrastive Human-Aware 3D Representation1 Sep 2026
- 2026VSD-MOT: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking in Low-Quality Video Scenes Guided by Visual Semantic Distillation21 Mar 2026
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Camera Gymnast Tracking Through Domain Knowledge Integration20 Nov 2025
- 2025RocSync: Millisecond-Accurate Temporal Synchronization for Heterogeneous Camera Systems18 Nov 2025
- 2025VSE-MOT: Multi-Object Tracking in Low-Quality Video Scenes Guided by Visual Semantic Enhancement17 Sep 2025
- 2025MITracker: Multi-View Integration for Visual Object Tracking27 Feb 2025
- 2025WorldPose: A World Cup Dataset for Global 3D Human Pose Estimation6 Jan 2025
- 2024AvatarPose: Avatar-guided 3D Pose Estimation of Close Human Interaction from Sparse Multi-view Videos4 Aug 2024
- 2024Markerless Multi-view 3D Human Pose Estimation: a survey4 Jul 2024
- 2024A Robust Filter for Marker-less Multi-person Tracking in Human-Robot Interaction Scenarios3 Jun 2024
- 2024Sports Analysis and VR Viewing System Based on Player Tracking and Pose Estimation with Multimodal and Multiview Sensors2 May 2024
- 2024SelfPose3d: Self-Supervised Multi-Person Multi-View 3d Pose Estimation2 Apr 2024
27 more
- 2024HMD-Poser: On-Device Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Scalable Sparse Observations6 Mar 2024
- 2024Deep learning for 3D human pose estimation and mesh recovery: A survey29 Feb 2024
- 2023Multi-View Person Matching and 3D Pose Estimation with Arbitrary Uncalibrated Camera Networks4 Dec 2023
- 2023Multiple View Geometry Transformers for 3D Human Pose Estimation18 Nov 2023
- 2023MirrorCalib: Utilizing Human Pose Information for Mirror-based Virtual Camera Calibration5 Nov 2023
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Survey19 Oct 2023
- 2023Intelligent Knee Sleeves: A Real-time Multimodal Dataset for 3D Lower Body Motion Estimation Using Smart Textile2 Oct 2023
- 2023TEMPO: Efficient Multi-View Pose Estimation, Tracking, and Forecasting14 Sep 2023
- 2023EgoHumans: An Egocentric 3D Multi-Human Benchmark25 May 2023
- 2023Correlation Pyramid Network for 3D Single Object Tracking16 May 2023
- 2023ByteTrackV2: 2D and 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Box27 Mar 2023
- 20233D Human Mesh Estimation from Virtual Markers21 Mar 2023
- 2023A Unified Multi-view Multi-person Tracking Framework8 Feb 2023
- 2022Scene-aware Egocentric 3D Human Pose Estimation20 Dec 2022
- 2022SportsTrack: An Innovative Method for Tracking Athletes in Sports Scenes14 Nov 2022
- 2022Robust Multi-Object Tracking by Marginal Inference7 Aug 2022
- 2022Faster VoxelPose: Real-time 3D Human Pose Estimation by Orthographic Projection22 Jul 2022
- 2022VirtualPose: Learning Generalizable 3D Human Pose Models from Virtual Data20 Jul 2022
- 2022Snipper: A Spatiotemporal Transformer for Simultaneous Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation Tracking and Forecasting on a Video Snippet9 Jul 2022
- 2022Leveraging Systematic Knowledge of 2D Transformations2 Jun 2022
- 2022VTP: Volumetric Transformer for Multi-view Multi-person 3D Pose Estimation25 May 2022
- 2022VariabilityTrack:Multi-Object Tracking with Variable Speed Object Movement12 Mar 2022
- 2022SimpleTrack: Rethinking and Improving the JDE Approach for Multi-Object Tracking8 Mar 2022
- 2022A survey of top-down approaches for human pose estimation5 Feb 2022
- 2021Bottom-up approaches for multi-person pose estimation and it's applications: A brief review22 Dec 2021
- 2021MMPTRACK: Large-scale Densely Annotated Multi-camera Multiple People Tracking Benchmark30 Nov 2021
- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Box13 Oct 2021
- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2023EgoHumans: An Egocentric 3D Multi-Human Benchmarkcited by 58
- 20233D Human Mesh Estimation from Virtual Markerscited by 44
- 2022Faster VoxelPose: Real-time 3D Human Pose Estimation by Orthographic Projectioncited by 39
- 2022Scene-aware Egocentric 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 30
- 2021MMPTRACK: Large-scale Densely Annotated Multi-camera Multiple People Tracking Benchmarkcited by 28
- 2023TEMPO: Efficient Multi-View Pose Estimation, Tracking, and Forecastingcited by 22
- 2024HMD-Poser: On-Device Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Scalable Sparse Observationscited by 22
- 2024SelfPose3d: Self-Supervised Multi-Person Multi-View 3d Pose Estimationcited by 21
- 2023ByteTrackV2: 2D and 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 20
- 2023Multiple View Geometry Transformers for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 19
- 2025WorldPose: A World Cup Dataset for Global 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 13
12 most cited of 38 All 38 (JSON)
- 2026Feed-Forward Multi-view Multi-person Reconstruction with Contrastive Human-Aware 3D Representation1 Sep 2026
- 2026VSD-MOT: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking in Low-Quality Video Scenes Guided by Visual Semantic Distillation21 Mar 2026
- 2025Enhancing Multi-Camera Gymnast Tracking Through Domain Knowledge Integration20 Nov 2025
- 2025RocSync: Millisecond-Accurate Temporal Synchronization for Heterogeneous Camera Systems18 Nov 2025
- 2025MITracker: Multi-View Integration for Visual Object Tracking27 Feb 2025
- 2025WorldPose: A World Cup Dataset for Global 3D Human Pose Estimation6 Jan 2025
- 2024AvatarPose: Avatar-guided 3D Pose Estimation of Close Human Interaction from Sparse Multi-view Videos4 Aug 2024
- 2024Markerless Multi-view 3D Human Pose Estimation: a survey4 Jul 2024
- 2024A Robust Filter for Marker-less Multi-person Tracking in Human-Robot Interaction Scenarios3 Jun 2024
- 2024Sports Analysis and VR Viewing System Based on Player Tracking and Pose Estimation with Multimodal and Multiview Sensors2 May 2024
- 2024SelfPose3d: Self-Supervised Multi-Person Multi-View 3d Pose Estimation2 Apr 2024
- 2024HMD-Poser: On-Device Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Scalable Sparse Observations6 Mar 2024
12 newest of 38 All 38 (JSON)