Real-time Multiple People Tracking with Deeply Learned Candidate Selection and Person Re-Identification
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Abstract (arXiv)
Online multi-object tracking is a fundamental problem in time-critical video analysis applications. A major challenge in the popular tracking-by-detection framework is how to associate unreliable detection results with existing tracks. In this paper, we propose to handle unreliable detection by collecting candidates from outputs of both detection and tracking. The intuition behind generating redundant candidates is that detection and tracks can complement each other in different scenarios. Detection results of high confidence prevent tracking drifts in the long term, and predictions of tracks can handle noisy detection caused by occlusion. In order to apply optimal selection from a considerable amount of candidates in real-time, we present a novel scoring function based on a fully convolutional neural network, that shares most computations on the entire image. Moreover, we adopt a deeply learned appearance representation, which is trained on large-scale person re-identification datasets, to improve the identification ability of our tracker. Extensive experiments show that our tracker achieves real-time and state-of-the-art performance on a widely used people tracking benchmark.
Key facts. Cited by 96 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Sep 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 22; 2022: 18; 2023: 18; 2024: 27; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.
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- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 515
- 2021MOTR: End-to-End Multiple-Object Tracking with Transformercited by 379
- 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 213
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2022MOTRv2: Bootstrapping End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking by Pretrained Object Detectorscited by 148
- 2021Multiple Object Tracking with Correlation Learningcited by 67
- 2023Hybrid-SORT: Weak Cues Matter for Online Multi-Object Trackingcited by 66
- 2021Do Different Tracking Tasks Require Different Appearance Models?cited by 62
- 2024Multiple Object Tracking as ID Predictioncited by 58
- 2021DEFT: Detection Embeddings for Trackingcited by 56
- 2021RelationTrack: Relation-aware Multiple Object Tracking with Decoupled Representationcited by 52
38 more
- 2023SparseTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Performing Scene Decomposition based on Pseudo-Depthcited by 48
- 2022Simple Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Trackercited by 44
- 2021TransCenter: Transformers with Dense Representations for Multiple-Object Trackingcited by 42
- 2023DiffusionTrack: Diffusion Model For Multi-Object Trackingcited by 40
- 2021VoxelTrack: Multi-Person 3D Human Pose Estimation and Tracking in the Wildcited by 39
- 2023EarlyBird: Early-Fusion for Multi-View Tracking in the Bird's Eye Viewcited by 33
- 2021One More Check: Making "Fake Background" Be Tracked Againcited by 25
- 2024Lifting Multi-View Detection and Tracking to the Bird's Eye Viewcited by 25
- 2021Discriminative Appearance Modeling with Multi-track Pooling for Real-time Multi-object Trackingcited by 22
- 2021Regularity Learning via Explicit Distribution Modeling for Skeletal Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 22
- 2021Looking Beyond Two Frames: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking Using Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 21
- 2023ByteTrackV2: 2D and 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 20
- 2023MotionTrack: Learning Motion Predictor for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 20
- 2024MambaTrack: A Simple Baseline for Multiple Object Tracking with State Space Modelcited by 18
- 2022Detection Recovery in Online Multi-Object Tracking with Sparse Graph Trackercited by 15
- 2025Person Recognition at Altitude and Range: Fusion of Face, Body Shape and Gaitcited by 13
- 2021Online Multiple Object Tracking with Cross-Task Synergycited by 12
- 2023Uncertainty-aware Unsupervised Multi-Object Trackingcited by 12
- 2022Learning of Global Objective for Network Flow in Multi-Object Trackingcited by 11
- 2022Multi-view Tracking Using Weakly Supervised Human Motion Predictioncited by 11
- 2024Visual Multi-Object Tracking with Re-Identification and Occlusion Handling using Labeled Random Finite Setscited by 11
- 2024View-Centric Multi-Object Tracking with Homographic Matching in Moving UAVcited by 10
- 2023CML-MOTS: Collaborative Multi-task Learning for Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 9
- 2021Local Metrics for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2021Multiple Object Tracking with Mixture Density Networks for Trajectory Estimationcited by 8
- 2022Towards PAC Multi-Object Detection and Trackingcited by 8
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
- 2024FeatureSORT: Essential Features for Effective Trackingcited by 8
- 2022Robust Multi-Object Tracking by Marginal Inferencecited by 7
- 2023Z-GMOT: Zero-shot Generic Multiple Object Trackingcited by 7
- 2024SPAMming Labels: Efficient Annotations for the Trackers of Tomorrowcited by 7
- 2024Track Initialization and Re-Identification for~3D Multi-View Multi-Object Trackingcited by 7
- 2022SimpleTrack: Rethinking and Improving the JDE Approach for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 6
- 2023AttMOT: Improving Multiple-Object Tracking by Introducing Auxiliary Pedestrian Attributescited by 6
- 2024TrackSSM: A General Motion Predictor by State-Space Modelcited by 6
- 2022Multiple Object Tracking from appearance by hierarchically clustering trackletscited by 5
- 2022End-to-end Tracking with a Multi-query Transformercited by 5
- 2022Tracking by Associating Clipscited by 5
50 most cited of 96 All 96 (JSON)
- 2026Time-series Meets Complex Motion Modeling: Robust and Computational-effective Motion Predictor for Multi-object Tracking1 May 2026
- 2026ModTrack: Sensor-Agnostic Multi-View Tracking via Identity-Informed PHD Filtering with Covariance Propagation16 Mar 2026
- 2026AR-MOT: Autoregressive Multi-object Tracking5 Jan 2026
- 2025GRAP-MOT: Unsupervised Graph-based Position Weighted Person Multi-camera Multi-object Tracking in a Highly Congested Space24 Oct 2025
- 2025SocialTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Complex Urban Traffic Scenes Inspired by Social Behavior18 Aug 2025
- 2025High Performance Space Debris Tracking in Complex Skylight Backgrounds with a Large-Scale Dataset3 Jun 2025
- 2025Person Recognition at Altitude and Range: Fusion of Face, Body Shape and Gait7 May 2025
- 2025Attention-Aware Multi-View Pedestrian Tracking3 Apr 2025
- 2025CRTrack: Low-Light Semi-Supervised Multi-object Tracking Based on Consistency Regularization24 Feb 2025
- 2025RAMOTS: A Real-Time System for Aerial Multi-Object Tracking based on Deep Learning and Big Data Technology6 Feb 2025
- 2025FusionSORT: Fusion Methods for Online Multi-object Visual Tracking1 Jan 2025
- 2024MOT FCG++: Enhanced Representation of Spatio-temporal Motion and Appearance Features15 Nov 2024
38 more
- 2024IP-MOT: Instance Prompt Learning for Cross-Domain Multi-Object Tracking30 Oct 2024
- 2024SFTrack: A Robust Scale and Motion Adaptive Algorithm for Tracking Small and Fast Moving Objects26 Oct 2024
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolation14 Oct 2024
- 2024STCMOT: Spatio-Temporal Cohesion Learning for UAV-Based Multiple Object Tracking17 Sep 2024
- 2024Tracking Virtual Meetings in the Wild: Re-identification in Multi-Participant Virtual Meetings15 Sep 2024
- 2024Gr-IoU: Ground-Intersection over Union for Robust Multi-Object Tracking with 3D Geometric Constraints5 Sep 2024
- 2024TP-GMOT: Tracking Generic Multiple Object by Textual Prompt with Motion-Appearance Cost (MAC) SORT4 Sep 2024
- 2024TrackSSM: A General Motion Predictor by State-Space Model31 Aug 2024
- 2024ConsistencyTrack: A Robust Multi-Object Tracker with a Generation Strategy of Consistency Model28 Aug 2024
- 2024BankTweak: Adversarial Attack against Multi-Object Trackers by Manipulating Feature Banks22 Aug 2024
- 2024MambaTrack: A Simple Baseline for Multiple Object Tracking with State Space Model17 Aug 2024
- 2024RTAT: A Robust Two-stage Association Tracker for Multi-Object Tracking14 Aug 2024
- 2024Temporal Correlation Meets Embedding: Towards a 2nd Generation of JDE-based Real-Time Multi-Object Tracking19 Jul 2024
- 2024Visual Multi-Object Tracking with Re-Identification and Occlusion Handling using Labeled Random Finite Sets11 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensors10 Jul 2024
- 2024FeatureSORT: Essential Features for Effective Tracking5 Jul 2024
- 2024Hierarchical IoU Tracking based on Interval19 Jun 2024
- 2024Track Initialization and Re-Identification for~3D Multi-View Multi-Object Tracking28 May 2024
- 2024An Approximate Dynamic Programming Framework for Occlusion-Robust Multi-Object Tracking24 May 2024
- 2024SPAMming Labels: Efficient Annotations for the Trackers of Tomorrow17 Apr 2024
- 2024SFSORT: Scene Features-based Simple Online Real-Time Tracker11 Apr 2024
- 2024DepthMOT: Depth Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Tracker8 Apr 2024
- 2024Multiple Object Tracking as ID Prediction25 Mar 2024
- 2024Lifting Multi-View Detection and Tracking to the Bird's Eye View19 Mar 2024
- 2024View-Centric Multi-Object Tracking with Homographic Matching in Moving UAV16 Mar 2024
- 2024Monocular Per-Object Distance Estimation with Masked Object Modeling6 Jan 2024
- 2023Adaptive Confidence Threshold for ByteTrack in Multi-Object Tracking4 Dec 2023
- 2023Multiple Object Tracking based on Occlusion-Aware Embedding Consistency Learning5 Nov 2023
- 2023CML-MOTS: Collaborative Multi-task Learning for Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation2 Nov 2023
- 2023EarlyBird: Early-Fusion for Multi-View Tracking in the Bird's Eye View20 Oct 2023
- 2023Transparent Object Tracking with Enhanced Fusion Module13 Sep 2023
- 2023Fast and Resource-Efficient Object Tracking on Edge Devices: A Measurement Study6 Sep 2023
- 2023Occlusion-Aware Detection and Re-ID Calibrated Network for Multi-Object Tracking30 Aug 2023
- 2023DiffusionTrack: Diffusion Model For Multi-Object Tracking19 Aug 2023
- 2023AttMOT: Improving Multiple-Object Tracking by Introducing Auxiliary Pedestrian Attributes15 Aug 2023
- 2023Hybrid-SORT: Weak Cues Matter for Online Multi-Object Tracking1 Aug 2023
- 2023Uncertainty-aware Unsupervised Multi-Object Tracking28 Jul 2023
- 2023In Defense of Clip-based Video Relation Detection18 Jul 2023
50 newest of 96 All 96 (JSON)
- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 515
- 2021MOTR: End-to-End Multiple-Object Tracking with Transformercited by 379
- 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 213
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2022MOTRv2: Bootstrapping End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking by Pretrained Object Detectorscited by 148
- 2021Multiple Object Tracking with Correlation Learningcited by 67
- 2023Hybrid-SORT: Weak Cues Matter for Online Multi-Object Trackingcited by 66
- 2021Do Different Tracking Tasks Require Different Appearance Models?cited by 62
- 2024Multiple Object Tracking as ID Predictioncited by 58
- 2021DEFT: Detection Embeddings for Trackingcited by 56
- 2021RelationTrack: Relation-aware Multiple Object Tracking with Decoupled Representationcited by 52
12 most cited of 93 All 93 (JSON)
- 2026Time-series Meets Complex Motion Modeling: Robust and Computational-effective Motion Predictor for Multi-object Tracking1 May 2026
- 2026ModTrack: Sensor-Agnostic Multi-View Tracking via Identity-Informed PHD Filtering with Covariance Propagation16 Mar 2026
- 2026AR-MOT: Autoregressive Multi-object Tracking5 Jan 2026
- 2025GRAP-MOT: Unsupervised Graph-based Position Weighted Person Multi-camera Multi-object Tracking in a Highly Congested Space24 Oct 2025
- 2025SocialTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Complex Urban Traffic Scenes Inspired by Social Behavior18 Aug 2025
- 2025High Performance Space Debris Tracking in Complex Skylight Backgrounds with a Large-Scale Dataset3 Jun 2025
- 2025Person Recognition at Altitude and Range: Fusion of Face, Body Shape and Gait7 May 2025
- 2025Attention-Aware Multi-View Pedestrian Tracking3 Apr 2025
- 2025CRTrack: Low-Light Semi-Supervised Multi-object Tracking Based on Consistency Regularization24 Feb 2025
- 2025RAMOTS: A Real-Time System for Aerial Multi-Object Tracking based on Deep Learning and Big Data Technology6 Feb 2025
- 2025FusionSORT: Fusion Methods for Online Multi-object Visual Tracking1 Jan 2025
- 2024MOT FCG++: Enhanced Representation of Spatio-temporal Motion and Appearance Features15 Nov 2024
12 newest of 93 All 93 (JSON)