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Towards Accurate Multi-person Pose Estimation in the Wild

arXiv 1701.01779 ↗First posted 6 Jan 2017cs.CVcited by 131

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a method for multi-person detection and 2-D pose estimation that achieves state-of-art results on the challenging COCO keypoints task. It is a simple, yet powerful, top-down approach consisting of two stages. In the first stage, we predict the location and scale of boxes which are likely to contain people; for this we use the Faster RCNN detector. In the second stage, we estimate the keypoints of the person potentially contained in each proposed bounding box. For each keypoint type we predict dense heatmaps and offsets using a fully convolutional ResNet. To combine these outputs we introduce a novel aggregation procedure to obtain highly localized keypoint predictions. We also use a novel form of keypoint-based Non-Maximum-Suppression (NMS), instead of the cruder box-level NMS, and a novel form of keypoint-based confidence score estimation, instead of box-level scoring. Trained on COCO data alone, our final system achieves average precision of 0.649 on the COCO test-dev set and the 0.643 test-standard sets, outperforming the winner of the 2016 COCO keypoints challenge and other recent state-of-art. Further, by using additional in-house labeled data we obtain an even higher average precision of 0.685 on the test-dev set and 0.673 on the test-standard set, more than 5% absolute improvement compared to the previous best performing method on the same dataset.

Key facts. Cited by 131 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Jan 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 52; 2022: 27; 2023: 25; 2024: 17; 2025: 7; 2026: 3.

131 papers.

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  1. 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
  2. 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
  3. 2023TryOnDiffusion: A Tale of Two UNetscited by 141
  4. 2021Human Pose Regression with Residual Log-likelihood Estimationcited by 131
  5. 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 117
  6. 2021Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimation Via Disentangled Keypoint Regressioncited by 112
  7. 2021TokenPose: Learning Keypoint Tokens for Human Pose Estimationcited by 106
  8. 2021Pose Recognition with Cascade Transformerscited by 99
  9. 2021Lite-HRNet: A Lightweight High-Resolution Networkcited by 91
  10. 2021SimCC: a Simple Coordinate Classification Perspective for Human Pose Estimationcited by 68
  11. 2022YOLO-Pose: Enhancing YOLO for Multi Person Pose Estimation Using Object Keypoint Similarity Losscited by 66
  12. 2022ViTPose++: Vision Transformer for Generic Body Pose Estimationcited by 65
38 more
  1. 2021Learning to Estimate Robust 3D Human Mesh from In-the-Wild Crowded Scenescited by 64
  2. 2021OpenPifPaf: Composite Fields for Semantic Keypoint Detection and Spatio-Temporal Associationcited by 55
  3. 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 49
  4. 2021From Synthetic to Real: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Animal Pose Estimationcited by 48
  5. 2023Human Pose as Compositional Tokenscited by 45
  6. 2021TFPose: Direct Human Pose Estimation with Transformerscited by 42
  7. 2021VoxelTrack: Multi-Person 3D Human Pose Estimation and Tracking in the Wildcited by 39
  8. 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognitioncited by 37
  9. 2021Regressive Domain Adaptation for Unsupervised Keypoint Detectioncited by 34
  10. 2021FCPose: Fully Convolutional Multi-Person Pose Estimation with Dynamic Instance-Aware Convolutionscited by 34
  11. 2021Test-Time Personalization with a Transformer for Human Pose Estimationcited by 33
  12. 2021Differentiable Multi-Granularity Human Representation Learning for Instance-Aware Human Semantic Parsingcited by 31
  13. 2021Multi-Instance Pose Networks: Rethinking Top-Down Pose Estimationcited by 30
  14. 2021End-to-End Trainable Multi-Instance Pose Estimation with Transformerscited by 30
  15. 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
  16. 2021Rethinking Keypoint Representations: Modeling Keypoints and Poses as Objects for Multi-Person Human Pose Estimationcited by 20
  17. 2023Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation via Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 20
  18. 2021The Center of Attention: Center-Keypoint Grouping via Attention for Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 18
  19. 2021HIH: Towards More Accurate Face Alignment via Heatmap in Heatmapcited by 15
  20. 2021Cognitive Visual Commonsense Reasoning Using Dynamic Working Memorycited by 14
  21. 2021Learning Local-Global Contextual Adaptation for Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 14
  22. 2022Skeletal Video Anomaly Detection using Deep Learning: Survey, Challenges and Future Directionscited by 14
  23. 2022Dual networks based 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 13
  24. 2022QueryPose: Sparse Multi-Person Pose Regression via Spatial-Aware Part-Level Querycited by 13
  25. 2025CoMotion: Concurrent Multi-person 3D Motioncited by 13
  26. 2021HumanGPS: Geodesic PreServing Feature for Dense Human Correspondencescited by 12
  27. 2023DistilPose: Tokenized Pose Regression with Heatmap Distillationcited by 12
  28. 2024TCFormer: Visual Recognition via Token Clustering Transformercited by 12
  29. 2021mmPose-NLP: A Natural Language Processing Approach to Precise Skeletal Pose Estimation using mmWave Radarscited by 11
  30. 2021DeepSportLab: a Unified Framework for Ball Detection, Player Instance Segmentation and Pose Estimation in Team Sports Scenescited by 11
  31. 2021Low-resolution Human Pose Estimationcited by 10
  32. 2022Explicit Occlusion Reasoning for Multi-person 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 10
  33. 2023On the Calibration of Human Pose Estimationcited by 10
  34. 2022Heatmap Distribution Matching for Human Pose Estimationcited by 9
  35. 2024STAF: 3D Human Mesh Recovery from Video with Spatio-Temporal Alignment Fusioncited by 9
  36. 2022Fast and Robust Video-Based Exercise Classification via Body Pose Tracking and Scalable Multivariate Time Series Classifierscited by 8
  37. 2021End-to-End Hierarchical Relation Extraction for Generic Form Understandingcited by 7
  38. 2023Self-Correctable and Adaptable Inference for Generalizable Human Pose Estimationcited by 7

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