Towards Accurate Multi-person Pose Estimation in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a method for multi-person detection and 2-D pose estimation that achieves state-of-art results on the challenging COCO keypoints task. It is a simple, yet powerful, top-down approach consisting of two stages. In the first stage, we predict the location and scale of boxes which are likely to contain people; for this we use the Faster RCNN detector. In the second stage, we estimate the keypoints of the person potentially contained in each proposed bounding box. For each keypoint type we predict dense heatmaps and offsets using a fully convolutional ResNet. To combine these outputs we introduce a novel aggregation procedure to obtain highly localized keypoint predictions. We also use a novel form of keypoint-based Non-Maximum-Suppression (NMS), instead of the cruder box-level NMS, and a novel form of keypoint-based confidence score estimation, instead of box-level scoring. Trained on COCO data alone, our final system achieves average precision of 0.649 on the COCO test-dev set and the 0.643 test-standard sets, outperforming the winner of the 2016 COCO keypoints challenge and other recent state-of-art. Further, by using additional in-house labeled data we obtain an even higher average precision of 0.685 on the test-dev set and 0.673 on the test-standard set, more than 5% absolute improvement compared to the previous best performing method on the same dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 131 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Jan 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 52; 2022: 27; 2023: 25; 2024: 17; 2025: 7; 2026: 3.
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- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
- 2023TryOnDiffusion: A Tale of Two UNetscited by 141
- 2021Human Pose Regression with Residual Log-likelihood Estimationcited by 131
- 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 117
- 2021Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimation Via Disentangled Keypoint Regressioncited by 112
- 2021TokenPose: Learning Keypoint Tokens for Human Pose Estimationcited by 106
- 2021Pose Recognition with Cascade Transformerscited by 99
- 2021Lite-HRNet: A Lightweight High-Resolution Networkcited by 91
- 2021SimCC: a Simple Coordinate Classification Perspective for Human Pose Estimationcited by 68
- 2022YOLO-Pose: Enhancing YOLO for Multi Person Pose Estimation Using Object Keypoint Similarity Losscited by 66
- 2022ViTPose++: Vision Transformer for Generic Body Pose Estimationcited by 65
38 more
- 2021Learning to Estimate Robust 3D Human Mesh from In-the-Wild Crowded Scenescited by 64
- 2021OpenPifPaf: Composite Fields for Semantic Keypoint Detection and Spatio-Temporal Associationcited by 55
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 49
- 2021From Synthetic to Real: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Animal Pose Estimationcited by 48
- 2023Human Pose as Compositional Tokenscited by 45
- 2021TFPose: Direct Human Pose Estimation with Transformerscited by 42
- 2021VoxelTrack: Multi-Person 3D Human Pose Estimation and Tracking in the Wildcited by 39
- 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognitioncited by 37
- 2021Regressive Domain Adaptation for Unsupervised Keypoint Detectioncited by 34
- 2021FCPose: Fully Convolutional Multi-Person Pose Estimation with Dynamic Instance-Aware Convolutionscited by 34
- 2021Test-Time Personalization with a Transformer for Human Pose Estimationcited by 33
- 2021Differentiable Multi-Granularity Human Representation Learning for Instance-Aware Human Semantic Parsingcited by 31
- 2021Multi-Instance Pose Networks: Rethinking Top-Down Pose Estimationcited by 30
- 2021End-to-End Trainable Multi-Instance Pose Estimation with Transformerscited by 30
- 2022ZoomNAS: Searching for Whole-body Human Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 23
- 2021Rethinking Keypoint Representations: Modeling Keypoints and Poses as Objects for Multi-Person Human Pose Estimationcited by 20
- 2023Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation via Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 20
- 2021The Center of Attention: Center-Keypoint Grouping via Attention for Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 18
- 2021HIH: Towards More Accurate Face Alignment via Heatmap in Heatmapcited by 15
- 2021Cognitive Visual Commonsense Reasoning Using Dynamic Working Memorycited by 14
- 2021Learning Local-Global Contextual Adaptation for Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 14
- 2022Skeletal Video Anomaly Detection using Deep Learning: Survey, Challenges and Future Directionscited by 14
- 2022Dual networks based 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 13
- 2022QueryPose: Sparse Multi-Person Pose Regression via Spatial-Aware Part-Level Querycited by 13
- 2025CoMotion: Concurrent Multi-person 3D Motioncited by 13
- 2021HumanGPS: Geodesic PreServing Feature for Dense Human Correspondencescited by 12
- 2023DistilPose: Tokenized Pose Regression with Heatmap Distillationcited by 12
- 2024TCFormer: Visual Recognition via Token Clustering Transformercited by 12
- 2021mmPose-NLP: A Natural Language Processing Approach to Precise Skeletal Pose Estimation using mmWave Radarscited by 11
- 2021DeepSportLab: a Unified Framework for Ball Detection, Player Instance Segmentation and Pose Estimation in Team Sports Scenescited by 11
- 2021Low-resolution Human Pose Estimationcited by 10
- 2022Explicit Occlusion Reasoning for Multi-person 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 10
- 2023On the Calibration of Human Pose Estimationcited by 10
- 2022Heatmap Distribution Matching for Human Pose Estimationcited by 9
- 2024STAF: 3D Human Mesh Recovery from Video with Spatio-Temporal Alignment Fusioncited by 9
- 2022Fast and Robust Video-Based Exercise Classification via Body Pose Tracking and Scalable Multivariate Time Series Classifierscited by 8
- 2021End-to-End Hierarchical Relation Extraction for Generic Form Understandingcited by 7
- 2023Self-Correctable and Adaptable Inference for Generalizable Human Pose Estimationcited by 7
50 most cited of 131 All 131 (JSON)
- 2026From Frames to Sequences: Temporally Consistent Human-Centric Dense Prediction2 Feb 2026
- 2026BBoxMaskPose v2: Expanding Mutual Conditioning to 3D21 Jan 2026
- 2026SkeFi: Cross-Modal Knowledge Transfer for Wireless Skeleton-Based Action Recognition18 Jan 2026
- 2025FootFormer: Estimating Stability from Visual Input22 Oct 2025
- 2025A Coarse-to-Fine Human Pose Estimation Method based on Two-stage Distillation and Progressive Graph Neural Network15 Aug 2025
- 2025From Sharp to Blur: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 2D Human Pose Estimation Under Extreme Motion Blur Using Event Cameras30 Jul 2025
- 2025FW-VTON: Flattening-and-Warping for Person-to-Person Virtual Try-on21 Jul 2025
- 2025Keypoints as Dynamic Centroids for Unified Human Pose and Segmentation17 May 2025
- 2025CoMotion: Concurrent Multi-person 3D Motion16 Apr 2025
- 2025RT-DEMT: A hybrid real-time acupoint detection model combining mamba and transformer16 Feb 2025
- 2024Detection, Pose Estimation and Segmentation for Multiple Bodies: Closing the Virtuous Circle2 Dec 2024
- 2024Referring Human Pose and Mask Estimation in the Wild27 Oct 2024
38 more
- 2024POPoS: Improving Efficient and Robust Facial Landmark Detection with Parallel Optimal Position Search12 Oct 2024
- 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wild18 Sep 2024
- 2024EA-RAS: Towards Efficient and Accurate End-to-End Reconstruction of Anatomical Skeleton3 Sep 2024
- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Models22 Aug 2024
- 2024TCFormer: Visual Recognition via Token Clustering Transformer16 Jul 2024
- 2024Human Modelling and Pose Estimation Overview27 Jun 2024
- 2024Efficient Human Pose Estimation: Leveraging Advanced Techniques with MediaPipe21 Jun 2024
- 2024Focus on Low-Resolution Information: Multi-Granular Information-Lossless Model for Low-Resolution Human Pose Estimation19 May 2024
- 2024Cross-Domain Knowledge Distillation for Low-Resolution Human Pose Estimation19 May 2024
- 2024Adaptive Learning for Multi-view Stereo Reconstruction8 Apr 2024
- 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognition21 Mar 2024
- 2024Data Augmentation in Human-Centric Vision13 Mar 2024
- 2024DRSI-Net: Dual-Residual Spatial Interaction Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimation26 Feb 2024
- 2024Learning Pixel-wise Continuous Depth Representation via Clustering for Depth Completion21 Feb 2024
- 2024STAF: 3D Human Mesh Recovery from Video with Spatio-Temporal Alignment Fusion3 Jan 2024
- 2023On the Calibration of Human Pose Estimation28 Nov 2023
- 2023HEViTPose: High-Efficiency Vision Transformer for Human Pose Estimation22 Nov 2023
- 2023Improving Multi-Person Pose Tracking with A Confidence Network29 Oct 2023
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Survey19 Oct 2023
- 2023Intelligent Knee Sleeves: A Real-time Multimodal Dataset for 3D Lower Body Motion Estimation Using Smart Textile2 Oct 2023
- 2023Denoising and Selecting Pseudo-Heatmaps for Semi-Supervised Human Pose Estimation29 Sep 2023
- 2023Sparse and Privacy-enhanced Representation for Human Pose Estimation18 Sep 2023
- 2023Unveiling the frontiers of deep learning: innovations shaping diverse domains6 Sep 2023
- 2023Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation via Deep Learning: A Survey26 Aug 2023
- 2023Joint Coordinate Regression and Association For Multi-Person Pose Estimation, A Pure Neural Network Approach3 Jul 2023
- 2023Transfer: Cross Modality Knowledge Transfer using Adversarial Networks -- A Study on Gesture Recognition26 Jun 2023
- 2023CLERA: A Unified Model for Joint Cognitive Load and Eye Region Analysis in the Wild26 Jun 2023
- 20233D Keypoint Estimation Using Implicit Representation Learning20 Jun 2023
- 2023TryOnDiffusion: A Tale of Two UNets14 Jun 2023
- 2023SDR-GAIN: A High Real-Time Occluded Pedestrian Pose Completion Method for Autonomous Driving6 Jun 2023
- 2023Deakin RF-Sensing: Experiments on Correlated Knowledge Distillation for Monitoring Human Postures with Radios24 May 2023
- 2023Human Body Pose Estimation for Gait Identification: A Comprehensive Survey of Datasets and Models23 May 2023
- 2023XFormer: Fast and Accurate Monocular 3D Body Capture18 May 2023
- 2023Adaptive Scheduling for Edge-Assisted DNN Serving19 Apr 2023
- 2023Human Pose as Compositional Tokens21 Mar 2023
- 2023Self-Correctable and Adaptable Inference for Generalizable Human Pose Estimation20 Mar 2023
- 2023DistilPose: Tokenized Pose Regression with Heatmap Distillation4 Mar 2023
- 2023MDPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation via Mixture Density Model17 Feb 2023
50 newest of 131 All 131 (JSON)
- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
- 2023TryOnDiffusion: A Tale of Two UNetscited by 141
- 2021Human Pose Regression with Residual Log-likelihood Estimationcited by 131
- 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 117
- 2021Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimation Via Disentangled Keypoint Regressioncited by 112
- 2021TokenPose: Learning Keypoint Tokens for Human Pose Estimationcited by 106
- 2021Pose Recognition with Cascade Transformerscited by 99
- 2021Lite-HRNet: A Lightweight High-Resolution Networkcited by 91
- 2021SimCC: a Simple Coordinate Classification Perspective for Human Pose Estimationcited by 68
- 2022YOLO-Pose: Enhancing YOLO for Multi Person Pose Estimation Using Object Keypoint Similarity Losscited by 66
- 2022ViTPose++: Vision Transformer for Generic Body Pose Estimationcited by 65
12 most cited of 129 All 129 (JSON)
- 2026From Frames to Sequences: Temporally Consistent Human-Centric Dense Prediction2 Feb 2026
- 2026BBoxMaskPose v2: Expanding Mutual Conditioning to 3D21 Jan 2026
- 2026SkeFi: Cross-Modal Knowledge Transfer for Wireless Skeleton-Based Action Recognition18 Jan 2026
- 2025FootFormer: Estimating Stability from Visual Input22 Oct 2025
- 2025A Coarse-to-Fine Human Pose Estimation Method based on Two-stage Distillation and Progressive Graph Neural Network15 Aug 2025
- 2025From Sharp to Blur: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 2D Human Pose Estimation Under Extreme Motion Blur Using Event Cameras30 Jul 2025
- 2025FW-VTON: Flattening-and-Warping for Person-to-Person Virtual Try-on21 Jul 2025
- 2025Keypoints as Dynamic Centroids for Unified Human Pose and Segmentation17 May 2025
- 2025CoMotion: Concurrent Multi-person 3D Motion16 Apr 2025
- 2024Detection, Pose Estimation and Segmentation for Multiple Bodies: Closing the Virtuous Circle2 Dec 2024
- 2024Referring Human Pose and Mask Estimation in the Wild27 Oct 2024
- 2024POPoS: Improving Efficient and Robust Facial Landmark Detection with Parallel Optimal Position Search12 Oct 2024
12 newest of 129 All 129 (JSON)