Simple Baselines for Human Pose Estimation and Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
There has been significant progress on pose estimation and increasing interests on pose tracking in recent years. At the same time, the overall algorithm and system complexity increases as well, making the algorithm analysis and comparison more difficult. This work provides simple and effective baseline methods. They are helpful for inspiring and evaluating new ideas for the field. State-of-the-art results are achieved on challenging benchmarks. The code will be available at https://github.com/leoxiaobin/pose.pytorch.
Key facts. Cited by 502 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 128; 2022: 118; 2023: 107; 2024: 70; 2025: 60; 2026: 19.
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- 2021Grounded Language-Image Pre-trainingcited by 1,147
- 2022ViTPose: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimationcited by 450
- 2022Images Speak in Images: A Generalist Painter for In-Context Visual Learningcited by 317
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 307
- 2021Revisiting Skeleton-based Action Recognitioncited by 256
- 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 229
- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
- 2021ViTAE: Vision Transformer Advanced by Exploring Intrinsic Inductive Biascited by 216
- 2022Visual Attention Networkcited by 210
- 2021Multi-Scale Vision Longformer: A New Vision Transformer for High-Resolution Image Encodingcited by 207
- 2022UniFormer: Unifying Convolution and Self-attention for Visual Recognitioncited by 206
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
38 more
- 2022Capturing and Inferring Dense Full-Body Human-Scene Contactcited by 176
- 2023RTMPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation based on MMPosecited by 170
- 2021Rethinking Counting and Localization in Crowds:A Purely Point-Based Frameworkcited by 152
- 2022Learning Enriched Features for Fast Image Restoration and Enhancementcited by 150
- 2021HRFormer: High-Resolution Transformer for Dense Predictioncited by 149
- 2021Human Pose Regression with Residual Log-likelihood Estimationcited by 131
- 2021AP-10K: A Benchmark for Animal Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 123
- 2022ViTAEv2: Vision Transformer Advanced by Exploring Inductive Bias for Image Recognition and Beyondcited by 117
- 2022Revealing the Dark Secrets of Masked Image Modelingcited by 117
- 2021Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimation Via Disentangled Keypoint Regressioncited by 112
- 2021TokenPose: Learning Keypoint Tokens for Human Pose Estimationcited by 106
- 2021Pose Recognition with Cascade Transformerscited by 99
- 2022Not All Tokens Are Equal: Human-centric Visual Analysis via Token Clustering Transformercited by 99
- 2023Diffusion Model as Representation Learnercited by 95
- 2023Beyond Appearance: a Semantic Controllable Self-Supervised Learning Framework for Human-Centric Visual Taskscited by 94
- 2021Lite-HRNet: A Lightweight High-Resolution Networkcited by 91
- 2021SG-Net: Spatial Granularity Network for One-Stage Video Instance Segmentationcited by 87
- 2022Interacting Attention Graph for Single Image Two-Hand Reconstructioncited by 87
- 2024DINO-X: A Unified Vision Model for Open-World Object Detection and Understandingcited by 85
- 2021CAPTRA: CAtegory-level Pose Tracking for Rigid and Articulated Objects from Point Cloudscited by 83
- 2024What Matters When Repurposing Diffusion Models for General Dense Perception Tasks?cited by 74
- 2021SimCC: a Simple Coordinate Classification Perspective for Human Pose Estimationcited by 68
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenescited by 68
- 2022YOLO-Pose: Enhancing YOLO for Multi Person Pose Estimation Using Object Keypoint Similarity Losscited by 66
- 2022ViTPose++: Vision Transformer for Generic Body Pose Estimationcited by 65
- 2021Learning to Estimate Robust 3D Human Mesh from In-the-Wild Crowded Scenescited by 64
- 2021Direct Multi-view Multi-person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 64
- 2022QDTrack: Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Appearance-Only Multiple Object Trackingcited by 61
- 2022MogaNet: Multi-order Gated Aggregation Networkcited by 59
- 2023UniHCP: A Unified Model for Human-Centric Perceptionscited by 59
- 2021OpenPifPaf: Composite Fields for Semantic Keypoint Detection and Spatio-Temporal Associationcited by 55
- 2021Online Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Pose Estimationcited by 55
- 2022APT-36K: A Large-scale Benchmark for Animal Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 55
- 2023OVTrack: Open-Vocabulary Multiple Object Trackingcited by 53
- 2023All in Tokens: Unifying Output Space of Visual Tasks via Soft Tokencited by 52
- 2021Deep Dual Consecutive Network for Human Pose Estimationcited by 51
- 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 49
- 2021From Synthetic to Real: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Animal Pose Estimationcited by 48
50 most cited of 502 All 502 (JSON)
- 2026A Black-Box Adversarial Attack on Human Pose Estimation and Keypoint-Based Action Recognition Models7 Sep 2026
- 2026FISICA: A Deployed Service for Plantar-Pressure and Posture Assessment with Ontology-Grounded Recommendation29 Aug 2026
- 2026Exo2EgoPose: Leveraging Exocentric Demonstrations for Vision-Language guided Egocentric 3D Hand Pose Forecasting17 Jul 2026
- 2026Biomechanics-aware Multi-view Markerless Motion Capture of Dexterous Hand Movements2 Jul 2026
- 2026Dense Structural Priors for Sparse Functional Landmark Localization in Surgical Videos30 Jun 2026
- 2026Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Sim-to-Real Object Pose Estimation with Contrastive Alignment and Pseudo-Label Refinement19 Jun 2026
- 2026Multi-HMR 2: Multi-Person Camera-Centric Human Detection, Mesh Recovery and Tracking12 Jun 2026
- 2026ActionMap: Robot Policy Learning via Voxel Action Heatmap5 Jun 2026
- 2026Physics-Driven Semantic Scattering Structure Understanding of Aircraft Target in SAR Images5 Jun 2026
- 2026Ultralytics YOLO26: Unified Real-Time End-to-End Vision Models2 Jun 2026
- 2026EgoEV-HandPose: Egocentric 3D Hand Pose Estimation and Gesture Recognition with Stereo Event Cameras12 May 2026
- 2026Efficient Online 3D Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking and Pose Estimation16 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026COVTrack++: Learning Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Tracking from Continuous Videos via a Synergistic Paradigm25 Mar 2026
- 2026CIGPose: Causal Intervention Graph Neural Network for Whole-Body Pose Estimation10 Mar 2026
- 2026ER-Pose: Rethinking Keypoint-Driven Representation Learning for Real-Time Human Pose Estimation9 Mar 2026
- 2026Beyond Static Frames: Temporal Aggregate-and-Restore Vision Transformer for Human Pose Estimation6 Mar 2026
- 2026EgoPoseFormer v2: Accurate Egocentric Human Motion Estimation for AR/VR4 Mar 2026
- 2026Parameters as Experts: Adapting Vision Models with Dynamic Parameter Routing6 Feb 2026
- 2026From Frames to Sequences: Temporally Consistent Human-Centric Dense Prediction2 Feb 2026
- 2025KAN-FPN-Stem:A KAN-Enhanced Feature Pyramid Stem for Boosting ViT-based Pose Estimation23 Dec 2025
- 2025LAPX: Lightweight Hourglass Network with Global Context18 Dec 2025
- 2025Reframing Music-Driven 2D Dance Pose Generation as Multi-Channel Image Generation12 Dec 2025
- 2025MoCapAnything: Unified 3D Motion Capture for Arbitrary Skeletons from Monocular Videos11 Dec 2025
- 2025Exploiting Spatiotemporal Properties for Efficient Event-Driven Human Pose Estimation6 Dec 2025
- 2025Heatmap Pooling Network for Action Recognition from RGB Videos3 Dec 2025
- 2025Small Object Detection for Birds with Swin Transformer27 Nov 2025
- 2025StableTrack: Stabilizing Multi-Object Tracking on Low-Frequency Detections25 Nov 2025
- 2025YOWO: You Only Walk Once to Jointly Map An Indoor Scene and Register Ceiling-mounted Cameras20 Nov 2025
- 2025End-to-End Multi-Person Pose Estimation with Pose-Aware Video Transformer17 Nov 2025
- 2025CapeNext: Rethinking and Refining Dynamic Support Information for Category-Agnostic Pose Estimation17 Nov 2025
- 2025VPHO: Joint Visual-Physical Cue Learning and Aggregation for Hand-Object Pose Estimation15 Nov 2025
- 2025SkelSplat: Robust Multi-view 3D Human Pose Estimation with Differentiable Gaussian Rendering11 Nov 2025
- 2025Talking Points: Describing and Localizing Pixels16 Oct 2025
- 2025High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Modeling with Global-Local State Space Models for Video-Based Human Pose Estimation13 Oct 2025
- 2025SDPose: Exploiting Diffusion Priors for Out-of-Domain and Robust Pose Estimation29 Sep 2025
- 2025UniPose: Unified Cross-modality Pose Prior Propagation towards RGB-D data for Weakly Supervised 3D Human Pose Estimation27 Sep 2025
- 2025Adversarially-Refined VQ-GAN with Dense Motion Tokenization for Spatio-Temporal Heatmaps23 Sep 2025
- 2025Parse Graph-Based Visual-Language Interaction for Human Pose Estimation9 Sep 2025
- 2025An End-to-End Framework for Video Multi-Person Pose Estimation1 Sep 2025
- 2025MV-SSM: Multi-View State Space Modeling for 3D Human Pose Estimation31 Aug 2025
- 2025ROBUST-MIPS: A Combined Skeletal Pose and Instance Segmentation Dataset for Laparoscopic Surgical Instruments27 Aug 2025
- 2025DroneKey: Drone 3D Pose Estimation in Image Sequences using Gated Key-representation and Pose-adaptive Learning25 Aug 2025
- 2025A Coarse-to-Fine Human Pose Estimation Method based on Two-stage Distillation and Progressive Graph Neural Network15 Aug 2025
- 2025RampNet: A Two-Stage Pipeline for Bootstrapping Curb Ramp Detection in Streetscape Images from Open Government Metadata13 Aug 2025
- 2025DiffPose-Animal: A Language-Conditioned Diffusion Framework for Animal Pose Estimation12 Aug 2025
- 2025Mitigating Resolution-Drift in Federated Learning: Case of Keypoint Detection31 Jul 2025
- 2025KptLLM++: Towards Generic Keypoint Comprehension with Large Language Model15 Jul 2025
- 2025PoseLLM: Enhancing Language-Guided Human Pose Estimation with MLP Alignment12 Jul 2025
- 2025Geometric-Guided Few-Shot Dental Landmark Detection with Human-Centric Foundation Model7 Jul 2025
- 2025IMASHRIMP: Automatic White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Biometrical Analysis from Laboratory Images Using Computer Vision and Deep Learning3 Jul 2025
50 newest of 502 All 502 (JSON)
- 2023Diffusion Model as Representation Learnercited by 95
- 2024What Matters When Repurposing Diffusion Models for General Dense Perception Tasks?cited by 74
- 2023DiffPose: SpatioTemporal Diffusion Model for Video-Based Human Pose Estimationcited by 36
- 2023Harnessing Diffusion Models for Visual Perception with Meta Promptscited by 13
- 2023Learning Structure-Guided Diffusion Model for 2D Human Pose Estimationcited by 5
- 2025Enabling Versatile Controls for Video Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2024ShoeModel: Learning to Wear on the User-specified Shoes via Diffusion Modelcited by 2
- 2025SDPose: Exploiting Diffusion Priors for Out-of-Domain and Robust Pose Estimationcited by 2
- 2025Unpaired Object-Level SAR-to-Optical Image Translation for Aircraft with Keypoints-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2025SDPose: Exploiting Diffusion Priors for Out-of-Domain and Robust Pose Estimation29 Sep 2025
- 2025Unpaired Object-Level SAR-to-Optical Image Translation for Aircraft with Keypoints-Guided Diffusion Models25 Mar 2025
- 2025Enabling Versatile Controls for Video Diffusion Models21 Mar 2025
- 2024ShoeModel: Learning to Wear on the User-specified Shoes via Diffusion Model7 Apr 2024
- 2024What Matters When Repurposing Diffusion Models for General Dense Perception Tasks?10 Mar 2024
- 2023Harnessing Diffusion Models for Visual Perception with Meta Prompts22 Dec 2023
- 2023Diffusion Model as Representation Learner21 Aug 2023
- 2023DiffPose: SpatioTemporal Diffusion Model for Video-Based Human Pose Estimation31 Jul 2023
- 2023Learning Structure-Guided Diffusion Model for 2D Human Pose Estimation29 Jun 2023
- 2024KptLLM: Unveiling the Power of Large Language Model for Keypoint Comprehensioncited by 5
- 2024CapeLLM: Support-Free Category-Agnostic Pose Estimation with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025KptLLM++: Towards Generic Keypoint Comprehension with Large Language Modelcited by 0
- 2025Talking Points: Describing and Localizing Pixelscited by 0
- 2025Talking Points: Describing and Localizing Pixels16 Oct 2025
- 2025KptLLM++: Towards Generic Keypoint Comprehension with Large Language Model15 Jul 2025
- 2024CapeLLM: Support-Free Category-Agnostic Pose Estimation with Multimodal Large Language Models11 Nov 2024
- 2024KptLLM: Unveiling the Power of Large Language Model for Keypoint Comprehension4 Nov 2024
- 2025High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Modeling with Global-Local State Space Models for Video-Based Human Pose Estimationcited by 4
- 2024MamKPD: A Simple Mamba Baseline for Real-Time 2D Keypoint Detectioncited by 1
- 2025RT-DEMT: A hybrid real-time acupoint detection model combining mamba and transformercited by 1
- 2025High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Modeling with Global-Local State Space Models for Video-Based Human Pose Estimation13 Oct 2025
- 2025RT-DEMT: A hybrid real-time acupoint detection model combining mamba and transformer16 Feb 2025
- 2024MamKPD: A Simple Mamba Baseline for Real-Time 2D Keypoint Detection2 Dec 2024
- 2021Grounded Language-Image Pre-trainingcited by 1,147
- 2022ViTPose: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimationcited by 450
- 2022Images Speak in Images: A Generalist Painter for In-Context Visual Learningcited by 317
- 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 307
- 2021Revisiting Skeleton-based Action Recognitioncited by 256
- 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 229
- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
- 2021ViTAE: Vision Transformer Advanced by Exploring Intrinsic Inductive Biascited by 216
- 2022Visual Attention Networkcited by 210
- 2021Multi-Scale Vision Longformer: A New Vision Transformer for High-Resolution Image Encodingcited by 207
- 2022UniFormer: Unifying Convolution and Self-attention for Visual Recognitioncited by 206
- 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
12 most cited of 483 All 483 (JSON)
- 2026A Black-Box Adversarial Attack on Human Pose Estimation and Keypoint-Based Action Recognition Models7 Sep 2026
- 2026FISICA: A Deployed Service for Plantar-Pressure and Posture Assessment with Ontology-Grounded Recommendation29 Aug 2026
- 2026Exo2EgoPose: Leveraging Exocentric Demonstrations for Vision-Language guided Egocentric 3D Hand Pose Forecasting17 Jul 2026
- 2026Biomechanics-aware Multi-view Markerless Motion Capture of Dexterous Hand Movements2 Jul 2026
- 2026Dense Structural Priors for Sparse Functional Landmark Localization in Surgical Videos30 Jun 2026
- 2026Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Sim-to-Real Object Pose Estimation with Contrastive Alignment and Pseudo-Label Refinement19 Jun 2026
- 2026Multi-HMR 2: Multi-Person Camera-Centric Human Detection, Mesh Recovery and Tracking12 Jun 2026
- 2026Physics-Driven Semantic Scattering Structure Understanding of Aircraft Target in SAR Images5 Jun 2026
- 2026Ultralytics YOLO26: Unified Real-Time End-to-End Vision Models2 Jun 2026
- 2026EgoEV-HandPose: Egocentric 3D Hand Pose Estimation and Gesture Recognition with Stereo Event Cameras12 May 2026
- 2026Efficient Online 3D Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking and Pose Estimation16 Apr 2026
- 2026COVTrack++: Learning Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Tracking from Continuous Videos via a Synergistic Paradigm25 Mar 2026
12 newest of 483 All 483 (JSON)