Tracking without bells and whistles
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Abstract (arXiv)
The problem of tracking multiple objects in a video sequence poses several challenging tasks. For tracking-by-detection, these include object re-identification, motion prediction and dealing with occlusions. We present a tracker (without bells and whistles) that accomplishes tracking without specifically targeting any of these tasks, in particular, we perform no training or optimization on tracking data. To this end, we exploit the bounding box regression of an object detector to predict the position of an object in the next frame, thereby converting a detector into a Tracktor. We demonstrate the potential of Tracktor and provide a new state-of-the-art on three multi-object tracking benchmarks by extending it with a straightforward re-identification and camera motion compensation. We then perform an analysis on the performance and failure cases of several state-of-the-art tracking methods in comparison to our Tracktor. Surprisingly, none of the dedicated tracking methods are considerably better in dealing with complex tracking scenarios, namely, small and occluded objects or missing detections. However, our approach tackles most of the easy tracking scenarios. Therefore, we motivate our approach as a new tracking paradigm and point out promising future research directions. Overall, Tracktor yields superior tracking performance than any current tracking method and our analysis exposes remaining and unsolved tracking challenges to inspire future research directions.
Key facts. Cited by 382 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 83; 2022: 93; 2023: 78; 2024: 75; 2025: 32; 2026: 21.
382 papers.
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- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 816
- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 516
- 2021MOTR: End-to-End Multiple-Object Tracking with Transformercited by 380
- 2022Observation-Centric SORT: Rethinking SORT for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 346
- 2023Humans in 4D: Reconstructing and Tracking Humans with Transformerscited by 345
- 2022BoT-SORT: Robust Associations Multi-Pedestrian Trackingcited by 317
- 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 214
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2023Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentationcited by 197
- 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 191
- 2021Track to Detect and Segment: An Online Multi-Object Trackercited by 156
- 2022MOTRv2: Bootstrapping End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking by Pretrained Object Detectorscited by 148
38 more
- 2021Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Trackcited by 131
- 2023SportsMOT: A Large Multi-Object Tracking Dataset in Multiple Sports Scenescited by 130
- 2021Learning to Track with Object Permanencecited by 118
- 2021Capturing, Reconstructing, and Simulating: the UrbanScene3D Datasetcited by 117
- 2022MeMOT: Multi-Object Tracking with Memorycited by 113
- 2022Global Tracking Transformerscited by 110
- 2021SimpleTrack: Understanding and Rethinking 3D Multi-object Trackingcited by 102
- 2022In Defense of Online Models for Video Instance Segmentationcited by 97
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2024SAMURAI: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Zero-Shot Visual Tracking with Motion-Aware Memorycited by 92
- 2023TRACE: 5D Temporal Regression of Avatars with Dynamic Cameras in 3D Environmentscited by 90
- 2023MeMOTR: Long-Term Memory-Augmented Transformer for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 86
- 2021EagerMOT: 3D Multi-Object Tracking via Sensor Fusioncited by 83
- 2024Streaming Dense Video Captioningcited by 82
- 2021Rethinking Self-supervised Correspondence Learning: A Video Frame-level Similarity Perspectivecited by 81
- 2021Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Trackingcited by 80
- 2022SoccerNet-Tracking: Multiple Object Tracking Dataset and Benchmark in Soccer Videoscited by 80
- 2022Video K-Net: A Simple, Strong, and Unified Baseline for Video Segmentationcited by 79
- 2023Siamese Masked Autoencoderscited by 75
- 2021STEP: Segmenting and Tracking Every Pixelcited by 73
- 2023General Object Foundation Model for Images and Videos at Scalecited by 71
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 69
- 2021Multiple Object Tracking with Correlation Learningcited by 67
- 2022BURST: A Benchmark for Unifying Object Recognition, Segmentation and Tracking in Videocited by 66
- 20214D Panoptic LiDAR Segmentationcited by 65
- 2023MotionTrack: Learning Robust Short-term and Long-term Motions for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 64
- 2021SiamMOT: Siamese Multi-Object Trackingcited by 62
- 2022Unifying Short and Long-Term Tracking with Graph Hierarchiescited by 62
- 2022QDTrack: Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Appearance-Only Multiple Object Trackingcited by 61
- 2023EgoHumans: An Egocentric 3D Multi-Human Benchmarkcited by 60
- 2021SeaDronesSee: A Maritime Benchmark for Detecting Humans in Open Watercited by 59
- 2024Multiple Object Tracking as ID Predictioncited by 59
- 2021DEFT: Detection Embeddings for Trackingcited by 56
- 2021Exploring Simple 3D Multi-Object Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 56
- 2023OVTrack: Open-Vocabulary Multiple Object Trackingcited by 53
- 2021RelationTrack: Relation-aware Multiple Object Tracking with Decoupled Representationcited by 52
- 2021Opening up Open-World Trackingcited by 50
50 most cited of 382 All 382 (JSON)
- 2026UGO: Unified Architecture for General Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentation29 Sep 2026
- 2026CatchMonitor: a machine learning system for automated fish discard quantification14 Sep 2026
- 2026Training-Free Long-Term Multi-Object Tracking for Sports Video Analytics16 Aug 2026
- 2026CD-RMOT-Bench: Benchmarking the Cross-Domain Referring Multi-Object Tracking28 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond Appearance: A Multi-cue Framework and Large-scale Benchmark for Pedestrian Association and Tracking on Mobile Aerial-Ground Platforms26 Jul 2026
- 2026Higher-Order Cell Tracking Transformer13 Jul 2026
- 2026DETRAM: End-to-end DEtection, Tracking and Recovery of HumAn Meshes10 Jul 2026
- 2026HieDG: A Hierarchical Discrete Geometry-Guided Framework for Multi-Animal Tracking1 Jul 2026
- 2026FEMOT: Multi-Object Tracking using Frame and Event Cameras12 Jun 2026
- 2026CalibFree: Self-Supervised View Feature Separation for Calibration-Free Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking10 May 2026
- 2026GateMOT: Q-Gated Attention for Dense Object Tracking29 Apr 2026
- 2026STORM: End-to-End Referring Multi-Object Tracking in Videos12 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026COVTrack++: Learning Open-Vocabulary Multi-Object Tracking from Continuous Videos via a Synergistic Paradigm25 Mar 2026
- 2026ForeSea: AI Forensic Search with Multi-modal Queries for Video Surveillance24 Mar 2026
- 2026Dual-level Adaptation for Multi-Object Tracking: Building Test-Time Calibration from Experience and Intuition23 Mar 2026
- 2026VSD-MOT: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking in Low-Quality Video Scenes Guided by Visual Semantic Distillation21 Mar 2026
- 2026RAM: Recover Any 3D Human Motion in-the-Wild20 Mar 2026
- 2026Sparse3DTrack: Monocular 3D Object Tracking Using Sparse Supervision18 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards Driver Behavior Understanding: Weakly-Supervised Risk Perception in Driving Scenes6 Mar 2026
- 2026UniTrack: Differentiable Graph Representation Learning for Multi-Object Tracking4 Feb 2026
- 2026GTATrack: Winner Solution to SoccerTrack 2025 with Deep-EIoU and Global Tracklet Association31 Jan 2026
- 2025CropTrack: A Tracking with Re-Identification Framework for Precision Agriculture31 Dec 2025
- 2025StereoMV2D: A Sparse Temporal Stereo-Enhanced Framework for Robust Multi-View 3D Object Detection19 Dec 2025
- 2025TransientTrack: Advanced Multi-Object Tracking and Classification of Cancer Cells with Transient Fluorescent Signals1 Dec 2025
- 2025FutrTrack: A Camera-LiDAR Fusion Transformer for 3D Multiple Object Tracking22 Oct 2025
- 2025DMTrack: Deformable State-Space Modeling for UAV Multi-Object Tracking with Kalman Fusion and Uncertainty-Aware Association15 Oct 2025
- 2025Motion-Aware Transformer for Multi-Object Tracking26 Sep 2025
- 2025Lattice Boltzmann Model for Learning Real-World Pixel Dynamicity20 Sep 2025
- 2025NOOUGAT: Towards Unified Online and Offline Multi-Object Tracking2 Sep 2025
- 2025An End-to-End Framework for Video Multi-Person Pose Estimation1 Sep 2025
- 2025FastTracker: Real-Time and Accurate Visual Tracking20 Aug 2025
- 2025One Graph to Track Them All: Dynamic GNNs for Single- and Multi-View Tracking11 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Continuous Home Cage Monitoring: An Evaluation of Tracking and Identification Strategies for Laboratory Mice10 Jul 2025
- 2025USVTrack: USV-Based 4D Radar-Camera Tracking Dataset for Autonomous Driving in Inland Waterways23 Jun 2025
- 2025YASMOT: Yet another stereo image multi-object tracker20 Jun 2025
- 2025Deep Learning-Based Multi-Object Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey from Foundations to State-of-the-Art16 Jun 2025
- 2025SAM2Auto: Auto Annotation Using FLASH9 Jun 2025
- 2025VolTex: Food Volume Estimation using Text-Guided Segmentation and Neural Surface Reconstruction3 Jun 2025
- 2025LiDAR MOT-DETR: A LiDAR-based Two-Stage Transformer for 3D Multiple Object Tracking19 May 2025
- 2025CAMELTrack: Context-Aware Multi-cue ExpLoitation for Online Multi-Object Tracking2 May 2025
- 2025Efficient Vision-based Vehicle Speed Estimation2 May 2025
- 2025Accurate Tracking of Arabidopsis Root Cortex Cell Nuclei in 3D Time-Lapse Microscopy Images Based on Genetic Algorithm17 Apr 2025
- 2025CoMotion: Concurrent Multi-person 3D Motion16 Apr 2025
- 2025From Broadcast to Minimap: Achieving State-of-the-Art SoccerNet Game State Reconstruction8 Apr 2025
- 2025SAM2MOT: A Novel Paradigm of Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentation6 Apr 2025
- 2025Attention-Aware Multi-View Pedestrian Tracking3 Apr 2025
- 2025Tiny Neural Networks for Multi-Object Tracking in a Modular Kalman Framework3 Apr 2025
- 2025OVTR: End-to-End Open-Vocabulary Multiple Object Tracking with Transformer13 Mar 2025
- 2025Attention to Trajectory: Trajectory-Aware Open-Vocabulary Tracking11 Mar 2025
- 2025IC-Mapper: Instance-Centric Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Online Vectorized Map Construction5 Mar 2025
50 newest of 382 All 382 (JSON)
- 2023DiffusionTrack: Diffusion Model For Multi-Object Trackingcited by 40
- 2023DiffPose: SpatioTemporal Diffusion Model for Video-Based Human Pose Estimationcited by 36
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolationcited by 1
- 2024Track Anything Behind Everything: Zero-Shot Amodal Video Object Segmentationcited by 0
- 2024Track Anything Behind Everything: Zero-Shot Amodal Video Object Segmentation28 Nov 2024
- 2024DINTR: Tracking via Diffusion-based Interpolation14 Oct 2024
- 2023DiffusionTrack: Diffusion Model For Multi-Object Tracking19 Aug 2023
- 2023DiffPose: SpatioTemporal Diffusion Model for Video-Based Human Pose Estimation31 Jul 2023
- 2025SAM2Auto: Auto Annotation Using FLASHcited by 0
- 2025SAM2Auto: Auto Annotation Using FLASH9 Jun 2025
- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 816
- 2021TrackFormer: Multi-Object Tracking with Transformerscited by 516
- 2021MOTR: End-to-End Multiple-Object Tracking with Transformercited by 380
- 2022Observation-Centric SORT: Rethinking SORT for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 346
- 2023Humans in 4D: Reconstructing and Tracking Humans with Transformerscited by 345
- 2022BoT-SORT: Robust Associations Multi-Pedestrian Trackingcited by 317
- 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 214
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2023Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentationcited by 197
- 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 191
- 2021Track to Detect and Segment: An Online Multi-Object Trackercited by 156
- 2022MOTRv2: Bootstrapping End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking by Pretrained Object Detectorscited by 148
12 most cited of 376 All 376 (JSON)
- 2026UGO: Unified Architecture for General Multi-Object Tracking by Segmentation29 Sep 2026
- 2026CatchMonitor: a machine learning system for automated fish discard quantification14 Sep 2026
- 2026Training-Free Long-Term Multi-Object Tracking for Sports Video Analytics16 Aug 2026
- 2026CD-RMOT-Bench: Benchmarking the Cross-Domain Referring Multi-Object Tracking28 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond Appearance: A Multi-cue Framework and Large-scale Benchmark for Pedestrian Association and Tracking on Mobile Aerial-Ground Platforms26 Jul 2026
- 2026Higher-Order Cell Tracking Transformer13 Jul 2026
- 2026DETRAM: End-to-end DEtection, Tracking and Recovery of HumAn Meshes10 Jul 2026
- 2026HieDG: A Hierarchical Discrete Geometry-Guided Framework for Multi-Animal Tracking1 Jul 2026
- 2026FEMOT: Multi-Object Tracking using Frame and Event Cameras12 Jun 2026
- 2026CalibFree: Self-Supervised View Feature Separation for Calibration-Free Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking10 May 2026
- 2026GateMOT: Q-Gated Attention for Dense Object Tracking29 Apr 2026
- 2026STORM: End-to-End Referring Multi-Object Tracking in Videos12 Apr 2026
12 newest of 376 All 376 (JSON)