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Game-Theoretic Multiagent Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 2011.00583 ↗First posted 1 Nov 2020cs.MA cs.AIcited by 92

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Abstract (arXiv)

Tremendous advances have been made in multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). MARL corresponds to the learning problem in a multiagent system in which multiple agents learn simultaneously. It is an interdisciplinary field of study with a long history that includes game theory, machine learning, stochastic control, psychology, and optimization. Despite great successes in MARL, there is a lack of a self-contained overview of the literature that covers game-theoretic foundations of modern MARL methods and summarizes the recent advances. The majority of existing surveys are outdated and do not fully cover the recent developments since 2010. In this work, we provide a monograph on MARL that covers both the fundamentals and the latest developments on the research frontier. The goal of this monograph is to provide a self-contained assessment of the current state-of-the-art MARL techniques from a game-theoretic perspective. We expect this work to serve as a stepping stone for both new researchers who are about to enter this fast-growing field and experts in the field who want to obtain a panoramic view and identify new directions based on recent advances.

Key facts. Cited by 92 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Nov 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 22; 2022: 19; 2023: 31; 2024: 13; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.

92 papers.

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  1. 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Surveycited by 1,422
  2. 2021Trust Region Policy Optimisation in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 180
  3. 2022A Review of Safe Reinforcement Learning: Methods, Theory and Applicationscited by 169
  4. 2022Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning is a Sequence Modeling Problemcited by 153
  5. 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systemscited by 125
  6. 2025A Survey of Context Engineering for Large Language Modelscited by 120
  7. 2022Towards Human-Level Bimanual Dexterous Manipulation with Reinforcement Learningcited by 113
  8. 2023ProAgent: Building Proactive Cooperative Agents with Large Language Modelscited by 97
  9. 2021From Motor Control to Team Play in Simulated Humanoid Footballcited by 87
  10. 2023Heterogeneous-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 67
  11. 2022Towards a Standardised Performance Evaluation Protocol for Cooperative MARLcited by 48
  12. 2024Learning Multi-Agent Communication from Graph Modeling Perspectivecited by 47
38 more
  1. 2021Settling the Variance of Multi-Agent Policy Gradientscited by 45
  2. 2021Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning: Challenges and Directionscited by 42
  3. 2024CivRealm: A Learning and Reasoning Odyssey in Civilization for Decision-Making Agentscited by 41
  4. 2021Modelling Behavioural Diversity for Learning in Open-Ended Gamescited by 39
  5. 2023Controlling Large Language Model-based Agents for Large-Scale Decision-Making: An Actor-Critic Approachcited by 38
  6. 2022On Transforming Reinforcement Learning by Transformer: The Development Trajectorycited by 35
  7. 2023Robust Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with State Uncertaintycited by 35
  8. 2023ALYMPICS: LLM Agents Meet Game Theory -- Exploring Strategic Decision-Making with AI Agentscited by 33
  9. 2021Multi-Agent Constrained Policy Optimisationcited by 32
  10. 2021Offline Pre-trained Multi-Agent Decision Transformer: One Big Sequence Model Tackles All SMAC Taskscited by 32
  11. 2024Coevolving with the Other You: Fine-Tuning LLM with Sequential Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 32
  12. 2021Diverse Auto-Curriculum is Critical for Successful Real-World Multiagent Learning Systemscited by 24
  13. 2021Deep Reinforcement Learning Versus Evolution Strategies: A Comparative Surveycited by 23
  14. 2022MARLlib: A Scalable and Efficient Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Librarycited by 21
  15. 2023Recent Developments in Machine Learning Methods for Stochastic Control and Gamescited by 19
  16. 2021Online Double Oraclecited by 18
  17. 2021On the Complexity of Computing Markov Perfect Equilibrium in General-Sum Stochastic Gamescited by 18
  18. 2021Stackelberg Actor-Critic: Game-Theoretic Reinforcement Learning Algorithmscited by 18
  19. 2021Unifying Behavioral and Response Diversity for Open-ended Learning in Zero-sum Gamescited by 14
  20. 2021A Game-Theoretic Approach for Improving Generalization Ability of TSP Solverscited by 14
  21. 2022Learning Sparse Graphon Mean Field Gamescited by 14
  22. 2023Provably Efficient Generalized Lagrangian Policy Optimization for Safe Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
  23. 2022Heterogeneous-Agent Mirror Learning: A Continuum of Solutions to Cooperative MARLcited by 12
  24. 2023Effective and Stable Role-Based Multi-Agent Collaboration by Structural Information Principlescited by 12
  25. 2022O(T-1) Convergence of Optimistic-Follow-the-Regularized-Leader in Two-Player Zero-Sum Markov Gamescited by 11
  26. 2021Recommendation Fairness: From Static to Dynamiccited by 10
  27. 2021Measuring the Non-Transitivity in Chesscited by 10
  28. 2024Policy Space Response Oracles: A Surveycited by 10
  29. 2021A Game-Theoretic Approach to Multi-Agent Trust Region Optimizationcited by 7
  30. 2023Provably Learning Nash Policies in Constrained Markov Potential Gamescited by 7
  31. 2024Verco: Learning Coordinated Verbal Communication for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
  32. 2022Understanding Value Decomposition Algorithms in Deep Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
  33. 2022Efficiently Computing Nash Equilibria in Adversarial Team Markov Gamescited by 6
  34. 2023SOCIALGYM 2.0: Simulator for Multi-Agent Social Robot Navigation in Shared Human Spacescited by 5
  35. 2021Is Nash Equilibrium Approximator Learnable?cited by 4
  36. 2021DESTA: A Framework for Safe Reinforcement Learning with Markov Games of Interventioncited by 4
  37. 2022Fast Convergence of Optimistic Gradient Ascent in Network Zero-Sum Extensive Form Gamescited by 4
  38. 2023Towards Skilled Population Curriculum for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 4

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