Game-Theoretic Multiagent Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Tremendous advances have been made in multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). MARL corresponds to the learning problem in a multiagent system in which multiple agents learn simultaneously. It is an interdisciplinary field of study with a long history that includes game theory, machine learning, stochastic control, psychology, and optimization. Despite great successes in MARL, there is a lack of a self-contained overview of the literature that covers game-theoretic foundations of modern MARL methods and summarizes the recent advances. The majority of existing surveys are outdated and do not fully cover the recent developments since 2010. In this work, we provide a monograph on MARL that covers both the fundamentals and the latest developments on the research frontier. The goal of this monograph is to provide a self-contained assessment of the current state-of-the-art MARL techniques from a game-theoretic perspective. We expect this work to serve as a stepping stone for both new researchers who are about to enter this fast-growing field and experts in the field who want to obtain a panoramic view and identify new directions based on recent advances.
Key facts. Cited by 92 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 22; 2022: 19; 2023: 31; 2024: 13; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Surveycited by 1,422
- 2021Trust Region Policy Optimisation in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 180
- 2022A Review of Safe Reinforcement Learning: Methods, Theory and Applicationscited by 169
- 2022Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning is a Sequence Modeling Problemcited by 153
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- 2022Towards Human-Level Bimanual Dexterous Manipulation with Reinforcement Learningcited by 113
- 2023ProAgent: Building Proactive Cooperative Agents with Large Language Modelscited by 97
- 2021From Motor Control to Team Play in Simulated Humanoid Footballcited by 87
- 2023Heterogeneous-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 67
- 2022Towards a Standardised Performance Evaluation Protocol for Cooperative MARLcited by 48
- 2024Learning Multi-Agent Communication from Graph Modeling Perspectivecited by 47
38 more
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- 2022On Transforming Reinforcement Learning by Transformer: The Development Trajectorycited by 35
- 2023Robust Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with State Uncertaintycited by 35
- 2023ALYMPICS: LLM Agents Meet Game Theory -- Exploring Strategic Decision-Making with AI Agentscited by 33
- 2021Multi-Agent Constrained Policy Optimisationcited by 32
- 2021Offline Pre-trained Multi-Agent Decision Transformer: One Big Sequence Model Tackles All SMAC Taskscited by 32
- 2024Coevolving with the Other You: Fine-Tuning LLM with Sequential Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 32
- 2021Diverse Auto-Curriculum is Critical for Successful Real-World Multiagent Learning Systemscited by 24
- 2021Deep Reinforcement Learning Versus Evolution Strategies: A Comparative Surveycited by 23
- 2022MARLlib: A Scalable and Efficient Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Librarycited by 21
- 2023Recent Developments in Machine Learning Methods for Stochastic Control and Gamescited by 19
- 2021Online Double Oraclecited by 18
- 2021On the Complexity of Computing Markov Perfect Equilibrium in General-Sum Stochastic Gamescited by 18
- 2021Stackelberg Actor-Critic: Game-Theoretic Reinforcement Learning Algorithmscited by 18
- 2021Unifying Behavioral and Response Diversity for Open-ended Learning in Zero-sum Gamescited by 14
- 2021A Game-Theoretic Approach for Improving Generalization Ability of TSP Solverscited by 14
- 2022Learning Sparse Graphon Mean Field Gamescited by 14
- 2023Provably Efficient Generalized Lagrangian Policy Optimization for Safe Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
- 2022Heterogeneous-Agent Mirror Learning: A Continuum of Solutions to Cooperative MARLcited by 12
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- 2022O(T-1) Convergence of Optimistic-Follow-the-Regularized-Leader in Two-Player Zero-Sum Markov Gamescited by 11
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- 2024Policy Space Response Oracles: A Surveycited by 10
- 2021A Game-Theoretic Approach to Multi-Agent Trust Region Optimizationcited by 7
- 2023Provably Learning Nash Policies in Constrained Markov Potential Gamescited by 7
- 2024Verco: Learning Coordinated Verbal Communication for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
- 2022Understanding Value Decomposition Algorithms in Deep Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
- 2022Efficiently Computing Nash Equilibria in Adversarial Team Markov Gamescited by 6
- 2023SOCIALGYM 2.0: Simulator for Multi-Agent Social Robot Navigation in Shared Human Spacescited by 5
- 2021Is Nash Equilibrium Approximator Learnable?cited by 4
- 2021DESTA: A Framework for Safe Reinforcement Learning with Markov Games of Interventioncited by 4
- 2022Fast Convergence of Optimistic Gradient Ascent in Network Zero-Sum Extensive Form Gamescited by 4
- 2023Towards Skilled Population Curriculum for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
50 most cited of 92 All 92 (JSON)
- 2026Reinforcement Learning: From Algorithms To Foundation Models20 Jul 2026
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- 2025Convergence and stability of Q-learning in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning21 Nov 2025
- 2025A Survey of Context Engineering for Large Language Models17 Jul 2025
- 2025Offline Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning via Sequential Score Decomposition9 May 2025
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systems31 Mar 2025
- 2025Human Machine Co-Adaptation Model and Its Convergence Analysis10 Mar 2025
- 2024Learning in Markov Games with Adaptive Adversaries: Policy Regret, Fundamental Barriers, and Efficient Algorithms1 Nov 2024
- 2024Coevolving with the Other You: Fine-Tuning LLM with Sequential Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning8 Oct 2024
- 2024Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning-based Network Intrusion Detection System8 Jul 2024
- 2024Tree Search for Simultaneous Move Games via Equilibrium Approximation14 Jun 2024
- 2024Risk Sensitivity in Markov Games and Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: A Systematic Review10 Jun 2024
38 more
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- 2024Verco: Learning Coordinated Verbal Communication for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning27 Apr 2024
- 2024Stimulate the Potential of Robots via Competition15 Mar 2024
- 2024Policy Space Response Oracles: A Survey4 Mar 2024
- 2024Emergent Dominance Hierarchies in Reinforcement Learning Agents21 Jan 2024
- 2024CivRealm: A Learning and Reasoning Odyssey in Civilization for Decision-Making Agents19 Jan 2024
- 2023Curriculum Learning for Cooperation in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning19 Dec 2023
- 2023Learning Discrete-Time Major-Minor Mean Field Games17 Dec 2023
- 2023Controlling Large Language Model-based Agents for Large-Scale Decision-Making: An Actor-Critic Approach23 Nov 2023
- 2023Asynchronous Message-Passing and Zeroth-Order Optimization Based Distributed Learning with a Use-Case in Resource Allocation in Communication Networks8 Nov 2023
- 2023ALYMPICS: LLM Agents Meet Game Theory -- Exploring Strategic Decision-Making with AI Agents6 Nov 2023
- 2023Cooperation Dynamics in Multi-Agent Systems: Exploring Game-Theoretic Scenarios with Mean-Field Equilibria28 Sep 2023
- 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey14 Sep 2023
- 2023Privacy-Engineered Value Decomposition Networks for Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning13 Sep 2023
- 2023ProAgent: Building Proactive Cooperative Agents with Large Language Models22 Aug 2023
- 2023Robust Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with State Uncertainty30 Jul 2023
- 2023Learning in Repeated Multi-Unit Pay-As-Bid Auctions27 Jul 2023
- 2023VISER: A Tractable Solution Concept for Games with Information Asymmetry18 Jul 2023
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- 2023Markovian Embeddings for Coalitional Bargaining Games19 Jun 2023
- 2023Decentralized Social Navigation with Non-Cooperative Robots via Bi-Level Optimization15 Jun 2023
- 2023Provably Learning Nash Policies in Constrained Markov Potential Games13 Jun 2023
- 2023Provably Efficient Generalized Lagrangian Policy Optimization for Safe Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning31 May 2023
- 2023Discovering Individual Rewards in Collective Behavior through Inverse Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning17 May 2023
- 2023Stackelberg Games for Learning Emergent Behaviors During Competitive Autocurricula4 May 2023
- 2023Human Machine Co-adaption Interface via Cooperation Markov Decision Process System3 May 2023
- 2023Model-Free Learning and Optimal Policy Design in Multi-Agent MDPs Under Probabilistic Agent Dropout24 Apr 2023
- 2023Heterogeneous-Agent Reinforcement Learning19 Apr 2023
- 2023Effective and Stable Role-Based Multi-Agent Collaboration by Structural Information Principles3 Apr 2023
- 2023Recent Developments in Machine Learning Methods for Stochastic Control and Games17 Mar 2023
- 2023A New Policy Iteration Algorithm For Reinforcement Learning in Zero-Sum Markov Games17 Mar 2023
- 2023SOCIALGYM 2.0: Simulator for Multi-Agent Social Robot Navigation in Shared Human Spaces9 Mar 2023
- 2023Approximating Energy Market Clearing and Bidding With Model-Based Reinforcement Learning3 Mar 2023
- 2023Finite-sample Guarantees for Nash Q-learning with Linear Function Approximation1 Mar 2023
- 2023Graph Attention Multi-Agent Fleet Autonomy for Advanced Air Mobility14 Feb 2023
- 2023Towards Skilled Population Curriculum for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning7 Feb 2023
50 newest of 92 All 92 (JSON)
- 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Surveycited by 1,422
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systemscited by 125
- 2023ProAgent: Building Proactive Cooperative Agents with Large Language Modelscited by 97
- 2023Controlling Large Language Model-based Agents for Large-Scale Decision-Making: An Actor-Critic Approachcited by 38
- 2023ALYMPICS: LLM Agents Meet Game Theory -- Exploring Strategic Decision-Making with AI Agentscited by 33
- 2024Coevolving with the Other You: Fine-Tuning LLM with Sequential Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 32
- 2024Verco: Learning Coordinated Verbal Communication for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 7
- 2025Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systems31 Mar 2025
- 2024Coevolving with the Other You: Fine-Tuning LLM with Sequential Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning8 Oct 2024
- 2024Verco: Learning Coordinated Verbal Communication for Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning27 Apr 2024
- 2023Controlling Large Language Model-based Agents for Large-Scale Decision-Making: An Actor-Critic Approach23 Nov 2023
- 2023ALYMPICS: LLM Agents Meet Game Theory -- Exploring Strategic Decision-Making with AI Agents6 Nov 2023
- 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey14 Sep 2023
- 2023ProAgent: Building Proactive Cooperative Agents with Large Language Models22 Aug 2023
- 2026Reinforcement Learning: From Algorithms To Foundation Models20 Jul 2026
- 2021Trust Region Policy Optimisation in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 180
- 2022A Review of Safe Reinforcement Learning: Methods, Theory and Applicationscited by 169
- 2022Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning is a Sequence Modeling Problemcited by 153
- 2025A Survey of Context Engineering for Large Language Modelscited by 120
- 2022Towards Human-Level Bimanual Dexterous Manipulation with Reinforcement Learningcited by 113
- 2021From Motor Control to Team Play in Simulated Humanoid Footballcited by 87
- 2023Heterogeneous-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 67
- 2022Towards a Standardised Performance Evaluation Protocol for Cooperative MARLcited by 48
- 2024Learning Multi-Agent Communication from Graph Modeling Perspectivecited by 47
- 2021Settling the Variance of Multi-Agent Policy Gradientscited by 45
- 2021Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning: Challenges and Directionscited by 42
- 2021Modelling Behavioural Diversity for Learning in Open-Ended Gamescited by 39
12 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2026On the Geometry of Games and their Solvers28 May 2026
- 2025Convergence and stability of Q-learning in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning21 Nov 2025
- 2025A Survey of Context Engineering for Large Language Models17 Jul 2025
- 2025Human Machine Co-Adaptation Model and Its Convergence Analysis10 Mar 2025
- 2024Learning in Markov Games with Adaptive Adversaries: Policy Regret, Fundamental Barriers, and Efficient Algorithms1 Nov 2024
- 2024Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning-based Network Intrusion Detection System8 Jul 2024
- 2024Tree Search for Simultaneous Move Games via Equilibrium Approximation14 Jun 2024
- 2024Risk Sensitivity in Markov Games and Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: A Systematic Review10 Jun 2024
- 2024Approximate Global Convergence of Independent Learning in Multi-Agent Systems30 May 2024
- 2024Attaining Human`s Desirable Outcomes in Human-AI Interaction via Structural Causal Games26 May 2024
- 2024Learning Multi-Agent Communication from Graph Modeling Perspective14 May 2024
- 2024Stimulate the Potential of Robots via Competition15 Mar 2024
12 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)