mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

RTL++: Graph-enhanced LLM for RTL Code Generation

arXiv 2505.13479 ↗First posted 11 May 2025cs.PL cs.AR cs.LGcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

As hardware design complexity escalates, there is an urgent need for advanced automation in electronic design automation (EDA). Traditional register transfer level (RTL) design methods are manual, time-consuming, and prone to errors. While commercial (instruction-tuned) large language models (LLMs) shows promising performance for automation, they pose security and privacy concerns. Open-source models offer alternatives; however, they frequently fall short in quality/correctness, largely due to limited, high-quality RTL code data essential for effective training and generalization. This paper proposes RTL++, a first-of-its-kind LLM-assisted method for RTL code generation that utilizes graph representations of code structures to enhance the quality of generated code. By encoding RTL code into a textualized control flowgraphs (CFG) and data flow graphs (DFG), RTL++ captures the inherent hierarchy, dependencies, and relationships within the code. This structured graph-based approach enhances the context available to LLMs, enabling them to better understand and generate instructions. By focusing on data generation through graph representations, RTL++ addresses the limitations of previous approaches that rely solely on code and suffer from lack of diversity. Experimental results demonstrate that RTL++ outperforms state-of-the-art models fine-tuned for RTL generation, as evaluated using the VerilogEval benchmark's Pass@1/5/10 metric, as well as the RTLLM1.1 model, which highlight the effectiveness of graph-enhanced context in advancing the capabilities of LLM-assisted RTL code generation.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 May 2025.

Builds on

32 of 41 references.

References · 32

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  3. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,320
  4. 2020REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 2,141
  5. 2023Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Codecited by 2,139
  6. 2022Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCodecited by 1,462
  7. 2024DeepSeek-Coder: When the Large Language Model Meets Programming -- The Rise of Code Intelligencecited by 1,181
  8. 2023PaLM 2 Technical Reportcited by 1,162
  9. 2022CodeGen: An Open Large Language Model for Code with Multi-Turn Program Synthesiscited by 885
  10. 2022A Survey on In-context Learningcited by 721
  11. 2023Reasoning on Graphs: Faithful and Interpretable Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 328
  12. 2023VerilogEval: Evaluating Large Language Models for Verilog Code Generationcited by 252
20 more
  1. 2024G-Retriever: Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Textual Graph Understanding and Question Answeringcited by 223
  2. 2023VeriGen: A Large Language Model for Verilog Code Generationcited by 200
  3. 2023Talk like a Graph: Encoding Graphs for Large Language Modelscited by 176
  4. 2023ChipNeMo: Domain-Adapted LLMs for Chip Designcited by 174
  5. 2023RTLLM: An Open-Source Benchmark for Design RTL Generation with Large Language Modelcited by 148
  6. 2023ChatEDA: A Large Language Model Powered Autonomous Agent for EDAcited by 122
  7. 2024Let Your Graph Do the Talking: Encoding Structured Data for LLMscited by 118
  8. 2023GraphLLM: Boosting Graph Reasoning Ability of Large Language Modelcited by 107
  9. 2024BetterV: Controlled Verilog Generation with Discriminative Guidancecited by 100
  10. 2023RTLCoder: Outperforming GPT-3.5 in Design RTL Generation with Our Open-Source Dataset and Lightweight Solutioncited by 71
  11. 2023GPT4AIGChip: Towards Next-Generation AI Accelerator Design Automation via Large Language Modelscited by 61
  12. 2024GraphInstruct: Empowering Large Language Models with Graph Understanding and Reasoning Capabilitycited by 58
  13. 2024OriGen:Enhancing RTL Code Generation with Code-to-Code Augmentation and Self-Reflectioncited by 56
  14. 2024CraftRTL: High-quality Synthetic Data Generation for Verilog Code Models with Correct-by-Construction Non-Textual Representations and Targeted Code Repaircited by 42
  15. 2024Data is all you need: Finetuning LLMs for Chip Design via an Automated design-data augmentation frameworkcited by 36
  16. 2024AutoVCoder: A Systematic Framework for Automated Verilog Code Generation using LLMscited by 36
  17. 2024Self-HWDebug: Automation of LLM Self-Instructing for Hardware Security Verificationcited by 11
  18. 2024CodeGraph: Enhancing Graph Reasoning of LLMs with Codecited by 6
  19. 2025LLM-IFT: LLM-Powered Information Flow Tracking for Secure Hardwarecited by 5
  20. 2024Evolutionary Large Language Models for Hardware Security: A Comparative Surveycited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 13.

18 papers.

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  1. 2025AnalogCoder-Pro: Unifying Analog Circuit Generation and Optimization via Multi-modal LLMscited by 15
  2. 2025VerilogDB: The Largest, Highest-Quality Dataset with a Preprocessing Framework for LLM-based RTL Generationcited by 8
  3. 2025Large Language Model for Verilog Code Generation: Literature Review and the Road Aheadcited by 8
  4. 2026Dr. RTL: Autonomous Agentic RTL Optimization through Tool-Grounded Self-Improvementcited by 6
  5. 2025DecoRTL: A Run-time Decoding Framework for RTL Code Generation with LLMscited by 5
  6. 2025REvolution: An Evolutionary Framework for RTL Generation driven by Large Language Modelscited by 4
  7. 2026CktEvo: Repository-Level RTL Code Benchmark for Design Evolutioncited by 3
  8. 2026Bench4HLS: End-to-End Evaluation of LLMs in High-Level Synthesis Code Generationcited by 2
  9. 2026CODMAS: A Dialectic Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework for Structured RTL Optimizationcited by 2
  10. 2026SafeTune: Mitigating Data Poisoning in LLM Fine-Tuning for RTL Code Generationcited by 2
  11. 2026LLMs for Secure Hardware Design and Related Problems: Opportunities and Challengescited by 1
  12. 2026StepPRM-RTL: Stepwise Process-Reward Guided LLM Fine-Tuning for Enhanced RTL Synthesiscited by 0
6 more
  1. 2026CASS-RTL: Correctness-Aware Subspace Steering for RTL Generation with LLMscited by 0
  2. 2026EstRTL: Functional Estimation Guided RTL Code Generationcited by 0
  3. 2026LLM4RTL: Tool-Assisted LLM for RTL Generationcited by 0
  4. 2026Interpretable and Verifiable Hardware Generation with LLM-Driven Stepwise Refinementcited by 0
  5. 2026Hardware Design and Security in the Era of Chiplets and LLMscited by 0
  6. 2026VHDL-REPOBENCH: A Repository-Level Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on VHDL Design Generationcited by 0