MultiON: Benchmarking Semantic Map Memory using Multi-Object Navigation
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Navigation tasks in photorealistic 3D environments are challenging because they require perception and effective planning under partial observability. Recent work shows that map-like memory is useful for long-horizon navigation tasks. However, a focused investigation of the impact of maps on navigation tasks of varying complexity has not yet been performed. We propose the multiON task, which requires navigation to an episode-specific sequence of objects in a realistic environment. MultiON generalizes the ObjectGoal navigation task and explicitly tests the ability of navigation agents to locate previously observed goal objects. We perform a set of multiON experiments to examine how a variety of agent models perform across a spectrum of navigation task complexities. Our experiments show that: i) navigation performance degrades dramatically with escalating task complexity; ii) a simple semantic map agent performs surprisingly well relative to more complex neural image feature map agents; and iii) even oracle map agents achieve relatively low performance, indicating the potential for future work in training embodied navigation agents using maps. Video summary: https://youtu.be/yqTlHNIcgnY
Key facts. Cited by 95 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 18; 2023: 20; 2024: 24; 2025: 12; 2026: 10.
95 papers.
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- 2023Habitat 3.0: A Co-Habitat for Humans, Avatars and Robotscited by 220
- 2023ViNT: A Foundation Model for Visual Navigationcited by 210
- 2022CoWs on Pasture: Baselines and Benchmarks for Language-Driven Zero-Shot Object Navigationcited by 194
- 2022GNM: A General Navigation Model to Drive Any Robotcited by 161
- 2023GridMM: Grid Memory Map for Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 117
- 2022Habitat-Web: Learning Embodied Object-Search Strategies from Human Demonstrations at Scalecited by 116
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigationcited by 93
- 2024HM3D-OVON: A Dataset and Benchmark for Open-Vocabulary Object Goal Navigationcited by 71
- 2022Housekeep: Tidying Virtual Households using Commonsense Reasoningcited by 57
- 2024PoliFormer: Scaling On-Policy RL with Transformers Results in Masterful Navigatorscited by 55
- 2023SayNav: Grounding Large Language Models for Dynamic Planning to Navigation in New Environmentscited by 53
- 2023Renderable Neural Radiance Map for Visual Navigationcited by 51
38 more
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigationcited by 49
- 2021Learning to Map for Active Semantic Goal Navigationcited by 47
- 2022Retrospectives on the Embodied AI Workshopcited by 46
- 2022Iterative Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 34
- 2023Pretrained Language Models as Visual Planners for Human Assistancecited by 28
- 2024TANGO: Training-free Embodied AI Agents for Open-world Taskscited by 26
- 2022Last-Mile Embodied Visual Navigationcited by 25
- 2024EMOS: Embodiment-aware Heterogeneous Multi-robot Operating System with LLM Agentscited by 24
- 2022Multi-Object Navigation with dynamically learned neural implicit representationscited by 21
- 2021GridToPix: Training Embodied Agents with Minimal Supervisioncited by 20
- 2022Learning Active Camera for Multi-Object Navigationcited by 20
- 2021Interpretation of Emergent Communication in Heterogeneous Collaborative Embodied Agentscited by 19
- 2022Ask4Help: Learning to Leverage an Expert for Embodied Taskscited by 18
- 2023Find What You Want: Learning Demand-conditioned Object Attribute Space for Demand-driven Navigationcited by 18
- 2021Teaching Agents how to Map: Spatial Reasoning for Multi-Object Navigationcited by 17
- 2024OVER-NAV: Elevating Iterative Vision-and-Language Navigation with Open-Vocabulary Detection and StructurEd Representationcited by 17
- 2023Object Goal Navigation with Recursive Implicit Mapscited by 16
- 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Surveycited by 16
- 2024The One RING: a Robotic Indoor Navigation Generalistcited by 15
- 2023Adaptive Coordination in Social Embodied Rearrangementcited by 14
- 2024MemoNav: Working Memory Model for Visual Navigationcited by 13
- 2024One Map to Find Them All: Real-time Open-Vocabulary Mapping for Zero-shot Multi-Object Navigationcited by 13
- 2023Learning Hierarchical Interactive Multi-Object Search for Mobile Manipulationcited by 12
- 2023MOPA: Modular Object Navigation with PointGoal Agentscited by 11
- 2024Personalized Instance-based Navigation Toward User-Specific Objects in Realistic Environmentscited by 11
- 2025FindingDory: A Benchmark to Evaluate Memory in Embodied Agentscited by 11
- 2025RAVEN: Resilient Aerial Navigation via Open-Set Semantic Memory and Behavior Adaptationcited by 10
- 2023Exploitation-Guided Exploration for Semantic Embodied Navigationcited by 9
- 2024Task-oriented Sequential Grounding and Navigation in 3D Scenescited by 9
- 2022What do navigation agents learn about their environment?cited by 8
- 2022Break and Make: Interactive Structural Understanding Using LEGO Brickscited by 8
- 2024Aligning Knowledge Graph with Visual Perception for Object-goal Navigationcited by 8
- 2024CAMON: Cooperative Agents for Multi-Object Navigation with LLM-based Conversationscited by 7
- 2021An in-depth experimental study of sensor usage and visual reasoning of robots navigating in real environmentscited by 6
- 2022Exploiting Proximity-Aware Tasks for Embodied Social Navigationcited by 6
- 2024Perception Matters: Enhancing Embodied AI with Uncertainty-Aware Semantic Segmentationcited by 6
- 2025UrbanNav: Learning Language-Guided Urban Navigation from Web-Scale Human Trajectoriescited by 6
- 2026SpaMEM: Benchmarking Dynamic Spatial Reasoning via Perception-Memory Integration in Embodied Environmentscited by 6
50 most cited of 95 All 95 (JSON)
- 2026Systematic Multi-Agent Vision-and-Language Navigation: Formulation, Benchmark, and Method28 Sep 2026
- 2026Active Spatial Inspection for Effective and Efficient Embodied Exploration18 Sep 2026
- 2026Macro-Action Topological Navigation under Noisy Localization using Reinforcement Learning24 Aug 2026
- 2026LifelongCrossNav: Persistent 3D Semantic Memory for Cross-Floor Multi-Object Navigation7 Aug 2026
- 2026TopoExplore: Homology as an Exploration Signal10 Jul 2026
- 2026WildCity: A Real-World City-Scale Testbed for Rendering, Simulation, and Spatial Intelligence7 Jul 2026
- 2026SpaMEM: Benchmarking Dynamic Spatial Reasoning via Perception-Memory Integration in Embodied Environments24 Apr 2026
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agents9 Apr 2026
- 2026StateLinFormer: Stateful Training Enhancing Long-term Memory in Navigation24 Mar 2026
- 2026LangMap: A Human-Verified Benchmark for Hierarchical Open-Vocabulary Goal Navigation2 Feb 2026
- 2025YOPO-Nav: Visual Navigation using 3DGS Graphs from One-Pass Videos10 Dec 2025
- 2025UrbanNav: Learning Language-Guided Urban Navigation from Web-Scale Human Trajectories10 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025Kinaema: a recurrent sequence model for memory and pose in motion23 Oct 2025
- 2025DIV-Nav: Open-Vocabulary Spatial Relationships for Multi-Object Navigation18 Oct 2025
- 2025Dream to Recall: Imagination-Guided Experience Retrieval for Memory-Persistent Vision-and-Language Navigation9 Oct 2025
- 2025RAVEN: Resilient Aerial Navigation via Open-Set Semantic Memory and Behavior Adaptation28 Sep 2025
- 2025PersONAL: Towards a Comprehensive Benchmark for Personalized Embodied Agents24 Sep 2025
- 2025MLFM: Multi-Layered Feature Maps for Richer Language Understanding in Zero-Shot Semantic Navigation9 Jul 2025
- 2025FindingDory: A Benchmark to Evaluate Memory in Embodied Agents18 Jun 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Scoring with 3D Gaussian Splatting for Instance Image-Goal Navigation9 Jun 2025
- 2025Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Navigation with Macro Actions and Topological Maps25 Apr 2025
- 2025RANa: Retrieval-Augmented Navigation4 Apr 2025
- 2024The One RING: a Robotic Indoor Navigation Generalist18 Dec 2024
- 2024TANGO: Training-free Embodied AI Agents for Open-world Tasks5 Dec 2024
- 2024Zero-shot Object-Centric Instruction Following: Integrating Foundation Models with Traditional Navigation12 Nov 2024
- 2024EMOS: Embodiment-aware Heterogeneous Multi-robot Operating System with LLM Agents30 Oct 2024
- 2024Personalized Instance-based Navigation Toward User-Specific Objects in Realistic Environments23 Oct 2024
- 2024ReLIC: A Recipe for 64k Steps of In-Context Reinforcement Learning for Embodied AI3 Oct 2024
- 2024Learning to Build by Building Your Own Instructions1 Oct 2024
- 2024Find Everything: A General Vision Language Model Approach to Multi-Object Search1 Oct 2024
- 2024HM3D-OVON: A Dataset and Benchmark for Open-Vocabulary Object Goal Navigation22 Sep 2024
- 2024One Map to Find Them All: Real-time Open-Vocabulary Mapping for Zero-shot Multi-Object Navigation18 Sep 2024
- 2024Task-oriented Sequential Grounding and Navigation in 3D Scenes7 Aug 2024
- 2024Perception Matters: Enhancing Embodied AI with Uncertainty-Aware Semantic Segmentation5 Aug 2024
- 2024CAMON: Cooperative Agents for Multi-Object Navigation with LLM-based Conversations30 Jun 2024
- 2024PoliFormer: Scaling On-Policy RL with Transformers Results in Masterful Navigators28 Jun 2024
- 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Survey2 May 2024
- 2024Following the Human Thread in Social Navigation17 Apr 2024
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigation9 Apr 2024
- 2024OVER-NAV: Elevating Iterative Vision-and-Language Navigation with Open-Vocabulary Detection and StructurEd Representation26 Mar 2024
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigation18 Mar 2024
- 2024Personalized Embodied Navigation for Portable Object Finding14 Mar 2024
- 2024MemoNav: Working Memory Model for Visual Navigation29 Feb 2024
- 2024Aligning Knowledge Graph with Visual Perception for Object-goal Navigation29 Feb 2024
- 2024Language-Based Augmentation to Address Shortcut Learning in Object Goal Navigation7 Feb 2024
- 2024Multi-Object Navigation in real environments using hybrid policies24 Jan 2024
- 2023Probable Object Location (POLo) Score Estimation for Efficient Object Goal Navigation14 Nov 2023
- 2023Exploitation-Guided Exploration for Semantic Embodied Navigation6 Nov 2023
- 2023Habitat 3.0: A Co-Habitat for Humans, Avatars and Robots19 Oct 2023
- 2023Leveraging Topological Maps in Deep Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Object Navigation16 Oct 2023
50 newest of 95 All 95 (JSON)
- 2024TANGO: Training-free Embodied AI Agents for Open-world Taskscited by 26
- 2024EMOS: Embodiment-aware Heterogeneous Multi-robot Operating System with LLM Agentscited by 24
- 2024CAMON: Cooperative Agents for Multi-Object Navigation with LLM-based Conversationscited by 7
- 2026Systematic Multi-Agent Vision-and-Language Navigation: Formulation, Benchmark, and Methodcited by 0
- 2026Systematic Multi-Agent Vision-and-Language Navigation: Formulation, Benchmark, and Method28 Sep 2026
- 2024TANGO: Training-free Embodied AI Agents for Open-world Tasks5 Dec 2024
- 2024EMOS: Embodiment-aware Heterogeneous Multi-robot Operating System with LLM Agents30 Oct 2024
- 2024CAMON: Cooperative Agents for Multi-Object Navigation with LLM-based Conversations30 Jun 2024
- 2025RANa: Retrieval-Augmented Navigationcited by 2
- 2025RANa: Retrieval-Augmented Navigation4 Apr 2025
- 2023Habitat 3.0: A Co-Habitat for Humans, Avatars and Robotscited by 220
- 2023ViNT: A Foundation Model for Visual Navigationcited by 210
- 2022CoWs on Pasture: Baselines and Benchmarks for Language-Driven Zero-Shot Object Navigationcited by 194
- 2022GNM: A General Navigation Model to Drive Any Robotcited by 161
- 2023GridMM: Grid Memory Map for Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 117
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigationcited by 93
- 2024HM3D-OVON: A Dataset and Benchmark for Open-Vocabulary Object Goal Navigationcited by 71
- 2024PoliFormer: Scaling On-Policy RL with Transformers Results in Masterful Navigatorscited by 55
- 2023SayNav: Grounding Large Language Models for Dynamic Planning to Navigation in New Environmentscited by 53
- 2023Renderable Neural Radiance Map for Visual Navigationcited by 51
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigationcited by 49
- 2021Learning to Map for Active Semantic Goal Navigationcited by 47
12 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2026Active Spatial Inspection for Effective and Efficient Embodied Exploration18 Sep 2026
- 2026Macro-Action Topological Navigation under Noisy Localization using Reinforcement Learning24 Aug 2026
- 2026LifelongCrossNav: Persistent 3D Semantic Memory for Cross-Floor Multi-Object Navigation7 Aug 2026
- 2026TopoExplore: Homology as an Exploration Signal10 Jul 2026
- 2026WildCity: A Real-World City-Scale Testbed for Rendering, Simulation, and Spatial Intelligence7 Jul 2026
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agents9 Apr 2026
- 2026StateLinFormer: Stateful Training Enhancing Long-term Memory in Navigation24 Mar 2026
- 2026LangMap: A Human-Verified Benchmark for Hierarchical Open-Vocabulary Goal Navigation2 Feb 2026
- 2025YOPO-Nav: Visual Navigation using 3DGS Graphs from One-Pass Videos10 Dec 2025
- 2025UrbanNav: Learning Language-Guided Urban Navigation from Web-Scale Human Trajectories10 Dec 2025
- 2025Kinaema: a recurrent sequence model for memory and pose in motion23 Oct 2025
- 2025DIV-Nav: Open-Vocabulary Spatial Relationships for Multi-Object Navigation18 Oct 2025
12 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)