Last-Mile Embodied Visual Navigation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Realistic long-horizon tasks like image-goal navigation involve exploratory and exploitative phases. Assigned with an image of the goal, an embodied agent must explore to discover the goal, i.e., search efficiently using learned priors. Once the goal is discovered, the agent must accurately calibrate the last-mile of navigation to the goal. As with any robust system, switches between exploratory goal discovery and exploitative last-mile navigation enable better recovery from errors. Following these intuitive guide rails, we propose SLING to improve the performance of existing image-goal navigation systems. Entirely complementing prior methods, we focus on last-mile navigation and leverage the underlying geometric structure of the problem with neural descriptors. With simple but effective switches, we can easily connect SLING with heuristic, reinforcement learning, and neural modular policies. On a standardized image-goal navigation benchmark (Hahn et al. 2021), we improve performance across policies, scenes, and episode complexity, raising the state-of-the-art from 45% to 55% success rate. Beyond photorealistic simulation, we conduct real-robot experiments in three physical scenes and find these improvements to transfer well to real environments.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 64 of its 89 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Nov 2022.
Builds on
64 of 89 references.
References · 64
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
- 2020Offline Reinforcement Learning: Tutorial, Review, and Perspectives on Open Problemscited by 1,873
- 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,437
- 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,354
- 2017SuperPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Descriptioncited by 1,313
- 2019Habitat: A Platform for Embodied AI Researchcited by 1,163
- 2017Vision-and-Language Navigation: Interpreting visually-grounded navigation instructions in real environmentscited by 1,013
- 2016ORB-SLAM2: an Open-Source SLAM System for Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D Camerascited by 801
- 2018On Evaluation of Embodied Navigation Agentscited by 526
- 2018Gibson Env: Real-World Perception for Embodied Agentscited by 477
38 more
- 2020Object Goal Navigation using Goal-Oriented Semantic Explorationcited by 421
- 2019DD-PPO: Learning Near-Perfect PointGoal Navigators from 2.5 Billion Framescited by 352
- 2016Target-driven Visual Navigation in Indoor Scenes using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 351
- 2021Omnidata: A Scalable Pipeline for Making Multi-Task Mid-Level Vision Datasets from 3D Scanscited by 336
- 2020ThreeDWorld: A Platform for Interactive Multi-Modal Physical Simulationcited by 249
- 2019Vision-and-Dialog Navigationcited by 246
- 2020ObjectNav Revisited: On Evaluation of Embodied Agents Navigating to Objectscited by 240
- 2017Cognitive Mapping and Planning for Visual Navigationcited by 209
- 2018Stereo Magnification: Learning View Synthesis using Multiplane Imagescited by 206
- 2021TEACh: Task-driven Embodied Agents that Chatcited by 194
- 2020Neural Topological SLAM for Visual Navigationcited by 193
- 2021Simple but Effective: CLIP Embeddings for Embodied AIcited by 191
- 2021BEHAVIOR: Benchmark for Everyday Household Activities in Virtual, Interactive, and Ecological Environmentscited by 161
- 2020Watch-And-Help: A Challenge for Social Perception and Human-AI Collaborationcited by 131
- 2019Learning Exploration Policies for Navigationcited by 113
- 2020MultiON: Benchmarking Semantic Map Memory using Multi-Object Navigationcited by 95
- 2019Interactive Gibson Benchmark (iGibson 0.5): A Benchmark for Interactive Navigation in Cluttered Environmentscited by 89
- 2020Sim-to-Real Transfer for Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 88
- 2021Language-Aligned Waypoint (LAW) Supervision for Vision-and-Language Navigation in Continuous Environmentscited by 87
- 2020ViNG: Learning Open-World Navigation with Visual Goalscited by 77
- 2022Offline Visual Representation Learning for Embodied Navigationcited by 74
- 2021Auxiliary Tasks and Exploration Enable ObjectNavcited by 73
- 2019Executing Instructions in Situated Collaborative Interactionscited by 68
- 2022Zero Experience Required: Plug & Play Modular Transfer Learning for Semantic Visual Navigationcited by 66
- 2021Memory-Augmented Reinforcement Learning for Image-Goal Navigationcited by 64
- 2021No RL, No Simulation: Learning to Navigate without Navigatingcited by 63
- 2021Cooperative Exploration for Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 57
- 2022ViKiNG: Vision-Based Kilometer-Scale Navigation with Geographic Hintscited by 55
- 2019Deep Visual MPC-Policy Learning for Navigationcited by 54
- 2020AllenAct: A Framework for Embodied AI Researchcited by 54
- 2020Auxiliary Tasks Speed Up Learning PointGoal Navigationcited by 52
- 2020A Cordial Sync: Going Beyond Marginal Policies for Multi-Agent Embodied Taskscited by 52
- 2021RobustNav: Towards Benchmarking Robustness in Embodied Navigationcited by 52
- 2022Retrospectives on the Embodied AI Workshopcited by 46
- 2017Visual Semantic Planning using Deep Successor Representationscited by 45
- 2019Two Body Problem: Collaborative Visual Task Completioncited by 45
- 2021UnsupervisedR&R: Unsupervised Point Cloud Registration via Differentiable Renderingcited by 44
- 2019PyRobot: An Open-source Robotics Framework for Research and Benchmarkingcited by 39
50 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 9; 2024: 8; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
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- 2023Affordances from Human Videos as a Versatile Representation for Roboticscited by 221
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigationcited by 93
- 2023PIRLNav: Pretraining with Imitation and RL Finetuning for ObjectNavcited by 91
- 2023OVRL-V2: A simple state-of-art baseline for ImageNav and ObjectNavcited by 68
- 2023Renderable Neural Radiance Map for Visual Navigationcited by 51
- 2023Navigating to Objects Specified by Imagescited by 50
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigationcited by 49
- 2025Robotic Manipulation by Imitating Generated Videos Without Physical Demonstrationscited by 33
- 2024RoboHop: Segment-based Topological Map Representation for Open-World Visual Navigationcited by 25
- 2023FGPrompt: Fine-grained Goal Prompting for Image-goal Navigationcited by 21
- 2024SAME: Learning Generic Language-Guided Visual Navigation with State-Adaptive Mixture of Expertscited by 16
- 2024Instance-aware Exploration-Verification-Exploitation for Instance ImageGoal Navigationcited by 15
13 more
- 2024MemoNav: Working Memory Model for Visual Navigationcited by 13
- 2023MOPA: Modular Object Navigation with PointGoal Agentscited by 11
- 2023PlaceNav: Topological Navigation through Place Recognitioncited by 11
- 2025IGL-Nav: Incremental 3D Gaussian Localization for Image-goal Navigationcited by 10
- 2023Exploitation-Guided Exploration for Semantic Embodied Navigationcited by 9
- 2024NOLO: Navigate Only Look Oncecited by 3
- 2025Wanderland: Geometrically Grounded Simulation for Open-World Embodied AIcited by 3
- 2024Transformers for Image-Goal Navigationcited by 1
- 2025RSRNav: Reasoning Spatial Relationship for Image-Goal Navigationcited by 1
- 2025Harnessing Input-Adaptive Inference for Efficient VLNcited by 1
- 2026Unified Visuomotor Targets: Supervising VLAs Beyond Physical Actionscited by 1
- 2026FeudalNav: A Simple Framework for Visual Navigationcited by 0
- 2026From Region Arrival to Instance-Level Grounding in Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 0
- 2026Unified Visuomotor Targets: Supervising VLAs Beyond Physical Actions4 Aug 2026
- 2026From Region Arrival to Instance-Level Grounding in Vision-and-Language Navigation4 Jul 2026
- 2026FeudalNav: A Simple Framework for Visual Navigation15 Jan 2026
- 2025Wanderland: Geometrically Grounded Simulation for Open-World Embodied AI25 Nov 2025
- 2025Harnessing Input-Adaptive Inference for Efficient VLN12 Aug 2025
- 2025IGL-Nav: Incremental 3D Gaussian Localization for Image-goal Navigation1 Aug 2025
- 2025Robotic Manipulation by Imitating Generated Videos Without Physical Demonstrations1 Jul 2025
- 2025RSRNav: Reasoning Spatial Relationship for Image-Goal Navigation25 Apr 2025
- 2024SAME: Learning Generic Language-Guided Visual Navigation with State-Adaptive Mixture of Experts7 Dec 2024
- 2024NOLO: Navigate Only Look Once2 Aug 2024
- 2024Transformers for Image-Goal Navigation23 May 2024
- 2024RoboHop: Segment-based Topological Map Representation for Open-World Visual Navigation9 May 2024
13 more
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigation9 Apr 2024
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigation18 Mar 2024
- 2024MemoNav: Working Memory Model for Visual Navigation29 Feb 2024
- 2024Instance-aware Exploration-Verification-Exploitation for Instance ImageGoal Navigation25 Feb 2024
- 2023Exploitation-Guided Exploration for Semantic Embodied Navigation6 Nov 2023
- 2023FGPrompt: Fine-grained Goal Prompting for Image-goal Navigation11 Oct 2023
- 2023PlaceNav: Topological Navigation through Place Recognition29 Sep 2023
- 2023Affordances from Human Videos as a Versatile Representation for Robotics17 Apr 2023
- 2023MOPA: Modular Object Navigation with PointGoal Agents7 Apr 2023
- 2023Navigating to Objects Specified by Images3 Apr 2023
- 2023OVRL-V2: A simple state-of-art baseline for ImageNav and ObjectNav14 Mar 2023
- 2023Renderable Neural Radiance Map for Visual Navigation1 Mar 2023
- 2023PIRLNav: Pretraining with Imitation and RL Finetuning for ObjectNav18 Jan 2023
- 2023Affordances from Human Videos as a Versatile Representation for Roboticscited by 221
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigationcited by 93
- 2023PIRLNav: Pretraining with Imitation and RL Finetuning for ObjectNavcited by 91
- 2023OVRL-V2: A simple state-of-art baseline for ImageNav and ObjectNavcited by 68
- 2023Renderable Neural Radiance Map for Visual Navigationcited by 51
- 2023Navigating to Objects Specified by Imagescited by 50
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigationcited by 49
- 2025Robotic Manipulation by Imitating Generated Videos Without Physical Demonstrationscited by 33
- 2024RoboHop: Segment-based Topological Map Representation for Open-World Visual Navigationcited by 25
- 2023FGPrompt: Fine-grained Goal Prompting for Image-goal Navigationcited by 21
- 2024Instance-aware Exploration-Verification-Exploitation for Instance ImageGoal Navigationcited by 15
- 2024MemoNav: Working Memory Model for Visual Navigationcited by 13
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026From Region Arrival to Instance-Level Grounding in Vision-and-Language Navigation4 Jul 2026
- 2026FeudalNav: A Simple Framework for Visual Navigation15 Jan 2026
- 2025Wanderland: Geometrically Grounded Simulation for Open-World Embodied AI25 Nov 2025
- 2025Harnessing Input-Adaptive Inference for Efficient VLN12 Aug 2025
- 2025IGL-Nav: Incremental 3D Gaussian Localization for Image-goal Navigation1 Aug 2025
- 2025Robotic Manipulation by Imitating Generated Videos Without Physical Demonstrations1 Jul 2025
- 2025RSRNav: Reasoning Spatial Relationship for Image-Goal Navigation25 Apr 2025
- 2024NOLO: Navigate Only Look Once2 Aug 2024
- 2024Transformers for Image-Goal Navigation23 May 2024
- 2024RoboHop: Segment-based Topological Map Representation for Open-World Visual Navigation9 May 2024
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigation9 Apr 2024
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigation18 Mar 2024
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)