Rearrangement: A Challenge for Embodied AI
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Abstract (arXiv)
We describe a framework for research and evaluation in Embodied AI. Our proposal is based on a canonical task: Rearrangement. A standard task can focus the development of new techniques and serve as a source of trained models that can be transferred to other settings. In the rearrangement task, the goal is to bring a given physical environment into a specified state. The goal state can be specified by object poses, by images, by a description in language, or by letting the agent experience the environment in the goal state. We characterize rearrangement scenarios along different axes and describe metrics for benchmarking rearrangement performance. To facilitate research and exploration, we present experimental testbeds of rearrangement scenarios in four different simulation environments. We anticipate that other datasets will be released and new simulation platforms will be built to support training of rearrangement agents and their deployment on physical systems.
Key facts. Cited by 153 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 26; 2022: 37; 2023: 38; 2024: 33; 2025: 13; 2026: 6.
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- 2023Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Modelscited by 2,081
- 2021Habitat 2.0: Training Home Assistants to Rearrange their Habitatcited by 501
- 2022MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledgecited by 469
- 2022VIMA: General Robot Manipulation with Multimodal Promptscited by 403
- 2024A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Embodied AIcited by 274
- 2023Large Language Models as Commonsense Knowledge for Large-Scale Task Planningcited by 231
- 2023Building Cooperative Embodied Agents Modularly with Large Language Modelscited by 231
- 2023TidyBot: Personalized Robot Assistance with Large Language Modelscited by 219
- 2021iGibson 2.0: Object-Centric Simulation for Robot Learning of Everyday Household Taskscited by 191
- 2021Simple but Effective: CLIP Embeddings for Embodied AIcited by 191
- 2023Habitat Synthetic Scenes Dataset (HSSD-200): An Analysis of 3D Scene Scale and Realism Tradeoffs for ObjectGoal Navigationcited by 162
- 2021BEHAVIOR: Benchmark for Everyday Household Activities in Virtual, Interactive, and Ecological Environmentscited by 161
38 more
- 2024BEHAVIOR-1K: A Human-Centered, Embodied AI Benchmark with 1,000 Everyday Activities and Realistic Simulationcited by 140
- 2022Habitat-Web: Learning Embodied Object-Search Strategies from Human Demonstrations at Scalecited by 116
- 2023Scaling Data Generation in Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 115
- 2022DALL-E-Bot: Introducing Web-Scale Diffusion Models to Roboticscited by 105
- 2021Visual Room Rearrangementcited by 101
- 2021ManipulaTHOR: A Framework for Visual Object Manipulationcited by 101
- 2023Large Language Models as Generalizable Policies for Embodied Taskscited by 86
- 2023LEGO-Net: Learning Regular Rearrangements of Objects in Roomscited by 75
- 2022Offline Visual Representation Learning for Embodied Navigationcited by 74
- 2023ARNOLD: A Benchmark for Language-Grounded Task Learning With Continuous States in Realistic 3D Scenescited by 68
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on World Models for Embodied AIcited by 65
- 2021The ThreeDWorld Transport Challenge: A Visually Guided Task-and-Motion Planning Benchmark for Physically Realistic Embodied AIcited by 64
- 2022TASKOGRAPHY: Evaluating robot task planning over large 3D scene graphscited by 59
- 2021Embodied BERT: A Transformer Model for Embodied, Language-guided Visual Task Completioncited by 57
- 2021StructFormer: Learning Spatial Structure for Language-Guided Semantic Rearrangement of Novel Objectscited by 57
- 2022Housekeep: Tidying Virtual Households using Commonsense Reasoningcited by 57
- 2025EmbodiedEval: Evaluate Multimodal LLMs as Embodied Agentscited by 55
- 2022OPD: Single-view 3D Openable Part Detectioncited by 52
- 2022SE(3)-Equivariant Relational Rearrangement with Neural Descriptor Fieldscited by 51
- 2024TRANSIC: Sim-to-Real Policy Transfer by Learning from Online Correctioncited by 50
- 2024RoboEXP: Action-Conditioned Scene Graph via Interactive Exploration for Robotic Manipulationcited by 48
- 2022Multi-skill Mobile Manipulation for Object Rearrangementcited by 46
- 2022Retrospectives on the Embodied AI Workshopcited by 46
- 2022IFOR: Iterative Flow Minimization for Robotic Object Rearrangementcited by 42
- 2022Continuous Scene Representations for Embodied AIcited by 39
- 2021CORA: Benchmarks, Baselines, and Metrics as a Platform for Continual Reinforcement Learning Agentscited by 36
- 2022Understanding 3D Object Articulation in Internet Videoscited by 36
- 2021NeRP: Neural Rearrangement Planning for Unknown Objectscited by 33
- 2022Is Mapping Necessary for Realistic PointGoal Navigation?cited by 32
- 2024LLaMAR: Long-Horizon Planning for Multi-Agent Robots in Partially Observable Environmentscited by 32
- 2023Emergence of Maps in the Memories of Blind Navigation Agentscited by 31
- 2021Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planningcited by 30
- 2022TIDEE: Tidying Up Novel Rooms using Visuo-Semantic Commonsense Priorscited by 30
- 2024Prioritized Semantic Learning for Zero-shot Instance Navigationcited by 30
- 2023Shelving, Stacking, Hanging: Relational Pose Diffusion for Multi-modal Rearrangementcited by 29
- 2025BEHAVIOR Robot Suite: Streamlining Real-World Whole-Body Manipulation for Everyday Household Activitiescited by 29
- 2021My House, My Rules: Learning Tidying Preferences with Graph Neural Networkscited by 27
- 2024M2Diffuser: Diffusion-based Trajectory Optimization for Mobile Manipulation in 3D Scenescited by 26
50 most cited of 153 All 153 (JSON)
- 2026ECHO: Embodied Camera Observations of Human Object Carrying7 Oct 2026
- 2026ZeroBot: Learning from Scratch in Minutes with Generative Real2Sim27 Sep 2026
- 2026Test-Time Spatial Reasoning for Robot Manipulation Using Generative Real-to-Sim27 Sep 2026
- 2026When Robots Do the Chores: A Benchmark and Agent for Long-Horizon Household Task Execution14 May 2026
- 2026From Perception to Planning: Evolving Ego-Centric Task-Oriented Spatiotemporal Reasoning via Curriculum Learning12 Apr 2026
- 2026Context-Nav: Context-Driven Exploration and Viewpoint-Aware 3D Spatial Reasoning for Instance Navigation10 Mar 2026
- 2025Explaining Why Things Go Where They Go: Interpretable Constructs of Human Organizational Preferences31 Dec 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on World Models for Embodied AI19 Oct 2025
- 2025Situat3DChange: Situated 3D Change Understanding Dataset for Multimodal Large Language Model13 Oct 2025
- 2025The Price of Thought: A Multilingual Analysis of Reasoning, Performance, and Cost of Negotiation in Large Language Models9 Oct 2025
- 2025Dynamic Buffers: Cost-Efficient Planning for Tabletop Rearrangement with Stacking26 Sep 2025
- 2025cVLA: Towards Efficient Camera-Space VLAs2 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Personalized Robotic Object Rearrangement from Scene Context16 May 2025
- 2025A Survey of Robotic Navigation and Manipulation with Physics Simulators in the Era of Embodied AI1 May 2025
- 2025MoMa-Kitchen: A 100K+ Benchmark for Affordance-Grounded Last-Mile Navigation in Mobile Manipulation14 Mar 2025
- 2025BEHAVIOR Robot Suite: Streamlining Real-World Whole-Body Manipulation for Everyday Household Activities7 Mar 2025
- 2025AI-Driven Relocation Tracking in Dynamic Kitchen Environments3 Mar 2025
- 2025CuriousBot: Interactive Mobile Exploration via Actionable 3D Relational Object Graph23 Jan 2025
- 2025EmbodiedEval: Evaluate Multimodal LLMs as Embodied Agents21 Jan 2025
- 2024Mobile Robots through Task-Based Human Instructions using Incremental Curriculum Learning26 Dec 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Object-Oriented POMDP Planning for Object Rearrangement2 Dec 2024
- 2024Rethinking the Intermediate Features in Adversarial Attacks: Misleading Robotic Models via Adversarial Distillation21 Nov 2024
- 2024MPVO: Motion-Prior based Visual Odometry for PointGoal Navigation7 Nov 2024
- 2024CaPo: Cooperative Plan Optimization for Efficient Embodied Multi-Agent Cooperation7 Nov 2024
- 2024PACA: Perspective-Aware Cross-Attention Representation for Zero-Shot Scene Rearrangement29 Oct 2024
- 2024M2Diffuser: Diffusion-based Trajectory Optimization for Mobile Manipulation in 3D Scenes15 Oct 2024
- 2024S2O: Static to Openable Enhancement for Articulated 3D Objects27 Sep 2024
- 2024DeBaRA: Denoising-Based 3D Room Arrangement Generation26 Sep 2024
- 2024SECURE: Semantics-aware Embodied Conversation under Unawareness for Lifelong Robot Learning26 Sep 2024
- 2024Causality-Aware Transformer Networks for Robotic Navigation4 Sep 2024
- 2024LLM-enhanced Scene Graph Learning for Household Rearrangement22 Aug 2024
- 2024Geometric Algebra Meets Large Language Models: Instruction-Based Transformations of Separate Meshes in 3D, Interactive and Controllable Scenes5 Aug 2024
- 2024LLaMAR: Long-Horizon Planning for Multi-Agent Robots in Partially Observable Environments14 Jul 2024
- 2024Reinforcement Learning via Auxiliary Task Distillation24 Jun 2024
- 2024Automating Transfer of Robot Task Plans using Functorial Data Migrations22 Jun 2024
- 2024CoNav: A Benchmark for Human-Centered Collaborative Navigation4 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Embodied AI23 May 2024
- 2024TRANSIC: Sim-to-Real Policy Transfer by Learning from Online Correction16 May 2024
- 2024HELPER-X: A Unified Instructable Embodied Agent to Tackle Four Interactive Vision-Language Domains with Memory-Augmented Language Models29 Apr 2024
- 2024LEGENT: Open Platform for Embodied Agents28 Apr 2024
- 2024Bootstrapping Linear Models for Fast Online Adaptation in Human-Agent Collaboration16 Apr 2024
- 2024SUP-NeRF: A Streamlined Unification of Pose Estimation and NeRF for Monocular 3D Object Reconstruction23 Mar 2024
- 20243D Semantic MapNet: Building Maps for Multi-Object Re-Identification in 3D19 Mar 2024
- 2024R3DS: Reality-linked 3D Scenes for Panoramic Scene Understanding18 Mar 2024
- 2024Prioritized Semantic Learning for Zero-shot Instance Navigation18 Mar 2024
- 2024BEHAVIOR-1K: A Human-Centered, Embodied AI Benchmark with 1,000 Everyday Activities and Realistic Simulation14 Mar 2024
- 2024DOZE: A Dataset for Open-Vocabulary Zero-Shot Object Navigation in Dynamic Environments29 Feb 2024
- 2024RoboEXP: Action-Conditioned Scene Graph via Interactive Exploration for Robotic Manipulation23 Feb 2024
- 2024Grasp, See, and Place: Efficient Unknown Object Rearrangement with Policy Structure Prior23 Feb 2024
- 2024Verifiably Following Complex Robot Instructions with Foundation Models18 Feb 2024
50 newest of 153 All 153 (JSON)
- 2023Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Modelscited by 2,081
- 2023Building Cooperative Embodied Agents Modularly with Large Language Modelscited by 231
- 2024LLaMAR: Long-Horizon Planning for Multi-Agent Robots in Partially Observable Environmentscited by 32
- 2024PokeLLMon: A Human-Parity Agent for Pokemon Battles with Large Language Modelscited by 25
- 2024CaPo: Cooperative Plan Optimization for Efficient Embodied Multi-Agent Cooperationcited by 12
- 2024HELPER-X: A Unified Instructable Embodied Agent to Tackle Four Interactive Vision-Language Domains with Memory-Augmented Language Modelscited by 8
- 2024CaPo: Cooperative Plan Optimization for Efficient Embodied Multi-Agent Cooperation7 Nov 2024
- 2024LLaMAR: Long-Horizon Planning for Multi-Agent Robots in Partially Observable Environments14 Jul 2024
- 2024HELPER-X: A Unified Instructable Embodied Agent to Tackle Four Interactive Vision-Language Domains with Memory-Augmented Language Models29 Apr 2024
- 2024PokeLLMon: A Human-Parity Agent for Pokemon Battles with Large Language Models2 Feb 2024
- 2023Building Cooperative Embodied Agents Modularly with Large Language Models5 Jul 2023
- 2023Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models25 May 2023
- 2022DALL-E-Bot: Introducing Web-Scale Diffusion Models to Roboticscited by 105
- 2024M2Diffuser: Diffusion-based Trajectory Optimization for Mobile Manipulation in 3D Scenescited by 26
- 2024DeBaRA: Denoising-Based 3D Room Arrangement Generationcited by 20
- 2023LVDiffusor: Distilling Functional Rearrangement Priors from Large Models into Diffusorcited by 7
- 20236-DoF Stability Field via Diffusion Modelscited by 2
- 2024PACA: Perspective-Aware Cross-Attention Representation for Zero-Shot Scene Rearrangementcited by 0
- 2024PACA: Perspective-Aware Cross-Attention Representation for Zero-Shot Scene Rearrangement29 Oct 2024
- 2024M2Diffuser: Diffusion-based Trajectory Optimization for Mobile Manipulation in 3D Scenes15 Oct 2024
- 2024DeBaRA: Denoising-Based 3D Room Arrangement Generation26 Sep 2024
- 2023LVDiffusor: Distilling Functional Rearrangement Priors from Large Models into Diffusor3 Dec 2023
- 20236-DoF Stability Field via Diffusion Models26 Oct 2023
- 2022DALL-E-Bot: Introducing Web-Scale Diffusion Models to Robotics5 Oct 2022
- 2022Housekeep: Tidying Virtual Households using Commonsense Reasoningcited by 57
- 2025The Price of Thought: A Multilingual Analysis of Reasoning, Performance, and Cost of Negotiation in Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2026Context-Nav: Context-Driven Exploration and Viewpoint-Aware 3D Spatial Reasoning for Instance Navigationcited by 2
- 2026From Perception to Planning: Evolving Ego-Centric Task-Oriented Spatiotemporal Reasoning via Curriculum Learningcited by 1
- 2026When Robots Do the Chores: A Benchmark and Agent for Long-Horizon Household Task Executioncited by 1
- 2026Test-Time Spatial Reasoning for Robot Manipulation Using Generative Real-to-Simcited by 0
- 2026Test-Time Spatial Reasoning for Robot Manipulation Using Generative Real-to-Sim27 Sep 2026
- 2026When Robots Do the Chores: A Benchmark and Agent for Long-Horizon Household Task Execution14 May 2026
- 2026From Perception to Planning: Evolving Ego-Centric Task-Oriented Spatiotemporal Reasoning via Curriculum Learning12 Apr 2026
- 2026Context-Nav: Context-Driven Exploration and Viewpoint-Aware 3D Spatial Reasoning for Instance Navigation10 Mar 2026
- 2025The Price of Thought: A Multilingual Analysis of Reasoning, Performance, and Cost of Negotiation in Large Language Models9 Oct 2025
- 2022Housekeep: Tidying Virtual Households using Commonsense Reasoning22 May 2022
- 2022MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledgecited by 469
- 2023Large Language Models as Commonsense Knowledge for Large-Scale Task Planningcited by 231
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on World Models for Embodied AIcited by 65
- 2024LEGENT: Open Platform for Embodied Agentscited by 12
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on World Models for Embodied AI19 Oct 2025
- 2024LEGENT: Open Platform for Embodied Agents28 Apr 2024
- 2023Large Language Models as Commonsense Knowledge for Large-Scale Task Planning23 May 2023
- 2022MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledge17 Jun 2022
- 2024A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Embodied AIcited by 274
- 2025cVLA: Towards Efficient Camera-Space VLAscited by 8
- 2025cVLA: Towards Efficient Camera-Space VLAs2 Jul 2025
- 2024A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Embodied AI23 May 2024
- 2021Habitat 2.0: Training Home Assistants to Rearrange their Habitatcited by 501
- 2022VIMA: General Robot Manipulation with Multimodal Promptscited by 403
- 2023TidyBot: Personalized Robot Assistance with Large Language Modelscited by 219
- 2021iGibson 2.0: Object-Centric Simulation for Robot Learning of Everyday Household Taskscited by 191
- 2021Simple but Effective: CLIP Embeddings for Embodied AIcited by 191
- 2023Habitat Synthetic Scenes Dataset (HSSD-200): An Analysis of 3D Scene Scale and Realism Tradeoffs for ObjectGoal Navigationcited by 162
- 2021BEHAVIOR: Benchmark for Everyday Household Activities in Virtual, Interactive, and Ecological Environmentscited by 161
- 2024BEHAVIOR-1K: A Human-Centered, Embodied AI Benchmark with 1,000 Everyday Activities and Realistic Simulationcited by 140
- 2023Scaling Data Generation in Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 115
- 2021Visual Room Rearrangementcited by 101
- 2021ManipulaTHOR: A Framework for Visual Object Manipulationcited by 101
- 2023Large Language Models as Generalizable Policies for Embodied Taskscited by 86
12 most cited of 124 All 124 (JSON)
- 2026ECHO: Embodied Camera Observations of Human Object Carrying7 Oct 2026
- 2026ZeroBot: Learning from Scratch in Minutes with Generative Real2Sim27 Sep 2026
- 2025Explaining Why Things Go Where They Go: Interpretable Constructs of Human Organizational Preferences31 Dec 2025
- 2025Dynamic Buffers: Cost-Efficient Planning for Tabletop Rearrangement with Stacking26 Sep 2025
- 2025Personalized Robotic Object Rearrangement from Scene Context16 May 2025
- 2025A Survey of Robotic Navigation and Manipulation with Physics Simulators in the Era of Embodied AI1 May 2025
- 2025MoMa-Kitchen: A 100K+ Benchmark for Affordance-Grounded Last-Mile Navigation in Mobile Manipulation14 Mar 2025
- 2025BEHAVIOR Robot Suite: Streamlining Real-World Whole-Body Manipulation for Everyday Household Activities7 Mar 2025
- 2025AI-Driven Relocation Tracking in Dynamic Kitchen Environments3 Mar 2025
- 2025CuriousBot: Interactive Mobile Exploration via Actionable 3D Relational Object Graph23 Jan 2025
- 2024Mobile Robots through Task-Based Human Instructions using Incremental Curriculum Learning26 Dec 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Object-Oriented POMDP Planning for Object Rearrangement2 Dec 2024
12 newest of 124 All 124 (JSON)