mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

CF3: Compact and Fast 3D Feature Fields

arXiv 2508.05254 ↗First posted 7 Aug 2025cs.CV cs.AIcited by 11

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Abstract (arXiv)

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has begun incorporating rich information from 2D foundation models. However, most approaches rely on a bottom-up optimization process that treats raw 2D features as ground truth, incurring increased computational costs. We propose a top-down pipeline for constructing compact and fast 3D Gaussian feature fields, namely, CF3. We first perform a fast weighted fusion of multi-view 2D features with pre-trained Gaussians. This approach enables training a per-Gaussian autoencoder directly on the lifted features, instead of training autoencoders in the 2D domain. As a result, the autoencoder better aligns with the feature distribution. More importantly, we introduce an adaptive sparsification method that optimizes the Gaussian attributes of the feature field while pruning and merging the redundant Gaussians, constructing an efficient representation with preserved geometric details. Our approach achieves a competitive 3D feature field using as little as 5% of the Gaussians compared to Feature-3DGS.

Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 50 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Aug 2025.

Builds on

50 of 57 references.

References · 50

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  2. 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,234
  3. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
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  8. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 695
  9. 2021Extract Free Dense Labels from CLIPcited by 583
  10. 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 575
  11. 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 543
  12. 2021Scaling Open-Vocabulary Image Segmentation with Image-Level Labelscited by 473
38 more
  1. 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 436
  2. 2021In-Place Scene Labelling and Understanding with Implicit Scene Representationcited by 415
  3. 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 415
  4. 2022Decomposing NeRF for Editing via Feature Field Distillationcited by 371
  5. 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 364
  6. 2022Panoptic Neural Fields: A Semantic Object-Aware Neural Scene Representationcited by 243
  7. 2023Compressed 3D Gaussian Splatting for Accelerated Novel View Synthesiscited by 239
  8. 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 230
  9. 20243D Gaussian Splatting as Markov Chain Monte Carlocited by 217
  10. 2024Mini-Splatting: Representing Scenes with a Constrained Number of Gaussianscited by 213
  11. 2024HAC: Hash-grid Assisted Context for 3D Gaussian Splatting Compressioncited by 209
  12. 2023Language Embedded 3D Gaussians for Open-Vocabulary Scene Understandingcited by 208
  13. 2024GaussianPro: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Progressive Propagationcited by 200
  14. 2022Neural Feature Fusion Fields: 3D Distillation of Self-Supervised 2D Image Representationscited by 196
  15. 2023EAGLES: Efficient Accelerated 3D Gaussians with Lightweight EncodingScited by 196
  16. 2024Probing the 3D Awareness of Visual Foundation Modelscited by 177
  17. 2022Panoptic Lifting for 3D Scene Understanding with Neural Fieldscited by 174
  18. 2022Panoptic NeRF: 3D-to-2D Label Transfer for Panoptic Urban Scene Segmentationcited by 152
  19. 2023Compact 3D Scene Representation via Self-Organizing Gaussian Gridscited by 151
  20. 2024OpenGaussian: Towards Point-Level 3D Gaussian-based Open Vocabulary Understandingcited by 145
  21. 2023Weakly Supervised 3D Open-vocabulary Segmentationcited by 135
  22. 2024Pixel-GS: Density Control with Pixel-aware Gradient for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 113
  23. 2024FMGS: Foundation Model Embedded 3D Gaussian Splatting for Holistic 3D Scene Understandingcited by 86
  24. 2024End-to-End Rate-Distortion Optimized 3D Gaussian Representationcited by 75
  25. 2024Large Spatial Model: End-to-end Unposed Images to Semantic 3Dcited by 73
  26. 2024Improving 2D Feature Representations by 3D-Aware Fine-Tuningcited by 71
  27. 2022DM-NeRF: 3D Scene Geometry Decomposition and Manipulation from 2D Imagescited by 69
  28. 20243DGS.zip: A survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Compression Methodscited by 69
  29. 2025HAC++: Towards 100X Compression of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 57
  30. 2024MesonGS: Post-training Compression of 3D Gaussians via Efficient Attribute Transformationcited by 56
  31. 2023Nerflets: Local Radiance Fields for Efficient Structure-Aware 3D Scene Representation from 2D Supervisioncited by 44
  32. 2024LUDVIG: Learning-Free Uplifting of 2D Visual Features to Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 37
  33. 2024SuperGSeg: Open-Vocabulary 3D Segmentation with Structured Super-Gaussianscited by 33
  34. 2024Feat2GS: Probing Visual Foundation Models with Gaussian Splattingcited by 27
  35. 2025Compression of 3D Gaussian Splatting with Optimized Feature Planes and Standard Video Codecscited by 25
  36. 2025Locality-aware Gaussian Compression for Fast and High-quality Renderingcited by 25
  37. 2024GSemSplat: Generalizable Semantic 3D Gaussian Splatting from Uncalibrated Image Pairscited by 15
  38. 2024ConDense: Consistent 2D/3D Pre-training for Dense and Sparse Features from Multi-View Imagescited by 9

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 10.

11 papers.