MaskFusion: Real-Time Recognition, Tracking and Reconstruction of Multiple Moving Objects
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present MaskFusion, a real-time, object-aware, semantic and dynamic RGB-D SLAM system that goes beyond traditional systems which output a purely geometric map of a static scene. MaskFusion recognizes, segments and assigns semantic class labels to different objects in the scene, while tracking and reconstructing them even when they move independently from the camera. As an RGB-D camera scans a cluttered scene, image-based instance-level semantic segmentation creates semantic object masks that enable real-time object recognition and the creation of an object-level representation for the world map. Unlike previous recognition-based SLAM systems, MaskFusion does not require known models of the objects it can recognize, and can deal with multiple independent motions. MaskFusion takes full advantage of using instance-level semantic segmentation to enable semantic labels to be fused into an object-aware map, unlike recent semantics enabled SLAM systems that perform voxel-level semantic segmentation. We show augmented-reality applications that demonstrate the unique features of the map output by MaskFusion: instance-aware, semantic and dynamic.
Key facts. Cited by 95 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Apr 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 18; 2023: 24; 2024: 16; 2025: 13; 2026: 8.
95 papers.
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- 2021In-Place Scene Labelling and Understanding with Implicit Scene Representationcited by 411
- 2022Visual Language Maps for Robot Navigationcited by 362
- 2023ConceptGraphs: Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Graphs for Perception and Planningcited by 357
- 2022Open-vocabulary Queryable Scene Representations for Real World Planningcited by 159
- 2021Kimera: from SLAM to Spatial Perception with 3D Dynamic Scene Graphscited by 144
- 2023BundleSDF: Neural 6-DoF Tracking and 3D Reconstruction of Unknown Objectscited by 144
- 2021BundleTrack: 6D Pose Tracking for Novel Objects without Instance or Category-Level 3D Modelscited by 87
- 2022SimpleRecon: 3D Reconstruction Without 3D Convolutionscited by 83
- 2023OVIR-3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Retrieval Without Training on 3D Datacited by 81
- 2021Weakly Supervised Learning of Rigid 3D Scene Flowcited by 60
- 2021Semantics for Robotic Mapping, Perception and Interaction: A Surveycited by 56
- 2021Kimera-Multi: Robust, Distributed, Dense Metric-Semantic SLAM for Multi-Robot Systemscited by 53
38 more
- 2021Hierarchical Representations and Explicit Memory: Learning Effective Navigation Policies on 3D Scene Graphs using Graph Neural Networkscited by 50
- 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objectscited by 47
- 2023Incremental 3D Semantic Scene Graph Prediction from RGB Sequencescited by 39
- 2023TTA-COPE: Test-Time Adaptation for Category-Level Object Pose Estimationcited by 32
- 2021DSP-SLAM: Object Oriented SLAM with Deep Shape Priorscited by 30
- 2023Audio Visual Language Maps for Robot Navigationcited by 30
- 2022PVO: Panoptic Visual Odometrycited by 26
- 2021UDA-COPE: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Category-level Object Pose Estimationcited by 25
- 2022BodySLAM: Joint Camera Localisation, Mapping, and Human Motion Trackingcited by 23
- 2025RayFronts: Open-Set Semantic Ray Frontiers for Online Scene Understanding and Explorationcited by 23
- 2021SO-SLAM: Semantic Object SLAM with Scale Proportional and Symmetrical Texture Constraintscited by 19
- 2023DynaMoN: Motion-Aware Fast and Robust Camera Localization for Dynamic Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 16
- 2023An Object SLAM Framework for Association, Mapping, and High-Level Taskscited by 15
- 2022Objects Can Move: 3D Change Detection by Geometric Transformation Constistencycited by 13
- 2024Tag Map: A Text-Based Map for Spatial Reasoning and Navigation with Large Language Modelscited by 12
- 2025OnlineAnySeg: Online Zero-Shot 3D Segmentation by Visual Foundation Model Guided 2D Mask Mergingcited by 12
- 2023NeuSE: Neural SE(3)-Equivariant Embedding for Consistent Spatial Understanding with Objectscited by 10
- 20246DOPE-GS: Online 6D Object Pose Estimation using Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 2023RD-VIO: Robust Visual-Inertial Odometry for Mobile Augmented Reality in Dynamic Environmentscited by 9
- 2026DROID-SLAM in the Wildcited by 9
- 2022Learning to Complete Object Shapes for Object-level Mapping in Dynamic Scenescited by 8
- 2022MOTSLAM: MOT-assisted monocular dynamic SLAM using single-view depth estimationcited by 8
- 2023TextSLAM: Visual SLAM with Semantic Planar Text Featurescited by 8
- 2023Uncertainty-aware 3D Object-Level Mapping with Deep Shape Priorscited by 8
- 20243D LiDAR Mapping in Dynamic Environments Using a 4D Implicit Neural Representationcited by 8
- 2021Object-Augmented RGB-D SLAM for Wide-Disparity Relocalisationcited by 7
- 2022Semantic Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Surveycited by 7
- 2023On the Overconfidence Problem in Semantic 3D Mappingcited by 7
- 2024Source-Free and Image-Only Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Category Level Object Pose Estimationcited by 7
- 2023ALSTER: A Local Spatio-Temporal Expert for Online 3D Semantic Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2024VOOM: Robust Visual Object Odometry and Mapping using Hierarchical Landmarkscited by 6
- 2025Multimodal Spatial Language Maps for Robot Navigation and Manipulationcited by 6
- 2021CORSAIR: Convolutional Object Retrieval and Symmetry-AIded Registrationcited by 5
- 2021S3LAM: Structured Scene SLAMcited by 5
- 2023Perceiving Unseen 3D Objects by Poking the Objectscited by 5
- 2024Semantic Is Enough: Only Semantic Information For NeRF Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2021TSDF++: A Multi-Object Formulation for Dynamic Object Tracking and Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2021Dynamic Semantic Occupancy Mapping using 3D Scene Flow and Closed-Form Bayesian Inferencecited by 4
50 most cited of 95 All 95 (JSON)
- 2026UniPose9D: Universal Category-Agnostic Object Pose Estimation10 Jul 2026
- 2026Think While You Map: Asynchronous Vision-Language Agents for Incremental 3D Scene Graphs30 Jun 2026
- 2026RoboAtlas: Contextual Active SLAM24 Jun 2026
- 2026Efficiently Linking Real Scenes with Synthetic Data Generation for AI-based Cognitive Robotics and Computer Vision Applications18 Jun 2026
- 2026Temporally Consistent Object 6D Pose Estimation for Robot Control4 May 2026
- 2026Incremental Semantics-Aided Meshing from LiDAR-Inertial Odometry and RGB Direct Label Transfer10 Apr 2026
- 2026DROID-SLAM in the Wild19 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards Next-Generation SLAM: A Survey on 3DGS-SLAM Focusing on Performance, Robustness, and Future Directions4 Feb 2026
- 2025Dynamic Visual SLAM using a General 3D Prior7 Dec 2025
- 2025Taming the Light: Illumination-Invariant Semantic 3DGS-SLAM28 Nov 2025
- 2025Open-Vocabulary Spatio-Temporal Scene Graph for Robot Perception and Teleoperation Planning27 Sep 2025
- 2025ProDyG: Progressive Dynamic Scene Reconstruction via Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Videos22 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025Mem4D: Decoupling Static and Dynamic Memory for Dynamic Scene Reconstruction11 Aug 2025
- 2025VOCAL: Visual Odometry via ContrAstive Learning30 Jun 2025
- 2025Multimodal Spatial Language Maps for Robot Navigation and Manipulation7 Jun 2025
- 2025RAZER: Robust Accelerated Zero-Shot 3D Open-Vocabulary Panoptic Reconstruction with Spatio-Temporal Aggregation21 May 2025
- 2025RayFronts: Open-Set Semantic Ray Frontiers for Online Scene Understanding and Exploration9 Apr 2025
- 2025DynOPETs: A Versatile Benchmark for Dynamic Object Pose Estimation and Tracking in Moving Camera Scenarios25 Mar 2025
- 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects24 Mar 2025
- 2025DQO-MAP: Dual Quadrics Multi-Object mapping with Gaussian Splatting4 Mar 2025
- 2025OnlineAnySeg: Online Zero-Shot 3D Segmentation by Visual Foundation Model Guided 2D Mask Merging3 Mar 2025
- 2024Volumetric Mapping with Panoptic Refinement via Kernel Density Estimation for Mobile Robots15 Dec 2024
- 20246DOPE-GS: Online 6D Object Pose Estimation using Gaussian Splatting2 Dec 2024
- 2024Real-Time Metric-Semantic Mapping for Autonomous Navigation in Outdoor Environments30 Nov 2024
- 2024PickScan: Object discovery and reconstruction from handheld interactions17 Nov 2024
- 2024In-Place Panoptic Radiance Field Segmentation with Perceptual Prior for 3D Scene Understanding6 Oct 2024
- 2024Tag Map: A Text-Based Map for Spatial Reasoning and Navigation with Large Language Models23 Sep 2024
- 2024SMORE: Simultaneous Map and Object REconstruction19 Jun 2024
- 20243D LiDAR Mapping in Dynamic Environments Using a 4D Implicit Neural Representation6 May 2024
- 2024Online Embedding Multi-Scale CLIP Features into 3D Maps27 Mar 2024
- 2024Semantic Is Enough: Only Semantic Information For NeRF Reconstruction24 Mar 2024
- 2024Advancing Frontiers in SLAM: A Survey of Symbolic Representation and Human-Machine Teaming in Environmental Mapping22 Mar 2024
- 2024VOOM: Robust Visual Object Odometry and Mapping using Hierarchical Landmarks21 Feb 2024
- 2024SemanticSLAM: Learning based Semantic Map Construction and Robust Camera Localization23 Jan 2024
- 2024Source-Free and Image-Only Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Category Level Object Pose Estimation19 Jan 2024
- 2024ICON: Incremental CONfidence for Joint Pose and Radiance Field Optimization17 Jan 2024
- 2024Towards Real-World Aerial Vision Guidance with Categorical 6D Pose Tracker9 Jan 2024
- 2023Has Anything Changed? 3D Change Detection by 2D Segmentation Masks2 Dec 2023
- 2023ALSTER: A Local Spatio-Temporal Expert for Online 3D Semantic Reconstruction29 Nov 2023
- 2023On the Overconfidence Problem in Semantic 3D Mapping16 Nov 2023
- 20233DFusion, A real-time 3D object reconstruction pipeline based on streamed instance segmented data11 Nov 2023
- 2023OVIR-3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Retrieval Without Training on 3D Data6 Nov 2023
- 2023Anthropomorphic Grasping with Neural Object Shape Completion4 Nov 2023
- 2023TivNe-SLAM: Dynamic Mapping and Tracking via Time-Varying Neural Radiance Fields29 Oct 2023
- 2023RD-VIO: Robust Visual-Inertial Odometry for Mobile Augmented Reality in Dynamic Environments23 Oct 2023
- 2023ConceptGraphs: Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Graphs for Perception and Planning28 Sep 2023
- 2023Physics-Based Rigid Body Object Tracking and Friction Filtering From RGB-D Videos27 Sep 2023
- 2023Uncertainty-aware 3D Object-Level Mapping with Deep Shape Priors17 Sep 2023
- 2023DynaMoN: Motion-Aware Fast and Robust Camera Localization for Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields16 Sep 2023
- 2023Artifacts Mapping: Multi-Modal Semantic Mapping for Object Detection and 3D Localization3 Jul 2023
50 newest of 95 All 95 (JSON)
- 2021In-Place Scene Labelling and Understanding with Implicit Scene Representationcited by 411
- 2023ConceptGraphs: Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Graphs for Perception and Planningcited by 357
- 2022Open-vocabulary Queryable Scene Representations for Real World Planningcited by 159
- 2021Kimera: from SLAM to Spatial Perception with 3D Dynamic Scene Graphscited by 144
- 2023BundleSDF: Neural 6-DoF Tracking and 3D Reconstruction of Unknown Objectscited by 144
- 2021BundleTrack: 6D Pose Tracking for Novel Objects without Instance or Category-Level 3D Modelscited by 87
- 2022SimpleRecon: 3D Reconstruction Without 3D Convolutionscited by 83
- 2023OVIR-3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Retrieval Without Training on 3D Datacited by 81
- 2021Weakly Supervised Learning of Rigid 3D Scene Flowcited by 60
- 2021Semantics for Robotic Mapping, Perception and Interaction: A Surveycited by 56
- 2021Kimera-Multi: Robust, Distributed, Dense Metric-Semantic SLAM for Multi-Robot Systemscited by 53
- 2021Hierarchical Representations and Explicit Memory: Learning Effective Navigation Policies on 3D Scene Graphs using Graph Neural Networkscited by 50
12 most cited of 91 All 91 (JSON)
- 2026UniPose9D: Universal Category-Agnostic Object Pose Estimation10 Jul 2026
- 2026RoboAtlas: Contextual Active SLAM24 Jun 2026
- 2026Efficiently Linking Real Scenes with Synthetic Data Generation for AI-based Cognitive Robotics and Computer Vision Applications18 Jun 2026
- 2026Temporally Consistent Object 6D Pose Estimation for Robot Control4 May 2026
- 2026Incremental Semantics-Aided Meshing from LiDAR-Inertial Odometry and RGB Direct Label Transfer10 Apr 2026
- 2026DROID-SLAM in the Wild19 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards Next-Generation SLAM: A Survey on 3DGS-SLAM Focusing on Performance, Robustness, and Future Directions4 Feb 2026
- 2025Dynamic Visual SLAM using a General 3D Prior7 Dec 2025
- 2025Taming the Light: Illumination-Invariant Semantic 3DGS-SLAM28 Nov 2025
- 2025Open-Vocabulary Spatio-Temporal Scene Graph for Robot Perception and Teleoperation Planning27 Sep 2025
- 2025ProDyG: Progressive Dynamic Scene Reconstruction via Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Videos22 Sep 2025
- 2025Mem4D: Decoupling Static and Dynamic Memory for Dynamic Scene Reconstruction11 Aug 2025
12 newest of 91 All 91 (JSON)