Skeleton-free Pose Transfer for Stylized 3D Characters
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present the first method that automatically transfers poses between stylized 3D characters without skeletal rigging. In contrast to previous attempts to learn pose transformations on fixed or topology-equivalent skeleton templates, our method focuses on a novel scenario to handle skeleton-free characters with diverse shapes, topologies, and mesh connectivities. The key idea of our method is to represent the characters in a unified articulation model so that the pose can be transferred through the correspondent parts. To achieve this, we propose a novel pose transfer network that predicts the character skinning weights and deformation transformations jointly to articulate the target character to match the desired pose. Our method is trained in a semi-supervised manner absorbing all existing character data with paired/unpaired poses and stylized shapes. It generalizes well to unseen stylized characters and inanimate objects. We conduct extensive experiments and demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on this novel task.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Jul 2022.
Builds on
26 of 55 references.
References · 26
- 2019AMASS: Archive of Motion Capture as Surface Shapescited by 1,236
- 2020First Order Motion Model for Image Animationcited by 704
- 2021Motion Representations for Articulated Animationcited by 255
- 2019Multi-Garment Net: Learning to Dress 3D People from Imagescited by 245
- 2018Animating Arbitrary Objects via Deep Motion Transfercited by 208
- 2021SCANimate: Weakly Supervised Learning of Skinned Clothed Avatar Networkscited by 181
- 20183D-CODED : 3D Correspondences by Deep Deformationcited by 160
- 2022COUCH: Towards Controllable Human-Chair Interactionscited by 135
- 2020Skeleton-Aware Networks for Deep Motion Retargetingcited by 124
- 2018Unsupervised Learning of Object Landmarks through Conditional Image Generationcited by 114
- 2019SCOPS: Self-Supervised Co-Part Segmentationcited by 100
- 2018Neural Kinematic Networks for Unsupervised Motion Retargettingcited by 88
14 more
- 2017Variational Autoencoders for Deforming 3D Mesh Modelscited by 70
- 2020Unsupervised Shape and Pose Disentanglement for 3D Meshescited by 61
- 2021Learning Skeletal Articulations with Neural Blend Shapescited by 53
- 2021KeypointDeformer: Unsupervised 3D Keypoint Discovery for Shape Controlcited by 51
- 2019Predicting Animation Skeletons for 3D Articulated Models via Volumetric Netscited by 39
- 2020Neural Pose Transfer by Spatially Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 38
- 2021DeepMetaHandles: Learning Deformation Meta-Handles of 3D Meshes with Biharmonic Coordinatescited by 37
- 2021Contact-Aware Retargeting of Skinned Motioncited by 32
- 20213D Pose Transfer with Correspondence Learning and Mesh Refinementcited by 30
- 2020Motion-supervised Co-Part Segmentationcited by 28
- 2021Skeleton Merger: an Unsupervised Aligned Keypoint Detectorcited by 27
- 2020Unsupervised Learning of Category-Specific Symmetric 3D Keypoints from Point Setscited by 23
- 2017Sparse Data Driven Mesh Deformationcited by 21
- 2020Multiscale Mesh Deformation Component Analysis with Attention-based Autoencoderscited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 12; 2024: 7; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.
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- 2023EMDM: Efficient Motion Diffusion Model for Fast and High-Quality Motion Generationcited by 89
- 2025MagicArticulate: Make Your 3D Models Articulation-Readycited by 43
- 2023OmniMotionGPT: Animal Motion Generation with Limited Datacited by 20
- 2024MagicPose4D: Crafting Articulated Models with Appearance and Motion Controlcited by 18
- 2023SAOR: Single-View Articulated Object Reconstructioncited by 16
- 2023TapMo: Shape-aware Motion Generation of Skeleton-free Characterscited by 16
- 2024CT4D: Consistent Text-to-4D Generation with Animatable Meshescited by 14
- 2023Zero-shot Pose Transfer for Unrigged Stylized 3D Characterscited by 13
- 2023Weakly-supervised 3D Pose Transfer with Keypointscited by 12
- 2023Pose-aware Attention Network for Flexible Motion Retargeting by Body Partcited by 10
- 2023Pose-to-Motion: Cross-Domain Motion Retargeting with Pose Priorcited by 8
- 2025PhysRig: Differentiable Physics-Based Skinning and Rigging Framework for Realistic Articulated Object Modelingcited by 8
18 more
- 2025PDT: Point Distribution Transformation with Diffusion Modelscited by 8
- 2024Temporal Residual Jacobians For Rig-free Motion Transfercited by 7
- 2023HMC: Hierarchical Mesh Coarsening for Skeleton-free Motion Retargetingcited by 6
- 2023VINECS: Video-based Neural Character Skinningcited by 6
- 2024Neural Pose Representation Learning for Generating and Transferring Non-Rigid Object Posescited by 6
- 2025SMF: Template-free and Rig-free Animation Transfer using Kinetic Codescited by 6
- 2024Motion Keyframe Interpolation for Any Human Skeleton via Temporally Consistent Point Cloud Sampling and Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2024Towards High-Quality 3D Motion Transfer with Realistic Apparel Animationcited by 5
- 2024Towards Robust 3D Pose Transfer with Adversarial Learningcited by 4
- 2023MAPConNet: Self-supervised 3D Pose Transfer with Mesh and Point Contrastive Learningcited by 2
- 2025ASMR: Adaptive Skeleton-Mesh Rigging and Skinning via 2D Generative Priorcited by 2
- 2025Advances and Trends in the 3D Reconstruction of the Shape and Motion of Animalscited by 2
- 2025ScanMove: Motion Prediction and Transfer for Unregistered Body Meshescited by 1
- 2025MimiCAT: Mimic with Correspondence-Aware Cascade-Transformer for Category-Free 3D Pose Transfercited by 1
- 2026MorphGS: Morphology-Adaptive Articulated 3D Motion Transfer from Videoscited by 1
- 2023DSFFNet: Dual-Side Feature Fusion Network for 3D Pose Transfercited by 0
- 2026BLARM: Animating 3D Objects from Video via Blending Latent Rigid Motion Primitivescited by 0
- 2026Cepheid: Decoupling Scale from Structure for Cross-Family Motion Completioncited by 0
- 2026Cepheid: Decoupling Scale from Structure for Cross-Family Motion Completion13 Oct 2026
- 2026BLARM: Animating 3D Objects from Video via Blending Latent Rigid Motion Primitives31 Aug 2026
- 2026MorphGS: Morphology-Adaptive Articulated 3D Motion Transfer from Videos6 Jan 2026
- 2025MimiCAT: Mimic with Correspondence-Aware Cascade-Transformer for Category-Free 3D Pose Transfer23 Nov 2025
- 2025ScanMove: Motion Prediction and Transfer for Unregistered Body Meshes27 Aug 2025
- 2025Advances and Trends in the 3D Reconstruction of the Shape and Motion of Animals22 Aug 2025
- 2025PDT: Point Distribution Transformation with Diffusion Models25 Jul 2025
- 2025PhysRig: Differentiable Physics-Based Skinning and Rigging Framework for Realistic Articulated Object Modeling26 Jun 2025
- 2025SMF: Template-free and Rig-free Animation Transfer using Kinetic Codes7 Apr 2025
- 2025ASMR: Adaptive Skeleton-Mesh Rigging and Skinning via 2D Generative Prior17 Mar 2025
- 2025MagicArticulate: Make Your 3D Models Articulation-Ready17 Feb 2025
- 2024CT4D: Consistent Text-to-4D Generation with Animatable Meshes15 Aug 2024
18 more
- 2024Temporal Residual Jacobians For Rig-free Motion Transfer20 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards High-Quality 3D Motion Transfer with Realistic Apparel Animation15 Jul 2024
- 2024Neural Pose Representation Learning for Generating and Transferring Non-Rigid Object Poses14 Jun 2024
- 2024MagicPose4D: Crafting Articulated Models with Appearance and Motion Control22 May 2024
- 2024Motion Keyframe Interpolation for Any Human Skeleton via Temporally Consistent Point Cloud Sampling and Reconstruction13 May 2024
- 2024Towards Robust 3D Pose Transfer with Adversarial Learning2 Apr 2024
- 2023EMDM: Efficient Motion Diffusion Model for Fast and High-Quality Motion Generation4 Dec 2023
- 2023OmniMotionGPT: Animal Motion Generation with Limited Data30 Nov 2023
- 2023Pose-to-Motion: Cross-Domain Motion Retargeting with Pose Prior31 Oct 2023
- 2023TapMo: Shape-aware Motion Generation of Skeleton-free Characters19 Oct 2023
- 2023Weakly-supervised 3D Pose Transfer with Keypoints25 Jul 2023
- 2023VINECS: Video-based Neural Character Skinning3 Jul 2023
- 2023Pose-aware Attention Network for Flexible Motion Retargeting by Body Part13 Jun 2023
- 2023Zero-shot Pose Transfer for Unrigged Stylized 3D Characters31 May 2023
- 2023DSFFNet: Dual-Side Feature Fusion Network for 3D Pose Transfer24 May 2023
- 2023MAPConNet: Self-supervised 3D Pose Transfer with Mesh and Point Contrastive Learning26 Apr 2023
- 2023SAOR: Single-View Articulated Object Reconstruction23 Mar 2023
- 2023HMC: Hierarchical Mesh Coarsening for Skeleton-free Motion Retargeting20 Mar 2023
- 2025MagicArticulate: Make Your 3D Models Articulation-Readycited by 43
- 2023OmniMotionGPT: Animal Motion Generation with Limited Datacited by 20
- 2024MagicPose4D: Crafting Articulated Models with Appearance and Motion Controlcited by 18
- 2023SAOR: Single-View Articulated Object Reconstructioncited by 16
- 2023TapMo: Shape-aware Motion Generation of Skeleton-free Characterscited by 16
- 2023Zero-shot Pose Transfer for Unrigged Stylized 3D Characterscited by 13
- 2023Weakly-supervised 3D Pose Transfer with Keypointscited by 12
- 2023Pose-aware Attention Network for Flexible Motion Retargeting by Body Partcited by 10
- 2023Pose-to-Motion: Cross-Domain Motion Retargeting with Pose Priorcited by 8
- 2025PhysRig: Differentiable Physics-Based Skinning and Rigging Framework for Realistic Articulated Object Modelingcited by 8
- 2024Temporal Residual Jacobians For Rig-free Motion Transfercited by 7
- 2023HMC: Hierarchical Mesh Coarsening for Skeleton-free Motion Retargetingcited by 6
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026Cepheid: Decoupling Scale from Structure for Cross-Family Motion Completion13 Oct 2026
- 2026BLARM: Animating 3D Objects from Video via Blending Latent Rigid Motion Primitives31 Aug 2026
- 2026MorphGS: Morphology-Adaptive Articulated 3D Motion Transfer from Videos6 Jan 2026
- 2025MimiCAT: Mimic with Correspondence-Aware Cascade-Transformer for Category-Free 3D Pose Transfer23 Nov 2025
- 2025ScanMove: Motion Prediction and Transfer for Unregistered Body Meshes27 Aug 2025
- 2025Advances and Trends in the 3D Reconstruction of the Shape and Motion of Animals22 Aug 2025
- 2025PhysRig: Differentiable Physics-Based Skinning and Rigging Framework for Realistic Articulated Object Modeling26 Jun 2025
- 2025SMF: Template-free and Rig-free Animation Transfer using Kinetic Codes7 Apr 2025
- 2025ASMR: Adaptive Skeleton-Mesh Rigging and Skinning via 2D Generative Prior17 Mar 2025
- 2025MagicArticulate: Make Your 3D Models Articulation-Ready17 Feb 2025
- 2024Temporal Residual Jacobians For Rig-free Motion Transfer20 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards High-Quality 3D Motion Transfer with Realistic Apparel Animation15 Jul 2024
12 newest of 27 All 27 (JSON)