mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Images

arXiv 2204.08376 ↗First posted 18 Apr 2022cs.CVcited by 332

Not on the map. Why?

Cited by 22 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we present novel synthetic training data called self-blended images (SBIs) to detect deepfakes. SBIs are generated by blending pseudo source and target images from single pristine images, reproducing common forgery artifacts (e.g., blending boundaries and statistical inconsistencies between source and target images). The key idea behind SBIs is that more general and hardly recognizable fake samples encourage classifiers to learn generic and robust representations without overfitting to manipulation-specific artifacts. We compare our approach with state-of-the-art methods on FF++, CDF, DFD, DFDC, DFDCP, and FFIW datasets by following the standard cross-dataset and cross-manipulation protocols. Extensive experiments show that our method improves the model generalization to unknown manipulations and scenes. In particular, on DFDC and DFDCP where existing methods suffer from the domain gap between the training and test sets, our approach outperforms the baseline by 4.90% and 11.78% points in the cross-dataset evaluation, respectively.

Key facts. Cited by 332 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 45 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Apr 2022.

Builds on

45 of 62 references.

References · 45

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  4. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
  5. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
  6. 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,967
  7. 2016Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutionscited by 2,320
  8. 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,048
  9. 2020Sharpness-Aware Minimization for Efficiently Improving Generalizationcited by 1,404
  10. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
  11. 2016Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,000
  12. 2017Grad-CAM++: Improved Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 936
33 more
  1. 2018Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 809
  2. 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 631
  3. 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 573
  4. 2018Albumentations: fast and flexible image augmentationscited by 558
  5. 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 518
  6. 2020Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognitioncited by 501
  7. 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 469
  8. 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
  9. 2021Multi-attentional Deepfake Detectioncited by 339
  10. 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 318
  11. 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 294
  12. 2020Lips Don't Lie: A Generalisable and Robust Approach to Face Forgery Detectioncited by 286
  13. 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
  14. 2019On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulationcited by 259
  15. 2020DeeperForensics-1.0: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Face Forgery Detectioncited by 251
  16. 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
  17. 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 208
  18. 2020Learning Self-Consistency for Deepfake Detectioncited by 179
  19. 2019RetinaFace: Single-stage Dense Face Localisation in the Wildcited by 164
  20. 2020Two-branch Recurrent Network for Isolating Deepfakes in Videoscited by 161
  21. 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 158
  22. 2021Frequency-aware Discriminative Feature Learning Supervised by Single-Center Loss for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 133
  23. 2019Multi-task Learning For Detecting and Segmenting Manipulated Facial Images and Videoscited by 130
  24. 2020The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Datasetcited by 125
  25. 2019Recurrent Convolutional Strategies for Face Manipulation Detection in Videoscited by 118
  26. 2018ForensicTransfer: Weakly-supervised Domain Adaptation for Forgery Detectioncited by 104
  27. 2021Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
  28. 2020Lipreading using Temporal Convolutional Networkscited by 98
  29. 2021Face Forensics in the Wildcited by 87
  30. 2019Use of a Capsule Network to Detect Fake Images and Videoscited by 63
  31. 2019On the generalization of GAN image forensicscited by 36
  32. 2021An Examination of Fairness of AI Models for Deepfake Detectioncited by 34
  33. 2020Detecting Face2Face Facial Reenactment in Videoscited by 7

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 16; 2023: 59; 2024: 92; 2025: 98; 2026: 67.

332 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023DIRE for Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 386
  2. 2023Forgery-aware Adaptive Transformer for Generalizable Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 180
  3. 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 177
  4. 2023DeepfakeBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deepfake Detectioncited by 162
  5. 2023Transcending Forgery Specificity with Latent Space Augmentation for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 126
  6. 2024DF40: Toward Next-Generation Deepfake Detectioncited by 126
  7. 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
  8. 2024C2P-CLIP: Injecting Category Common Prompt in CLIP to Enhance Generalization in Deepfake Detectioncited by 111
  9. 2024Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 102
  10. 2023TALL: Thumbnail Layout for Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 100
  11. 2024LAA-Net: Localized Artifact Attention Network for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 88
  12. 2023AV-Deepfake1M: A Large-Scale LLM-Driven Audio-Visual Deepfake Datasetcited by 79
38 more
  1. 2023AltFreezing for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 78
  2. 2023Efficient Region-Aware Neural Radiance Fields for High-Fidelity Talking Portrait Synthesiscited by 72
  3. 2023BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swappingcited by 66
  4. 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 66
  5. 2024Common Sense Reasoning for Deepfake Detectioncited by 64
  6. 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 58
  7. 2024Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection with Plug-and-Play: Video-Level Blending and Spatiotemporal Adapter Tuningcited by 57
  8. 2023Beyond the Prior Forgery Knowledge: Mining Critical Clues for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 50
  9. 2022SeeABLE: Soft Discrepancies and Bounded Contrastive Learning for Exposing Deepfakescited by 49
  10. 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
  11. 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledgecited by 48
  12. 2024Can We Leave Deepfake Data Behind in Training Deepfake Detector?cited by 48
  13. 2024Exposing the Deception: Uncovering More Forgery Clues for Deepfake Detectioncited by 47
  14. 2023Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
  15. 2023Detecting Images Generated by Deep Diffusion Models using their Local Intrinsic Dimensionalitycited by 44
  16. 2023SepMark: Deep Separable Watermarking for Unified Source Tracing and Deepfake Detectioncited by 43
  17. 2022Delving into Sequential Patches for Deepfake Detectioncited by 41
  18. 2024FKA-Owl: Advancing Multimodal Fake News Detection through Knowledge-Augmented LVLMscited by 38
  19. 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detectorcited by 38
  20. 2024Towards More General Video-based Deepfake Detection through Facial Component Guided Adaptation for Foundation Modelcited by 37
  21. 2023Robustness and Generalizability of Deepfake Detection: A Study with Diffusion Modelscited by 36
  22. 2024X2-DFD: A framework for eXplainable and eXtendable Deepfake Detectioncited by 35
  23. 2024Poisoned Forgery Face: Towards Backdoor Attacks on Face Forgery Detectioncited by 34
  24. 2023Quality-Agnostic Deepfake Detection with Intra-model Collaborative Learningcited by 32
  25. 2024Lips Are Lying: Spotting the Temporal Inconsistency between Audio and Visual in Lip-Syncing DeepFakescited by 32
  26. 2022State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstructioncited by 30
  27. 2024Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reprogramming Visual-Language Model for General Deepfake Detectioncited by 30
  28. 2024Fake It till You Make It: Curricular Dynamic Forgery Augmentations towards General Deepfake Detectioncited by 30
  29. 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusioncited by 29
  30. 2023Contrastive Pseudo Learning for Open-World DeepFake Attributioncited by 27
  31. 2024MoE-FFD: Mixture of Experts for Generalized and Parameter-Efficient Face Forgery Detectioncited by 27
  32. 2025Exploring Unbiased Deepfake Detection via Token-Level Shuffling and Mixingcited by 27
  33. 2023MaLP: Manipulation Localization Using a Proactive Schemecited by 26
  34. 2023Locate and Verify: A Two-Stream Network for Improved Deepfake Detectioncited by 26
  35. 2024Detecting AI-Generated Video via Frame Consistencycited by 26
  36. 2024Learning Natural Consistency Representation for Face Forgery Video Detectioncited by 26
  37. 2022Discovering Transferable Forensic Features for CNN-generated Images Detectioncited by 24
  38. 2023Weakly-supervised deepfake localization in diffusion-generated imagescited by 24

50 most cited of 332 All 332 (JSON)