Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the rapid development of facial manipulation techniques, face forgery detection has received considerable attention in digital media forensics due to security concerns. Most existing methods formulate face forgery detection as a classification problem and utilize binary labels or manipulated region masks as supervision. However, without considering the correlation between local regions, these global supervisions are insufficient to learn a generalized feature and prone to overfitting. To address this issue, we propose a novel perspective of face forgery detection via local relation learning. Specifically, we propose a Multi-scale Patch Similarity Module (MPSM), which measures the similarity between features of local regions and forms a robust and generalized similarity pattern. Moreover, we propose an RGB-Frequency Attention Module (RFAM) to fuse information in both RGB and frequency domains for more comprehensive local feature representation, which further improves the reliability of the similarity pattern. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method consistently outperforms the state-of-the-arts on widely-used benchmarks. Furthermore, detailed visualization shows the robustness and interpretability of our method.
Key facts. Cited by 100 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 May 2021.
Builds on
21 of 29 references.
References · 21
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
- 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
- 2016Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutionscited by 2,320
- 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
- 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 631
- 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 573
- 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 518
- 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 469
- 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
- 2019Detecting and Simulating Artifacts in GAN Fake Imagescited by 293
- 2020HRank: Filter Pruning using High-Rank Feature Mapcited by 291
9 more
- 2019On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulationcited by 259
- 2020Global Texture Enhancement for Fake Face Detection in the Wildcited by 220
- 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 208
- 2018Capsule-Forensics: Using Capsule Networks to Detect Forged Images and Videoscited by 180
- 2020Two-branch Recurrent Network for Isolating Deepfakes in Videoscited by 161
- 2019Multi-task Learning For Detecting and Segmenting Manipulated Facial Images and Videoscited by 130
- 2019Unmasking DeepFakes with simple Featurescited by 78
- 2017Image Splicing Localization Using A Multi-Task Fully Convolutional Network (MFCN)cited by 64
- 2017Recasting Residual-based Local Descriptors as Convolutional Neural Networks: an Application to Image Forgery Detectioncited by 56
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 21; 2023: 25; 2024: 21; 2025: 18; 2026: 6.
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- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
- 2023Forgery-aware Adaptive Transformer for Generalizable Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 180
- 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 177
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
- 2021Dual Contrastive Learning for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulationcited by 98
- 2021Spatiotemporal Inconsistency Learning for DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 88
- 2024LAA-Net: Localized Artifact Attention Network for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 88
- 2022ObjectFormer for Image Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 78
- 2022CORE: Consistent Representation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 73
- 2022UIA-ViT: Unsupervised Inconsistency-Aware Method based on Vision Transformer for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 69
- 2021Exploiting Fine-grained Face Forgery Clues via Progressive Enhancement Learningcited by 60
38 more
- 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 58
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyondcited by 55
- 2021CMUA-Watermark: A Cross-Model Universal Adversarial Watermark for Combating Deepfakescited by 54
- 2023Beyond the Prior Forgery Knowledge: Mining Critical Clues for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 50
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
- 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledgecited by 48
- 2022Exploring Frequency Adversarial Attacks for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
- 2023Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
- 2022Delving into Sequential Patches for Deepfake Detectioncited by 41
- 2024SHIELD : An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 39
- 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detectorcited by 38
- 2022Exploring Disentangled Content Information for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 36
- 2022Learning Second Order Local Anomaly for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 36
- 2024Lips Are Lying: Spotting the Temporal Inconsistency between Audio and Visual in Lip-Syncing DeepFakescited by 32
- 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusioncited by 29
- 2023Contrastive Pseudo Learning for Open-World DeepFake Attributioncited by 27
- 2023DeepFake-Adapter: Dual-Level Adapter for DeepFake Detectioncited by 26
- 2023Locate and Verify: A Two-Stream Network for Improved Deepfake Detectioncited by 26
- 2023Continual Face Forgery Detection via Historical Distribution Preservingcited by 23
- 2023DFIL: Deepfake Incremental Learning by Exploiting Domain-invariant Forgery Cluescited by 23
- 2022Self-supervised Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 22
- 2023Controllable Guide-Space for Generalizable Face Forgery Detectioncited by 21
- 20213D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 18
- 2022Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Furthercited by 17
- 2022Making DeepFakes more spurious: evading deep face forgery detection via trace removal attackcited by 16
- 2024GM-DF: Generalized Multi-Scenario Deepfake Detectioncited by 16
- 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 15
- 2024SoK: Systematization and Benchmarking of Deepfake Detectors in a Unified Frameworkcited by 14
- 2022FedForgery: Generalized Face Forgery Detection with Residual Federated Learningcited by 12
- 2024Delocate: Detection and Localization for Deepfake Videos with Randomly-Located Tampered Tracescited by 12
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 12
- 2021FT-TDR: Frequency-guided Transformer and Top-Down Refinement Network for Blind Face Inpaintingcited by 11
- 2023Multi-spectral Class Center Network for Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 11
- 2024Learning to Discover Forgery Cues for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 11
- 2025Micro-macro Wavelet-based Gaussian Splatting for 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained Imagescited by 10
- 2025Dual Frequency Branch Framework with Reconstructed Sliding Windows Attention for AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 10
- 2022Hierarchical Forgery Classifier On Multi-modality Face Forgery Cluescited by 9
50 most cited of 100 All 100 (JSON)
- 2026EVAS: Efficient Multimodal Temporal Forgery Localization via Audio-Visual Synergy and Steered Boundary Calibration5 Jul 2026
- 2026Interpretable facial dynamics as behavioral and perceptual traces of deepfakes23 Apr 2026
- 2026Rethinking Cross-Domain Evaluation for Face Forgery Detection with Semantic Fine-grained Alignment and Mixture-of-Experts23 Apr 2026
- 2026LAA-X: Unified Localized Artifact Attention for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Face Forgery Detection5 Apr 2026
- 2026Human-AI Ensembles Improve Deepfake Detection in Low-to-Medium Quality Videos15 Mar 2026
- 2026A Novel Unified Approach to Deepfake Detection6 Jan 2026
- 2025UMCL: Unimodal-generated Multimodal Contrastive Learning for Cross-compression-rate Deepfake Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025When Generative Replay Meets Evolving Deepfakes: Dual Confusion-Aware Regularization for Incremental Face Forgery Detection23 Nov 2025
- 2025Agent4FaceForgery: Multi-Agent LLM Framework for Realistic Face Forgery Detection16 Sep 2025
- 2025An Investigation of Visual Foundation Models Robustness22 Aug 2025
- 2025DiffusionFF: A Diffusion-based Framework for Joint Face Forgery Detection and Fine-Grained Artifact Localization3 Aug 2025
- 2025Visual Language Models as Zero-Shot Deepfake Detectors30 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025CorrDetail: Visual Detail Enhanced Self-Correction for Face Forgery Detection7 Jul 2025
- 2025De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detection4 Jul 2025
- 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detection3 Jul 2025
- 2025SFNet: Fusion of Spatial and Frequency-Domain Features for Remote Sensing Image Forgery Detection25 Jun 2025
- 2025Noise-Informed Diffusion-Generated Image Detection with Anomaly Attention20 Jun 2025
- 2025Micro-macro Gaussian Splatting with Enhanced Scalability for Unconstrained Scene Reconstruction16 Jun 2025
- 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detector26 Mar 2025
- 2025Reduced Spatial Dependency for More General Video-level Deepfake Detection5 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detection(V2)28 Feb 2025
- 2025DiffFake: Exposing Deepfakes using Differential Anomaly Detection22 Feb 2025
- 2025Dual Frequency Branch Framework with Reconstructed Sliding Windows Attention for AI-Generated Image Detection25 Jan 2025
- 2025Micro-macro Wavelet-based Gaussian Splatting for 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained Images24 Jan 2025
- 2024Exploring Depth Information for Detecting Manipulated Face Videos27 Nov 2024
- 2024DIP: Diffusion Learning of Inconsistency Pattern for General DeepFake Detection31 Oct 2024
- 2024FakeFormer: Efficient Vulnerability-Driven Transformers for Generalisable Deepfake Detection29 Oct 2024
- 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusion6 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Technology for Face Forgery Detection: A Survey22 Sep 2024
- 2024Learning to Discover Forgery Cues for Face Forgery Detection2 Sep 2024
- 2024Mixture-of-Noises Enhanced Forgery-Aware Predictor for Multi-Face Manipulation Detection and Localization5 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
- 2024GM-DF: Generalized Multi-Scenario Deepfake Detection28 Jun 2024
- 2024FSBI: Deepfakes Detection with Frequency Enhanced Self-Blended Images12 Jun 2024
- 2024Evolving from Single-modal to Multi-modal Facial Deepfake Detection: Progress and Challenges11 Jun 2024
- 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledge22 Apr 2024
- 2024Selective Domain-Invariant Feature for Generalizable Deepfake Detection19 Mar 2024
- 2024Artifact Feature Purification for Cross-domain Detection of AI-generated Images17 Mar 2024
- 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection11 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Expressive And Generalizable Motion Features For Face Forgery Detection8 Mar 2024
- 2024SHIELD : An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Models6 Feb 2024
- 2024Lips Are Lying: Spotting the Temporal Inconsistency between Audio and Visual in Lip-Syncing DeepFakes28 Jan 2024
- 2024LAA-Net: Localized Artifact Attention Network for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Deepfake Detection24 Jan 2024
- 2024Delocate: Detection and Localization for Deepfake Videos with Randomly-Located Tampered Traces24 Jan 2024
- 2024SoK: Systematization and Benchmarking of Deepfake Detectors in a Unified Framework9 Jan 2024
- 2023Forgery-aware Adaptive Transformer for Generalizable Synthetic Image Detection27 Dec 2023
- 2023DeepFidelity: Perceptual Forgery Fidelity Assessment for Deepfake Detection7 Dec 2023
- 2023Unearthing Common Inconsistency for Generalisable Deepfake Detection20 Nov 2023
- 2023Exploiting Facial Relationships and Feature Aggregation for Multi-Face Forgery Detection7 Oct 2023
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyond25 Sep 2023
50 newest of 100 All 100 (JSON)
- 2023Forgery-aware Adaptive Transformer for Generalizable Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 180
- 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusioncited by 29
- 2025Dual Frequency Branch Framework with Reconstructed Sliding Windows Attention for AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 10
- 2024Artifact Feature Purification for Cross-domain Detection of AI-generated Imagescited by 5
- 2025Noise-Informed Diffusion-Generated Image Detection with Anomaly Attentioncited by 3
- 2025Noise-Informed Diffusion-Generated Image Detection with Anomaly Attention20 Jun 2025
- 2025Dual Frequency Branch Framework with Reconstructed Sliding Windows Attention for AI-Generated Image Detection25 Jan 2025
- 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusion6 Oct 2024
- 2024Artifact Feature Purification for Cross-domain Detection of AI-generated Images17 Mar 2024
- 2023Forgery-aware Adaptive Transformer for Generalizable Synthetic Image Detection27 Dec 2023
- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
- 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 177
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
- 2021Dual Contrastive Learning for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulationcited by 98
- 2021Spatiotemporal Inconsistency Learning for DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 88
- 2024LAA-Net: Localized Artifact Attention Network for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 88
- 2022ObjectFormer for Image Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 78
- 2022CORE: Consistent Representation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 73
- 2022UIA-ViT: Unsupervised Inconsistency-Aware Method based on Vision Transformer for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 69
- 2021Exploiting Fine-grained Face Forgery Clues via Progressive Enhancement Learningcited by 60
- 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 58
12 most cited of 88 All 88 (JSON)
- 2026EVAS: Efficient Multimodal Temporal Forgery Localization via Audio-Visual Synergy and Steered Boundary Calibration5 Jul 2026
- 2026Interpretable facial dynamics as behavioral and perceptual traces of deepfakes23 Apr 2026
- 2026LAA-X: Unified Localized Artifact Attention for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Face Forgery Detection5 Apr 2026
- 2026Human-AI Ensembles Improve Deepfake Detection in Low-to-Medium Quality Videos15 Mar 2026
- 2026A Novel Unified Approach to Deepfake Detection6 Jan 2026
- 2025UMCL: Unimodal-generated Multimodal Contrastive Learning for Cross-compression-rate Deepfake Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025When Generative Replay Meets Evolving Deepfakes: Dual Confusion-Aware Regularization for Incremental Face Forgery Detection23 Nov 2025
- 2025An Investigation of Visual Foundation Models Robustness22 Aug 2025
- 2025DiffusionFF: A Diffusion-based Framework for Joint Face Forgery Detection and Fine-Grained Artifact Localization3 Aug 2025
- 2025CorrDetail: Visual Detail Enhanced Self-Correction for Face Forgery Detection7 Jul 2025
- 2025De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detection4 Jul 2025
- 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detection3 Jul 2025
12 newest of 88 All 88 (JSON)