mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detection

arXiv 2105.02577 ↗First posted 6 May 2021cs.CVcited by 100

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Abstract (arXiv)

With the rapid development of facial manipulation techniques, face forgery detection has received considerable attention in digital media forensics due to security concerns. Most existing methods formulate face forgery detection as a classification problem and utilize binary labels or manipulated region masks as supervision. However, without considering the correlation between local regions, these global supervisions are insufficient to learn a generalized feature and prone to overfitting. To address this issue, we propose a novel perspective of face forgery detection via local relation learning. Specifically, we propose a Multi-scale Patch Similarity Module (MPSM), which measures the similarity between features of local regions and forms a robust and generalized similarity pattern. Moreover, we propose an RGB-Frequency Attention Module (RFAM) to fuse information in both RGB and frequency domains for more comprehensive local feature representation, which further improves the reliability of the similarity pattern. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method consistently outperforms the state-of-the-arts on widely-used benchmarks. Furthermore, detailed visualization shows the robustness and interpretability of our method.

Key facts. Cited by 100 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 May 2021.

Builds on

21 of 29 references.

References · 21

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
  3. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
  4. 2016Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutionscited by 2,320
  5. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
  6. 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 631
  7. 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 573
  8. 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 518
  9. 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 469
  10. 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
  11. 2019Detecting and Simulating Artifacts in GAN Fake Imagescited by 293
  12. 2020HRank: Filter Pruning using High-Rank Feature Mapcited by 291
9 more
  1. 2019On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulationcited by 259
  2. 2020Global Texture Enhancement for Fake Face Detection in the Wildcited by 220
  3. 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 208
  4. 2018Capsule-Forensics: Using Capsule Networks to Detect Forged Images and Videoscited by 180
  5. 2020Two-branch Recurrent Network for Isolating Deepfakes in Videoscited by 161
  6. 2019Multi-task Learning For Detecting and Segmenting Manipulated Facial Images and Videoscited by 130
  7. 2019Unmasking DeepFakes with simple Featurescited by 78
  8. 2017Image Splicing Localization Using A Multi-Task Fully Convolutional Network (MFCN)cited by 64
  9. 2017Recasting Residual-based Local Descriptors as Convolutional Neural Networks: an Application to Image Forgery Detectioncited by 56

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 21; 2023: 25; 2024: 21; 2025: 18; 2026: 6.

100 papers.

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  1. 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
  2. 2023Forgery-aware Adaptive Transformer for Generalizable Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 180
  3. 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 177
  4. 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
  5. 2021Dual Contrastive Learning for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
  6. 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulationcited by 98
  7. 2021Spatiotemporal Inconsistency Learning for DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 88
  8. 2024LAA-Net: Localized Artifact Attention Network for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 88
  9. 2022ObjectFormer for Image Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 78
  10. 2022CORE: Consistent Representation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 73
  11. 2022UIA-ViT: Unsupervised Inconsistency-Aware Method based on Vision Transformer for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 69
  12. 2021Exploiting Fine-grained Face Forgery Clues via Progressive Enhancement Learningcited by 60
38 more
  1. 2024Exploiting Style Latent Flows for Generalizing Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 58
  2. 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyondcited by 55
  3. 2021CMUA-Watermark: A Cross-Model Universal Adversarial Watermark for Combating Deepfakescited by 54
  4. 2023Beyond the Prior Forgery Knowledge: Mining Critical Clues for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 50
  5. 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 48
  6. 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledgecited by 48
  7. 2022Exploring Frequency Adversarial Attacks for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
  8. 2023Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
  9. 2022Delving into Sequential Patches for Deepfake Detectioncited by 41
  10. 2024SHIELD : An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 39
  11. 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detectorcited by 38
  12. 2022Exploring Disentangled Content Information for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 36
  13. 2022Learning Second Order Local Anomaly for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 36
  14. 2024Lips Are Lying: Spotting the Temporal Inconsistency between Audio and Visual in Lip-Syncing DeepFakescited by 32
  15. 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusioncited by 29
  16. 2023Contrastive Pseudo Learning for Open-World DeepFake Attributioncited by 27
  17. 2023DeepFake-Adapter: Dual-Level Adapter for DeepFake Detectioncited by 26
  18. 2023Locate and Verify: A Two-Stream Network for Improved Deepfake Detectioncited by 26
  19. 2023Continual Face Forgery Detection via Historical Distribution Preservingcited by 23
  20. 2023DFIL: Deepfake Incremental Learning by Exploiting Domain-invariant Forgery Cluescited by 23
  21. 2022Self-supervised Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 22
  22. 2023Controllable Guide-Space for Generalizable Face Forgery Detectioncited by 21
  23. 20213D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challengecited by 18
  24. 2022Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Furthercited by 17
  25. 2022Making DeepFakes more spurious: evading deep face forgery detection via trace removal attackcited by 16
  26. 2024GM-DF: Generalized Multi-Scenario Deepfake Detectioncited by 16
  27. 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 15
  28. 2024SoK: Systematization and Benchmarking of Deepfake Detectors in a Unified Frameworkcited by 14
  29. 2022FedForgery: Generalized Face Forgery Detection with Residual Federated Learningcited by 12
  30. 2024Delocate: Detection and Localization for Deepfake Videos with Randomly-Located Tampered Tracescited by 12
  31. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
  32. 2025Beyond Spatial Frequency: Pixel-wise Temporal Frequency-based Deepfake Video Detectioncited by 12
  33. 2021FT-TDR: Frequency-guided Transformer and Top-Down Refinement Network for Blind Face Inpaintingcited by 11
  34. 2023Multi-spectral Class Center Network for Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 11
  35. 2024Learning to Discover Forgery Cues for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 11
  36. 2025Micro-macro Wavelet-based Gaussian Splatting for 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained Imagescited by 10
  37. 2025Dual Frequency Branch Framework with Reconstructed Sliding Windows Attention for AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 10
  38. 2022Hierarchical Forgery Classifier On Multi-modality Face Forgery Cluescited by 9

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