The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Dataset
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deepfakes are a recent off-the-shelf manipulation technique that allows anyone to swap two identities in a single video. In addition to Deepfakes, a variety of GAN-based face swapping methods have also been published with accompanying code. To counter this emerging threat, we have constructed an extremely large face swap video dataset to enable the training of detection models, and organized the accompanying DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Kaggle competition. Importantly, all recorded subjects agreed to participate in and have their likenesses modified during the construction of the face-swapped dataset. The DFDC dataset is by far the largest currently and publicly available face swap video dataset, with over 100,000 total clips sourced from 3,426 paid actors, produced with several Deepfake, GAN-based, and non-learned methods. In addition to describing the methods used to construct the dataset, we provide a detailed analysis of the top submissions from the Kaggle contest. We show although Deepfake detection is extremely difficult and still an unsolved problem, a Deepfake detection model trained only on the DFDC can generalize to real "in-the-wild" Deepfake videos, and such a model can be a valuable analysis tool when analyzing potentially Deepfaked videos. Training, validation and testing corpuses can be downloaded from https://ai.facebook.com/datasets/dfdc.
Key facts. Cited by 125 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 31; 2022: 24; 2023: 17; 2024: 18; 2025: 22; 2026: 13.
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- 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 705
- 2021Multi-attentional Deepfake Detectioncited by 339
- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
- 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
- 2021FakeAVCeleb: A Novel Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Datasetcited by 179
- 2023DeepfakeBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deepfake Detectioncited by 162
- 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 158
- 2024DF40: Toward Next-Generation Deepfake Detectioncited by 126
- 2021ForgeryNet: A Versatile Benchmark for Comprehensive Forgery Analysiscited by 124
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
- 2021Dual Contrastive Learning for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
- 2021Face Forensics in the Wildcited by 87
38 more
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2021Towards Measuring Fairness in AI: the Casual Conversations Datasetcited by 80
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- 2023BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swappingcited by 66
- 2021Deepfake Detection by Human Crowds, Machines, and Machine-informed Crowdscited by 58
- 2023FACET: Fairness in Computer Vision Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 58
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
- 2021Deep Gait Recognition: A Surveycited by 54
- 2021OpenForensics: Large-Scale Challenging Dataset For Multi-Face Forgery Detection And Segmentation In-The-Wildcited by 50
- 2024Can We Leave Deepfake Data Behind in Training Deepfake Detector?cited by 48
- 2023Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
- 2021The 2021 Image Similarity Dataset and Challengecited by 44
- 2022Voice-Face Homogeneity Tells Deepfakecited by 44
- 2022Audio-Visual Person-of-Interest DeepFake Detectioncited by 43
- 2024Diffusion Facial Forgery Detectioncited by 41
- 2021Detect and Locate: Exposing Face Manipulation by Semantic- and Noise-level Telltalescited by 39
- 2023Origin Tracing and Detecting of LLMscited by 39
- 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detectorcited by 38
- 2022Explaining Deepfake Detection by Analysing Image Matchingcited by 34
- 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusioncited by 29
- 2021Towards Solving the DeepFake Problem : An Analysis on Improving DeepFake Detection using Dynamic Face Augmentationcited by 25
- 2021Deepfake Videos in the Wild: Analysis and Detectioncited by 23
- 2023Continual Face Forgery Detection via Historical Distribution Preservingcited by 23
- 2025Veritas: Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Pattern-Aware Reasoningcited by 23
- 2021Deepfake Detection Scheme Based on Vision Transformer and Distillationcited by 22
- 2021NinjaDesc: Content-Concealing Visual Descriptors via Adversarial Learningcited by 21
- 2022Deep Convolutional Pooling Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 19
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- 2021Detection and Localization of Facial Expression Manipulationscited by 15
- 2022Realistic Full-Body Anonymization with Surface-Guided GANscited by 15
- 2022A survey on GANs for computer vision: Recent research, analysis and taxonomycited by 15
- 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Modelscited by 13
- 2024GenFace: A Large-Scale Fine-Grained Face Forgery Benchmark and Cross Appearance-Edge Learningcited by 12
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2021Style Equalization: Unsupervised Learning of Controllable Generative Sequence Modelscited by 11
- 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advancescited by 11
- 2023Avatar Fingerprinting for Authorized Use of Synthetic Talking-Head Videoscited by 11
50 most cited of 125 All 125 (JSON)
- 2026Does an Illumination Prior Help Face-Swap Detection? A Controlled Study of Temporal Self-Blended Images8 Oct 2026
- 2026Camera-Noise Residuals for Face-Swap Detection: Redundant, Not Complementary, and Why8 Oct 2026
- 2026What Makes Adversarial Examples Transfer Across Deepfake Detectors?9 Sep 2026
- 2026FairForensics: Seeing Expressions and Parsing Demographics via Vision-Language Modeling for Generalizable Fair Deepfake Detection3 Aug 2026
- 2026Adversarial Deepfake Generation and an Investigation of Purification-Based Adversarial Detection28 Jul 2026
- 2026When AUC Misleads: Polarization-Aware Evaluation of Deepfake Detectors under Domain Shift17 Jun 2026
- 2026Specialist-Generalist Fusion with Outcome-Supervised Rationales for Deepfake Detection29 May 2026
- 2026MFVLR: Multi-domain Fine-grained Vision-Language Reconstruction for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detection and Localization11 May 2026
- 2026Robust Deepfake Detection, NTIRE 2026 Challenge: Report27 Apr 2026
- 2026LAA-X: Unified Localized Artifact Attention for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Face Forgery Detection5 Apr 2026
- 2026LOGER: Local--Global Ensemble for Robust Deepfake Detection in the Wild4 Apr 2026
- 2026GazeCLIP: Gaze-Guided CLIP with Adaptive-Enhanced Fine-Grained Language Prompt for Deepfake Attribution and Detection31 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectors5 Jan 2026
- 2025Attack-Aware Deepfake Detection under Counter-Forensic Manipulations26 Dec 2025
- 2025A Sanity Check for Multi-In-Domain Face Forgery Detection in the Real World4 Dec 2025
- 2025INSIGHT: An Interpretable Neural Vision-Language Framework for Reasoning of Generative Artifacts27 Nov 2025
- 2025DBINDS -- Can Initial Noise from Diffusion Model Inversion Help Reveal AI-Generated Videos?12 Nov 2025
- 2025Improving Deepfake Detection with Reinforcement Learning-Based Adaptive Data Augmentation10 Nov 2025
- 2025Through the Lens: Benchmarking Deepfake Detectors Against Moir'e-Induced Distortions27 Oct 2025
- 2025Fair and Interpretable Deepfake Detection in Videos20 Oct 2025
- 2025Veritas: Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Pattern-Aware Reasoning28 Aug 2025
- 2025Addressing Deepfake Issue in Selfie banking through camera based authentication27 Aug 2025
- 2025Suppressing Gradient Conflict for Generalizable Deepfake Detection29 Jul 2025
- 2025Fair Deepfake Detectors Can Generalize3 Jul 2025
- 2025SocialDF: Benchmark Dataset and Detection Model for Mitigating Harmful Deepfake Content on Social Media Platforms5 Jun 2025
- 2025Practical Manipulation Model for Robust Deepfake Detection5 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning Real Facial Concepts for Independent Deepfake Detection7 May 2025
- 2025PVLM: Parsing-Aware Vision Language Model with Dynamic Contrastive Learning for Zero-Shot Deepfake Attribution19 Apr 2025
- 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detector26 Mar 2025
- 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Models19 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detection(V2)28 Feb 2025
- 2025Do Deepfake Detectors Work in Reality?15 Feb 2025
- 2025Improving the Perturbation-Based Explanation of Deepfake Detectors Through the Use of Adversarially-Generated Samples6 Feb 2025
- 2025Emotion Recognition and Generation: A Comprehensive Review of Face, Speech, and Text Modalities2 Feb 2025
- 2025Vulnerability-Aware Spatio-Temporal Learning for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection2 Jan 2025
- 2024Distilled Transformers with Locally Enhanced Global Representations for Face Forgery Detection28 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving Lip-synchrony in Direct Audio-Visual Speech-to-Speech Translation21 Dec 2024
- 2024BENet: A Cross-domain Robust Network for Detecting Face Forgeries via Bias Expansion and Latent-space Attention10 Dec 2024
- 2024Detecting Facial Image Manipulations with Multi-Layer CNN Models9 Dec 2024
- 2024Securing Social Media Against Deepfakes using Identity, Behavioral, and Geometric Signatures7 Dec 2024
- 2024Hindi audio-video-Deepfake (HAV-DF): A Hindi language-based Audio-video Deepfake Dataset23 Nov 2024
- 2024FakeFormer: Efficient Vulnerability-Driven Transformers for Generalisable Deepfake Detection29 Oct 2024
- 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusion6 Oct 2024
- 2024MFCLIP: Multi-modal Fine-grained CLIP for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detection15 Sep 2024
- 2024Can We Leave Deepfake Data Behind in Training Deepfake Detector?30 Aug 2024
- 2024Multiple Contexts and Frequencies Aggregation Network forDeepfake Detection3 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
- 2024Landscape More Secure Than Portrait? Zooming Into the Directionality of Digital Images With Security Implications21 Jun 2024
- 2024DF40: Toward Next-Generation Deepfake Detection19 Jun 2024
- 2024Redundant Semantic Environment Filling via Misleading-Learning for Fair Deepfake Detection24 May 2024
50 newest of 125 All 125 (JSON)
- 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusioncited by 29
- 2026ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectorscited by 1
- 2024Detecting Facial Image Manipulations with Multi-Layer CNN Modelscited by 0
- 2025DBINDS -- Can Initial Noise from Diffusion Model Inversion Help Reveal AI-Generated Videos?cited by 0
- 2026When AUC Misleads: Polarization-Aware Evaluation of Deepfake Detectors under Domain Shiftcited by 0
- 2026When AUC Misleads: Polarization-Aware Evaluation of Deepfake Detectors under Domain Shift17 Jun 2026
- 2026ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectors5 Jan 2026
- 2025DBINDS -- Can Initial Noise from Diffusion Model Inversion Help Reveal AI-Generated Videos?12 Nov 2025
- 2024Detecting Facial Image Manipulations with Multi-Layer CNN Models9 Dec 2024
- 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusion6 Oct 2024
- 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detectorcited by 38
- 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025PVLM: Parsing-Aware Vision Language Model with Dynamic Contrastive Learning for Zero-Shot Deepfake Attributioncited by 1
- 2025PVLM: Parsing-Aware Vision Language Model with Dynamic Contrastive Learning for Zero-Shot Deepfake Attribution19 Apr 2025
- 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detector26 Mar 2025
- 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Models19 Mar 2025
- 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 705
- 2021Multi-attentional Deepfake Detectioncited by 339
- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
- 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
- 2021FakeAVCeleb: A Novel Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Datasetcited by 179
- 2023DeepfakeBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deepfake Detectioncited by 162
- 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 158
- 2024DF40: Toward Next-Generation Deepfake Detectioncited by 126
- 2021ForgeryNet: A Versatile Benchmark for Comprehensive Forgery Analysiscited by 124
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
- 2021Dual Contrastive Learning for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
- 2021Face Forensics in the Wildcited by 87
12 most cited of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2026Does an Illumination Prior Help Face-Swap Detection? A Controlled Study of Temporal Self-Blended Images8 Oct 2026
- 2026Camera-Noise Residuals for Face-Swap Detection: Redundant, Not Complementary, and Why8 Oct 2026
- 2026What Makes Adversarial Examples Transfer Across Deepfake Detectors?9 Sep 2026
- 2026FairForensics: Seeing Expressions and Parsing Demographics via Vision-Language Modeling for Generalizable Fair Deepfake Detection3 Aug 2026
- 2026Adversarial Deepfake Generation and an Investigation of Purification-Based Adversarial Detection28 Jul 2026
- 2026Specialist-Generalist Fusion with Outcome-Supervised Rationales for Deepfake Detection29 May 2026
- 2026MFVLR: Multi-domain Fine-grained Vision-Language Reconstruction for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detection and Localization11 May 2026
- 2026Robust Deepfake Detection, NTIRE 2026 Challenge: Report27 Apr 2026
- 2026LAA-X: Unified Localized Artifact Attention for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Face Forgery Detection5 Apr 2026
- 2026LOGER: Local--Global Ensemble for Robust Deepfake Detection in the Wild4 Apr 2026
- 2026GazeCLIP: Gaze-Guided CLIP with Adaptive-Enhanced Fine-Grained Language Prompt for Deepfake Attribution and Detection31 Mar 2026
- 2025A Sanity Check for Multi-In-Domain Face Forgery Detection in the Real World4 Dec 2025
12 newest of 114 All 114 (JSON)