mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Dataset

arXiv 2006.07397 ↗First posted 12 Jun 2020cs.CV cs.LGcited by 125

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Abstract (arXiv)

Deepfakes are a recent off-the-shelf manipulation technique that allows anyone to swap two identities in a single video. In addition to Deepfakes, a variety of GAN-based face swapping methods have also been published with accompanying code. To counter this emerging threat, we have constructed an extremely large face swap video dataset to enable the training of detection models, and organized the accompanying DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Kaggle competition. Importantly, all recorded subjects agreed to participate in and have their likenesses modified during the construction of the face-swapped dataset. The DFDC dataset is by far the largest currently and publicly available face swap video dataset, with over 100,000 total clips sourced from 3,426 paid actors, produced with several Deepfake, GAN-based, and non-learned methods. In addition to describing the methods used to construct the dataset, we provide a detailed analysis of the top submissions from the Kaggle contest. We show although Deepfake detection is extremely difficult and still an unsolved problem, a Deepfake detection model trained only on the DFDC can generalize to real "in-the-wild" Deepfake videos, and such a model can be a valuable analysis tool when analyzing potentially Deepfaked videos. Training, validation and testing corpuses can be downloaded from https://ai.facebook.com/datasets/dfdc.

Key facts. Cited by 125 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 31; 2022: 24; 2023: 17; 2024: 18; 2025: 22; 2026: 13.

125 papers.

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  1. 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 705
  2. 2021Multi-attentional Deepfake Detectioncited by 339
  3. 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
  4. 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
  5. 2021FakeAVCeleb: A Novel Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Datasetcited by 179
  6. 2023DeepfakeBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deepfake Detectioncited by 162
  7. 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 158
  8. 2024DF40: Toward Next-Generation Deepfake Detectioncited by 126
  9. 2021ForgeryNet: A Versatile Benchmark for Comprehensive Forgery Analysiscited by 124
  10. 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
  11. 2021Dual Contrastive Learning for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
  12. 2021Face Forensics in the Wildcited by 87
38 more
  1. 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
  2. 2021Towards Measuring Fairness in AI: the Casual Conversations Datasetcited by 80
  3. 2022FrePGAN: Robust Deepfake Detection Using Frequency-level Perturbationscited by 75
  4. 2023BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swappingcited by 66
  5. 2021Deepfake Detection by Human Crowds, Machines, and Machine-informed Crowdscited by 58
  6. 2023FACET: Fairness in Computer Vision Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 58
  7. 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
  8. 2021Deep Gait Recognition: A Surveycited by 54
  9. 2021OpenForensics: Large-Scale Challenging Dataset For Multi-Face Forgery Detection And Segmentation In-The-Wildcited by 50
  10. 2024Can We Leave Deepfake Data Behind in Training Deepfake Detector?cited by 48
  11. 2023Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
  12. 2021The 2021 Image Similarity Dataset and Challengecited by 44
  13. 2022Voice-Face Homogeneity Tells Deepfakecited by 44
  14. 2022Audio-Visual Person-of-Interest DeepFake Detectioncited by 43
  15. 2024Diffusion Facial Forgery Detectioncited by 41
  16. 2021Detect and Locate: Exposing Face Manipulation by Semantic- and Noise-level Telltalescited by 39
  17. 2023Origin Tracing and Detecting of LLMscited by 39
  18. 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detectorcited by 38
  19. 2022Explaining Deepfake Detection by Analysing Image Matchingcited by 34
  20. 2024DiffusionFake: Enhancing Generalization in Deepfake Detection via Guided Stable Diffusioncited by 29
  21. 2021Towards Solving the DeepFake Problem : An Analysis on Improving DeepFake Detection using Dynamic Face Augmentationcited by 25
  22. 2021Deepfake Videos in the Wild: Analysis and Detectioncited by 23
  23. 2023Continual Face Forgery Detection via Historical Distribution Preservingcited by 23
  24. 2025Veritas: Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Pattern-Aware Reasoningcited by 23
  25. 2021Deepfake Detection Scheme Based on Vision Transformer and Distillationcited by 22
  26. 2021NinjaDesc: Content-Concealing Visual Descriptors via Adversarial Learningcited by 21
  27. 2022Deep Convolutional Pooling Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 19
  28. 2021FaceGuard: Proactive Deepfake Detectioncited by 16
  29. 2023Enhancing General Face Forgery Detection via Vision Transformer with Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 16
  30. 2021Detection and Localization of Facial Expression Manipulationscited by 15
  31. 2022Realistic Full-Body Anonymization with Surface-Guided GANscited by 15
  32. 2022A survey on GANs for computer vision: Recent research, analysis and taxonomycited by 15
  33. 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Modelscited by 13
  34. 2024GenFace: A Large-Scale Fine-Grained Face Forgery Benchmark and Cross Appearance-Edge Learningcited by 12
  35. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
  36. 2021Style Equalization: Unsupervised Learning of Controllable Generative Sequence Modelscited by 11
  37. 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Face Biometrics and Recent Advancescited by 11
  38. 2023Avatar Fingerprinting for Authorized Use of Synthetic Talking-Head Videoscited by 11

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