mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detector

arXiv 2503.20188 ↗First posted 26 Mar 2025cs.CVcited by 40

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → MLLM jailbreaks and adversarial robustness

Abstract (arXiv)

Deepfake detection is a long-established research topic vital for mitigating the spread of malicious misinformation. Unlike prior methods that provide either binary classification results or textual explanations separately, we introduce a novel method capable of generating both simultaneously. Our method harnesses the multi-modal learning capability of the pre-trained CLIP and the unprecedented interpretability of large language models (LLMs) to enhance both the generalization and explainability of deepfake detection. Specifically, we introduce a multi-modal face forgery detector (M2F2-Det) that employs tailored face forgery prompt learning, incorporating the pre-trained CLIP to improve generalization to unseen forgeries. Also, M2F2-Det incorporates an LLM to provide detailed textual explanations of its detection decisions, enhancing interpretability by bridging the gap between natural language and subtle cues of facial forgeries. Empirically, we evaluate M2F2-Det on both detection and explanation generation tasks, where it achieves state-of-the-art performance, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying and explaining diverse forgeries.

Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in MLLM jailbreaks and adversarial robustness, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 86 of its 105 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Mar 2025.

Builds on

86 of 105 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Can ChatGPT Detect DeepFakes? A Study of Using Multimodal Large Language Models for Media Forensics21 Mar

Other references · 85

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  2. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  3. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,863
  4. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  5. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  6. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
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  11. 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,512
  12. 2021Learning to Prompt for Vision-Language Modelscited by 2,281
38 more
  1. 2014CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluationcited by 2,046
  2. 2022Visual Prompt Tuningcited by 1,681
  3. 2023Video-LLaMA: An Instruction-tuned Audio-Visual Language Model for Video Understandingcited by 1,471
  4. 2023IP-Adapter: Text Compatible Image Prompt Adapter for Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 1,464
  5. 2022Conditional Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Modelscited by 1,433
  6. 2023LLaVA-Med: Training a Large Language-and-Vision Assistant for Biomedicine in One Daycited by 1,305
  7. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,101
  8. 2023Kosmos-2: Grounding Multimodal Large Language Models to the Worldcited by 1,089
  9. 2017StarGAN: Unified Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1,039
  10. 2023A Survey on Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 909
  11. 2023VideoChat: Chat-Centric Video Understandingcited by 857
  12. 2016SPICE: Semantic Propositional Image Caption Evaluationcited by 824
  13. 2022MaPLe: Multi-modal Prompt Learningcited by 687
  14. 2023OpenFlamingo: An Open-Source Framework for Training Large Autoregressive Vision-Language Modelscited by 565
  15. 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 523
  16. 2023Towards Universal Fake Image Detectors that Generalize Across Generative Modelscited by 490
  17. 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 470
  18. 2023Med-Flamingo: a Multimodal Medical Few-shot Learnercited by 392
  19. 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 338
  20. 2023PMC-VQA: Visual Instruction Tuning for Medical Visual Question Answeringcited by 338
  21. 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 319
  22. 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 297
  23. 2020Lips Don't Lie: A Generalisable and Robust Approach to Face Forgery Detectioncited by 287
  24. 2023AnomalyCLIP: Object-agnostic Prompt Learning for Zero-shot Anomaly Detectioncited by 271
  25. 2019On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulationcited by 260
  26. 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 244
  27. 2023Pengi: An Audio Language Model for Audio Taskscited by 220
  28. 2021WildDeepfake: A Challenging Real-World Dataset for Deepfake Detectioncited by 209
  29. 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 180
  30. 2020Learning Self-Consistency for Deepfake Detectioncited by 179
  31. 2024MobileVLM V2: Faster and Stronger Baseline for Vision Language Modelcited by 174
  32. 2024TextMonkey: An OCR-Free Large Multimodal Model for Understanding Documentcited by 174
  33. 2022Self-supervised Learning of Adversarial Example: Towards Good Generalizations for Deepfake Detectioncited by 173
  34. 2022DE-FAKE: Detection and Attribution of Fake Images Generated by Text-to-Image Generation Modelscited by 168
  35. 2023mPLUG-DocOwl: Modularized Multimodal Large Language Model for Document Understandingcited by 168
  36. 2023Raising the Bar of AI-generated Image Detection with CLIPcited by 164
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  38. 2021Frequency-aware Discriminative Feature Learning Supervised by Single-Center Loss for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 134

50 most cited of 85 All 85 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 17; 2026: 23.

40 papers.

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  1. 2025AIGI-Holmes: Towards Explainable and Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detection via Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 33
  2. 2025Toward Generalizable Forgery Detection and Reasoningcited by 20
  3. 2025BiggerGait: Unlocking Gait Recognition with Layer-wise Representations from Large Vision Modelscited by 20
  4. 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognitioncited by 15
  5. 2026When and How Much to Imagine: Adaptive Test-Time Scaling with World Models for Visual Spatial Reasoningcited by 14
  6. 2025FakeScope: Large Multimodal Expert Model for Transparent AI-Generated Image Forensicscited by 11
  7. 2025A Quality-Guided Mixture of Score-Fusion Experts Framework for Human Recognitioncited by 11
  8. 2025Semantic Visual Anomaly Detection and Reasoning in AI-Generated Imagescited by 8
  9. 2026Venus-DeFakerOne: Unified Fake Image Detection & Localizationcited by 8
  10. 2025AvatarShield: Visual Reinforcement Learning for Human-Centric Synthetic Video Detectioncited by 6
  11. 2026On the Holistic Approach for Detecting Human Image Forgerycited by 5
  12. 2025TriDF: Evaluating Perception, Detection, and Hallucination for Interpretable DeepFake Detectioncited by 4
28 more
  1. 2026MARE: Multimodal Alignment and Reinforcement for Explainable Deepfake Detection via Vision-Language Modelscited by 4
  2. 2026FusionAgent: A Multimodal Agent with Dynamic Model Selection for Human Recognitioncited by 4
  3. 2025Vision-and-Language Navigation with Analogical Textual Descriptions in LLMscited by 3
  4. 2026Explainable Deepfake Detection with RL Enhanced Self-Blended Imagescited by 3
  5. 2026VIGIL: Part-Grounded Structured Reasoning for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 3
  6. 2025Propose and Rectify: A Forensics-Driven MLLM Framework for Image Manipulation Localizationcited by 2
  7. 2025Fake-in-Facext: Towards Fine-Grained Explainable DeepFake Analysiscited by 2
  8. 2026VRAG-DFD: Verifiable Retrieval-Augmentation for MLLM-based Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
  9. 2026Explainable Deepfake Detection Challengecited by 2
  10. 2025AuthGuard: Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Language Guidancecited by 1
  11. 2026EditSleuth: A Dataset of Grounded Reasoning Chains for Image-Edit Forensicscited by 1
  12. 2026HydraPrompt: An Adaptive and Asymmetric Framework of Vision-Language Models for Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 1
  13. 2026Explainable Deepfake Detection with Feature-robust Augmentation and Evidence-grounded Explanation Optimizationcited by 1
  14. 2025Leveraging Unlabeled Data from Unknown Sources via Dual-Path Guidance for Deepfake Face Detectioncited by 0
  15. 2025Cognitive Inception: Agentic Reasoning against Visual Deceptions by Injecting Skepticismcited by 0
  16. 2025Consolidating Diffusion-Generated Video Detection with Unified Multimodal Forgery Learningcited by 0
  17. 2025Spoofing-aware Prompt Learning for Unified Physical-Digital Facial Attack Detectioncited by 0
  18. 2026Na"ive Exposure of Generative AI Capabilities Undermines Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
  19. 2026M3D-Net: Multi-Modal 3D Facial Feature Reconstruction Network for Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
  20. 2026DVAR: Adversarial Multi-Agent Debate for Video Authenticity Detectioncited by 0
  21. 2026Robust Deepfake Detection: Mitigating Spatial Attention Drift via Calibrated Complementary Ensemblescited by 0
  22. 2026MFVLR: Multi-domain Fine-grained Vision-Language Reconstruction for Generalizable Diffusion Face Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 0
  23. 2026Specialist-Generalist Fusion with Outcome-Supervised Rationales for Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
  24. 2026Unified Face Attack Detection via Fine-Grained Semantic Guidancecited by 0
  25. 2026ForensicZoom: Adaptive Visual Inspection with Multimodal LLMs for Industrial-Grade Face Forgery Detectioncited by 0
  26. 2026MAD-Guard: Controlled Study of Autoregressive Generation versus Direct Decision Interfaces for Closed Multimodal Forensic Taskscited by 0
  27. 2026DBCF: Dual-Branch Complementary Fusion of Foundation Models for Generalized Deepfake Detectioncited by 0
  28. 2026Not Every Cue Is Evidence: Cue Supportability for Forensic Distillation in Face Forgery Detectioncited by 0

Similar, not cited

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  1. 2024A Hitchhikers Guide to Fine-Grained Face Forgery Detection Using Common Sense Reasoning
  2. 2025MLLM-Enhanced Face Forgery Detection: A Vision-Language Fusion Solution
  3. 2026Deepfake Forensics Adapter: A Dual-Stream Network for Generalizable Deepfake Detection
  4. 2026IMFD: End-to-end Multi-Face Forgery Detection through Instruction-based Large Vision-Language Models
  5. 2025Unlocking the Capabilities of Large Vision-Language Models for Generalizable and Explainable Deepfake Detection
  6. 2025FORGE: Forensic Reasoning with Grounded Evidence
  7. 2025MGFFD-VLM: Multi-Granularity Prompt Learning for Face Forgery Detection with VLM
  8. 2024Evolving from Single-modal to Multi-modal Facial Deepfake Detection: Progress and Challenges