The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Dataset
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we introduce a preview of the Deepfakes Detection Challenge (DFDC) dataset consisting of 5K videos featuring two facial modification algorithms. A data collection campaign has been carried out where participating actors have entered into an agreement to the use and manipulation of their likenesses in our creation of the dataset. Diversity in several axes (gender, skin-tone, age, etc.) has been considered and actors recorded videos with arbitrary backgrounds thus bringing visual variability. Finally, a set of specific metrics to evaluate the performance have been defined and two existing models for detecting deepfakes have been tested to provide a reference performance baseline. The DFDC dataset preview can be downloaded at: deepfakedetectionchallenge.ai
Key facts. Cited by 209 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 40; 2022: 34; 2023: 40; 2024: 38; 2025: 29; 2026: 28.
209 papers.
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- 2021Generalized Out-of-Distribution Detection: A Surveycited by 802
- 2021StyleNeRF: A Style-based 3D-Aware Generator for High-resolution Image Synthesiscited by 477
- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 338
- 2021WildDeepfake: A Challenging Real-World Dataset for Deepfake Detectioncited by 209
- 2021FakeAVCeleb: A Novel Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Datasetcited by 181
- 2023DeepfakeBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deepfake Detectioncited by 166
- 2023Hierarchical Fine-Grained Image Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 134
- 2023Transcending Forgery Specificity with Latent Space Augmentation for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 127
- 2021Instance-Conditioned GANcited by 121
- 2022Semantic-Aware Implicit Neural Audio-Driven Video Portrait Generationcited by 119
- 2021One Shot Face Swapping on Megapixelscited by 105
- 2024Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 105
38 more
- 2021Local Relation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 100
- 2021HifiFace: 3D Shape and Semantic Prior Guided High Fidelity Face Swappingcited by 92
- 2024LAA-Net: Localized Artifact Attention Network for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 89
- 2021Spatiotemporal Inconsistency Learning for DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 88
- 2021Face Forensics in the Wildcited by 87
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2021KoDF: A Large-scale Korean DeepFake Detection Datasetcited by 80
- 2021Towards Measuring Fairness in AI: the Casual Conversations Datasetcited by 80
- 2022FrePGAN: Robust Deepfake Detection Using Frequency-level Perturbationscited by 75
- 2022CORE: Consistent Representation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 74
- 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 67
- 2023BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swappingcited by 66
- 2021BiHPF: Bilateral High-Pass Filters for Robust Deepfake Detectioncited by 60
- 2024Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection with Plug-and-Play: Video-Level Blending and Spatiotemporal Adapter Tuningcited by 59
- 2021Deepfake Detection by Human Crowds, Machines, and Machine-informed Crowdscited by 58
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
- 2023Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation and Beyondcited by 56
- 2023Multimodal Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 53
- 2022Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Survey from the Reliability Perspectivecited by 50
- 2023Beyond the Prior Forgery Knowledge: Mining Critical Clues for General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 50
- 2021TextStyleBrush: Transfer of Text Aesthetics from a Single Examplecited by 49
- 2022SeeABLE: Soft Discrepancies and Bounded Contrastive Learning for Exposing Deepfakescited by 49
- 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledgecited by 48
- 2022Exploring Frequency Adversarial Attacks for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
- 2021FReTAL: Generalizing Deepfake Detection using Knowledge Distillation and Representation Learningcited by 44
- 2022Audio-Visual Person-of-Interest DeepFake Detectioncited by 43
- 2021CoReD: Generalizing Fake Media Detection with Continual Representation using Distillationcited by 37
- 2024X2-DFD: A framework for eXplainable and eXtendable Deepfake Detectioncited by 35
- 2022Detecting and Recovering Sequential DeepFake Manipulationcited by 34
- 2021One Detector to Rule Them All: Towards a General Deepfake Attack Detection Frameworkcited by 33
- 2023UMMAFormer: A Universal Multimodal-adaptive Transformer Framework for Temporal Forgery Localizationcited by 33
- 2024Fake It till You Make It: Curricular Dynamic Forgery Augmentations towards General Deepfake Detectioncited by 31
- 2024DiffusionFace: Towards a Comprehensive Dataset for Diffusion-Based Face Forgery Analysiscited by 30
- 2024Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reprogramming Visual-Language Model for General Deepfake Detectioncited by 30
- 2024MoE-FFD: Mixture of Experts for Generalized and Parameter-Efficient Face Forgery Detectioncited by 27
- 2025Exploring Unbiased Deepfake Detection via Token-Level Shuffling and Mixingcited by 27
- 2023Locate and Verify: A Two-Stream Network for Improved Deepfake Detectioncited by 26
- 2024Learning Natural Consistency Representation for Face Forgery Video Detectioncited by 26
50 most cited of 209 All 209 (JSON)
- 2026Revisiting Cross-Reconstruction for Generalizable Deepfake Detection1 Oct 2026
- 2026DBCF: Dual-Branch Complementary Fusion of Foundation Models for Generalized Deepfake Detection28 Sep 2026
- 2026Preserving Knowledge across Space and Time for Continual Video Deepfake Detection3 Sep 2026
- 2026Environment-Invariant Subspace Learning for Generalizable Deepfake Detection18 Aug 2026
- 2026MS-MFAD : Multimodal large language models for Face Anti-spoofing Detection18 Aug 2026
- 2026AdaForensics: Learning A Characteristic-aware Adaptive Deepfake Detector3 Aug 2026
- 2026Uncertainty-Aware Deepfake Detection via Multi-View Structural Learning30 Jul 2026
- 2026An Explainable FFT-Based Spatial-Frequency Fusion Framework for Deepfake Detection19 Jul 2026
- 2026ARMOR++: Agentic Orchestration of a Multi-Domain Primitive Set for Transferable Attacks on Deepfake Detectors16 Jul 2026
- 2026VendorBench-100: A Unified Cross-Paradigm Benchmark for Deepfake Image Detection7 Jul 2026
- 2026SGF-CDNet: A Consistency-Discrepancy Graph Network over Semantic-Geometric Fused Nodes for Face Forgery Detection4 Jul 2026
- 2026When AUC Misleads: Polarization-Aware Evaluation of Deepfake Detectors under Domain Shift17 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026Lightweight Complementary-Cue Fusion for Robust Video Face Forgery Detection27 May 2026
- 2026Venus-DeFakerOne: Unified Fake Image Detection & Localization13 May 2026
- 2026Robust Deepfake Detection: Mitigating Spatial Attention Drift via Calibrated Complementary Ensembles28 Apr 2026
- 2026Robust Deepfake Detection, NTIRE 2026 Challenge: Report27 Apr 2026
- 2026Generalizable Face Forgery Detection via Separable Prompt Learning19 Apr 2026
- 2026M3D-Net: Multi-Modal 3D Facial Feature Reconstruction Network for Deepfake Detection16 Apr 2026
- 2026DeFakeQ: Enabling Real-Time Deepfake Detection on Edge Devices via Adaptive Bidirectional Quantization10 Apr 2026
- 2026Face-D(^2)CL: Multi-Domain Synergistic Representation with Dual Continual Learning for Facial DeepFake Detection9 Apr 2026
- 2026LAA-X: Unified Localized Artifact Attention for Quality-Agnostic and Generalizable Face Forgery Detection5 Apr 2026
- 2026Tutor-Student Reinforcement Learning: A Dynamic Curriculum for Robust Deepfake Detection25 Mar 2026
- 2026When Detectors Forget Forensics: Blocking Semantic Shortcuts for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detection10 Mar 2026
- 2026StegaFFD: Privacy-Preserving Face Forgery Detection via Fine-Grained Steganographic Domain Lifting3 Mar 2026
- 2026Explainable Deepfake Detection with RL Enhanced Self-Blended Images22 Jan 2026
- 2026Low-rank Orthogonal Subspace Intervention for Generalizable Face Forgery Detection17 Jan 2026
- 2026A Novel Unified Approach to Deepfake Detection6 Jan 2026
- 2026ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectors5 Jan 2026
- 2025Beyond Flicker: Detecting Kinematic Inconsistencies for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection3 Dec 2025
- 2025SpectraNet: FFT-assisted Deep Learning Classifier for Deepfake Face Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025Through the Lens: Benchmarking Deepfake Detectors Against Moir'e-Induced Distortions27 Oct 2025
- 2025LAKAN: Landmark-assisted Adaptive Kolmogorov-Arnold Network for Face Forgery Detection1 Oct 2025
- 2025Agent4FaceForgery: Multi-Agent LLM Framework for Realistic Face Forgery Detection16 Sep 2025
- 2025Veritas: Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Pattern-Aware Reasoning28 Aug 2025
- 2025A Spatial-Frequency Aware Multi-Scale Fusion Network for Real-Time Deepfake Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025Leveraging Unlabeled Data from Unknown Sources via Dual-Path Guidance for Deepfake Face Detection12 Aug 2025
- 2025When Deepfake Detection Meets Graph Neural Network:a Unified and Lightweight Learning Framework7 Aug 2025
- 2025DiffusionFF: A Diffusion-based Framework for Joint Face Forgery Detection and Fine-Grained Artifact Localization3 Aug 2025
- 2025Robust Deepfake Detection for Electronic Know Your Customer Systems Using Registered Images30 Jul 2025
- 2025Mask6D: Masked Pose Priors For 6D Object Pose Estimation9 Jul 2025
- 2025Trident: Detecting Face Forgeries with Adversarial Triplet Learning29 Jun 2025
- 2025FAME: A Lightweight Spatio-Temporal Network for Model Attribution of Face-Swap Deepfakes13 Jun 2025
- 2025DeepFake Doctor: Diagnosing and Treating Audio-Video Fake Detection6 Jun 2025
- 2025Practical Manipulation Model for Robust Deepfake Detection5 Jun 2025
- 2025RoGA: Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection through Robust Gradient Alignment27 May 2025
- 2025Think Twice before Adaptation: Improving Adaptability of DeepFake Detection via Online Test-Time Adaptation24 May 2025
- 2025Do DeepFake Attribution Models Generalize?22 May 2025
- 2025Benchmarking Unified Face Attack Detection via Hierarchical Prompt Tuning19 May 2025
- 2025ForensicHub: A Unified Benchmark & Codebase for All-Domain Fake Image Detection and Localization16 May 2025
- 2025FA^{3}-CLIP: Frequency-Aware Cues Fusion and Attack-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Unified Face Attack Detection1 Apr 2025
50 newest of 209 All 209 (JSON)
- 2024Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reprogramming Visual-Language Model for General Deepfake Detectioncited by 30
- 2026VendorBench-100: A Unified Cross-Paradigm Benchmark for Deepfake Image Detectioncited by 0
- 2026MS-MFAD : Multimodal large language models for Face Anti-spoofing Detectioncited by 0
- 2026MS-MFAD : Multimodal large language models for Face Anti-spoofing Detection18 Aug 2026
- 2026VendorBench-100: A Unified Cross-Paradigm Benchmark for Deepfake Image Detection7 Jul 2026
- 2024Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reprogramming Visual-Language Model for General Deepfake Detection4 Sep 2024
- 2025WMamba: Wavelet-based Mamba for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 3
- 2025WMamba: Wavelet-based Mamba for Face Forgery Detection16 Jan 2025
- 2021Generalized Out-of-Distribution Detection: A Surveycited by 802
- 2021StyleNeRF: A Style-based 3D-Aware Generator for High-resolution Image Synthesiscited by 477
- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 338
- 2021WildDeepfake: A Challenging Real-World Dataset for Deepfake Detectioncited by 209
- 2021FakeAVCeleb: A Novel Audio-Video Multimodal Deepfake Datasetcited by 181
- 2023DeepfakeBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deepfake Detectioncited by 166
- 2023Hierarchical Fine-Grained Image Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 134
- 2023Transcending Forgery Specificity with Latent Space Augmentation for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 127
- 2021Instance-Conditioned GANcited by 121
- 2022Semantic-Aware Implicit Neural Audio-Driven Video Portrait Generationcited by 119
- 2021One Shot Face Swapping on Megapixelscited by 105
- 2024Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 105
12 most cited of 194 All 194 (JSON)
- 2026Revisiting Cross-Reconstruction for Generalizable Deepfake Detection1 Oct 2026
- 2026DBCF: Dual-Branch Complementary Fusion of Foundation Models for Generalized Deepfake Detection28 Sep 2026
- 2026Preserving Knowledge across Space and Time for Continual Video Deepfake Detection3 Sep 2026
- 2026Environment-Invariant Subspace Learning for Generalizable Deepfake Detection18 Aug 2026
- 2026AdaForensics: Learning A Characteristic-aware Adaptive Deepfake Detector3 Aug 2026
- 2026Uncertainty-Aware Deepfake Detection via Multi-View Structural Learning30 Jul 2026
- 2026An Explainable FFT-Based Spatial-Frequency Fusion Framework for Deepfake Detection19 Jul 2026
- 2026SGF-CDNet: A Consistency-Discrepancy Graph Network over Semantic-Geometric Fused Nodes for Face Forgery Detection4 Jul 2026
- 2026Lightweight Complementary-Cue Fusion for Robust Video Face Forgery Detection27 May 2026
- 2026Venus-DeFakerOne: Unified Fake Image Detection & Localization13 May 2026
- 2026Robust Deepfake Detection: Mitigating Spatial Attention Drift via Calibrated Complementary Ensembles28 Apr 2026
- 2026Robust Deepfake Detection, NTIRE 2026 Challenge: Report27 Apr 2026
12 newest of 194 All 194 (JSON)