On the generalization of GAN image forensics
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recently the GAN generated face images are more and more realistic with high-quality, even hard for human eyes to detect. On the other hand, the forensics community keeps on developing methods to detect these generated fake images and try to guarantee the credibility of visual contents. Although researchers have developed some methods to detect generated images, few of them explore the important problem of generalization ability of forensics model. As new types of GANs are emerging fast, the generalization ability of forensics models to detect new types of GAN images is absolutely an essential research topic. In this paper, we explore this problem and propose to use preprocessed images to train a forensic CNN model. By applying similar image level preprocessing to both real and fake training images, the forensics model is forced to learn more intrinsic features to classify the generated and real face images. Our experimental results also prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Feb 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 9; 2023: 9; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
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- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
- 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
- 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 158
- 2021Are GAN generated images easy to detect? A critical analysis of the state-of-the-artcited by 139
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
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- 2021Towards Universal GAN Image Detectioncited by 26
- 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 15
24 more
- 2023On the Trustworthiness Landscape of State-of-the-art Generative Models: A Survey and Outlookcited by 15
- 2021Metric Learning for Anti-Compression Facial Forgery Detectioncited by 9
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- 2022Hybrid Transformer Network for Deepfake Detectioncited by 6
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- 2022Deepfake Style Transfer Mixture: a First Forensic Ballistics Study on Synthetic Imagescited by 4
- 2023Assessment Framework for Deepfake Detection in Real-world Situationscited by 4
- 2022Dataset and Case Studies for Visual Near-Duplicates Detection in the Context of Social Mediacited by 2
- 2023Impact of Video Processing Operations in Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
- 2023Attention Consistency Refined Masked Frequency Forgery Representation for Generalizing Face Forgery Detectioncited by 2
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- 2024Tex-ViT: A Generalizable, Robust, Texture-based dual-branch cross-attention deepfake detectorcited by 2
- 2025CAMME: Adaptive Deepfake Image Detection with Multi-Modal Cross-Attentioncited by 2
- 2021Fake Visual Content Detection Using Two-Stream Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2021Deep Insights of Deepfake Technology : A Reviewcited by 1
- 2022Adaptive Frequency Learning in Two-branch Face Forgery Detectioncited by 1
- 2023Spritz-PS: Validation of Synthetic Face Images Using a Large Dataset of Printed Documentscited by 1
- 2023Improving Video Deepfake Detection: A DCT-Based Approach with Patch-Level Analysiscited by 1
- 2025Supervised Contrastive Learning for Few-Shot AI-Generated Image Detection and Attributioncited by 1
- 2026ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectorscited by 1
- 2026BIAS-ID: A Framework for Analyzing Transformation Biases in AI-Generated Image Detectorscited by 1
- 2022Deep Metric Color Embeddings for Splicing Localization in Severely Degraded Imagescited by 0
- 2022DF-Captcha: A Deepfake Captcha for Preventing Fake Callscited by 0
- 2025Cognitive Inception: Agentic Reasoning against Visual Deceptions by Injecting Skepticismcited by 0
- 2026BIAS-ID: A Framework for Analyzing Transformation Biases in AI-Generated Image Detectors29 May 2026
- 2026ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectors5 Jan 2026
- 2025Cognitive Inception: Agentic Reasoning against Visual Deceptions by Injecting Skepticism21 Nov 2025
- 2025Supervised Contrastive Learning for Few-Shot AI-Generated Image Detection and Attribution20 Nov 2025
- 2025CAMME: Adaptive Deepfake Image Detection with Multi-Modal Cross-Attention23 May 2025
- 2024Tex-ViT: A Generalizable, Robust, Texture-based dual-branch cross-attention deepfake detector29 Aug 2024
- 2024FSBI: Deepfakes Detection with Frequency Enhanced Self-Blended Images12 Jun 2024
- 2023Deepfake detection by exploiting surface anomalies: the SurFake approach31 Oct 2023
- 2023Improving Video Deepfake Detection: A DCT-Based Approach with Patch-Level Analysis17 Oct 2023
- 2023Perceptual Artifacts Localization for Image Synthesis Tasks9 Oct 2023
- 2023On the Trustworthiness Landscape of State-of-the-art Generative Models: A Survey and Outlook31 Jul 2023
- 2023Attention Consistency Refined Masked Frequency Forgery Representation for Generalizing Face Forgery Detection21 Jul 2023
24 more
- 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunities9 Jun 2023
- 2023Assessment Framework for Deepfake Detection in Real-world Situations12 Apr 2023
- 2023Spritz-PS: Validation of Synthetic Face Images Using a Large Dataset of Printed Documents6 Apr 2023
- 2023Impact of Video Processing Operations in Deepfake Detection30 Mar 2023
- 2022Towards the Detection of Diffusion Model Deepfakes26 Oct 2022
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalization26 Oct 2022
- 2022DF-Captcha: A Deepfake Captcha for Preventing Fake Calls17 Aug 2022
- 2022Hybrid Transformer Network for Deepfake Detection11 Aug 2022
- 2022Deep Metric Color Embeddings for Splicing Localization in Severely Degraded Images21 Jun 2022
- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Images18 Apr 2022
- 2022Adaptive Frequency Learning in Two-branch Face Forgery Detection27 Mar 2022
- 2022Deepfake Style Transfer Mixture: a First Forensic Ballistics Study on Synthetic Images18 Mar 2022
- 2022Dataset and Case Studies for Visual Near-Duplicates Detection in the Context of Social Media14 Mar 2022
- 2021Towards Universal GAN Image Detection23 Dec 2021
- 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detection15 Aug 2021
- 2021Video Transformer for Deepfake Detection with Incremental Learning11 Aug 2021
- 2021Deep Insights of Deepfake Technology : A Review1 May 2021
- 2021Are GAN generated images easy to detect? A critical analysis of the state-of-the-art6 Apr 2021
- 2021Metric Learning for Anti-Compression Facial Forgery Detection15 Mar 2021
- 2021Predicting Video with VQVAE2 Mar 2021
- 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domain2 Mar 2021
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizon27 Feb 2021
- 2021Adversarially robust deepfake media detection using fused convolutional neural network predictions11 Feb 2021
- 2021Fake Visual Content Detection Using Two-Stream Convolutional Neural Networks3 Jan 2021
- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
- 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
- 2021Exploring Temporal Coherence for More General Video Face Forgery Detectioncited by 158
- 2021Are GAN generated images easy to detect? A critical analysis of the state-of-the-artcited by 139
- 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
- 2021Predicting Video with VQVAEcited by 61
- 2021Countering Malicious DeepFakes: Survey, Battleground, and Horizoncited by 56
- 2023Perceptual Artifacts Localization for Image Synthesis Taskscited by 43
- 2021Video Transformer for Deepfake Detection with Incremental Learningcited by 33
- 2021Towards Universal GAN Image Detectioncited by 26
- 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 15
- 2021Metric Learning for Anti-Compression Facial Forgery Detectioncited by 9
12 most cited of 32 All 32 (JSON)
- 2026BIAS-ID: A Framework for Analyzing Transformation Biases in AI-Generated Image Detectors29 May 2026
- 2025Supervised Contrastive Learning for Few-Shot AI-Generated Image Detection and Attribution20 Nov 2025
- 2025CAMME: Adaptive Deepfake Image Detection with Multi-Modal Cross-Attention23 May 2025
- 2024Tex-ViT: A Generalizable, Robust, Texture-based dual-branch cross-attention deepfake detector29 Aug 2024
- 2024FSBI: Deepfakes Detection with Frequency Enhanced Self-Blended Images12 Jun 2024
- 2023Deepfake detection by exploiting surface anomalies: the SurFake approach31 Oct 2023
- 2023Improving Video Deepfake Detection: A DCT-Based Approach with Patch-Level Analysis17 Oct 2023
- 2023Perceptual Artifacts Localization for Image Synthesis Tasks9 Oct 2023
- 2023Attention Consistency Refined Masked Frequency Forgery Representation for Generalizing Face Forgery Detection21 Jul 2023
- 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunities9 Jun 2023
- 2023Assessment Framework for Deepfake Detection in Real-world Situations12 Apr 2023
- 2023Spritz-PS: Validation of Synthetic Face Images Using a Large Dataset of Printed Documents6 Apr 2023
12 newest of 32 All 32 (JSON)