mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

DeepfakeBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deepfake Detection

arXiv 2307.01426 ↗First posted 4 Jul 2023cs.CVcited by 162

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Abstract (arXiv)

A critical yet frequently overlooked challenge in the field of deepfake detection is the lack of a standardized, unified, comprehensive benchmark. This issue leads to unfair performance comparisons and potentially misleading results. Specifically, there is a lack of uniformity in data processing pipelines, resulting in inconsistent data inputs for detection models. Additionally, there are noticeable differences in experimental settings, and evaluation strategies and metrics lack standardization. To fill this gap, we present the first comprehensive benchmark for deepfake detection, called DeepfakeBench, which offers three key contributions: 1) a unified data management system to ensure consistent input across all detectors, 2) an integrated framework for state-of-the-art methods implementation, and 3) standardized evaluation metrics and protocols to promote transparency and reproducibility. Featuring an extensible, modular-based codebase, DeepfakeBench contains 15 state-of-the-art detection methods, 9 deepfake datasets, a series of deepfake detection evaluation protocols and analysis tools, as well as comprehensive evaluations. Moreover, we provide new insights based on extensive analysis of these evaluations from various perspectives (e.g., data augmentations, backbones). We hope that our efforts could facilitate future research and foster innovation in this increasingly critical domain. All codes, evaluations, and analyses of our benchmark are publicly available at https://github.com/SCLBD/DeepfakeBench.

Key facts. Cited by 162 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2023.

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40 of 83 references.

References · 40

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  3. 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
  4. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
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  7. 2019Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Visual Recognitioncited by 1,417
  8. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
  9. 2019CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for nowcited by 842
  10. 2014Spatial Pyramid Pooling in Deep Convolutional Networks for Visual Recognitioncited by 719
  11. 2017Dynamic Routing Between Capsulescited by 689
  12. 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 631
28 more
  1. 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 518
  2. 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 469
  3. 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
  4. 2021Multi-attentional Deepfake Detectioncited by 339
  5. 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
  6. 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 318
  7. 2023GenImage: A Million-Scale Benchmark for Detecting AI-Generated Imagecited by 318
  8. 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 294
  9. 2020Watch your Up-Convolution: CNN Based Generative Deep Neural Networks are Failing to Reproduce Spectral Distributionscited by 278
  10. 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
  11. 2019On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulationcited by 259
  12. 2020DeeperForensics-1.0: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Face Forgery Detectioncited by 251
  13. 2021Spatial-Phase Shallow Learning: Rethinking Face Forgery Detection in Frequency Domaincited by 241
  14. 2020DeepFakes and Beyond: A Survey of Face Manipulation and Fake Detectioncited by 231
  15. 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 208
  16. 2018Capsule-Forensics: Using Capsule Networks to Detect Forged Images and Videoscited by 180
  17. 2023UCF: Uncovering Common Features for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 177
  18. 2022Self-supervised Learning of Adversarial Example: Towards Good Generalizations for Deepfake Detectioncited by 172
  19. 2019Multi-task Learning For Detecting and Segmenting Manipulated Facial Images and Videoscited by 130
  20. 2018Two-Stream Neural Networks for Tampered Face Detectioncited by 125
  21. 2020The DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Datasetcited by 125
  22. 2022Implicit Identity Leakage: The Stumbling Block to Improving Deepfake Detection Generalizationcited by 122
  23. 2021M2TR: Multi-modal Multi-scale Transformers for Deepfake Detectioncited by 114
  24. 2021Representative Forgery Mining for Fake Face Detectioncited by 108
  25. 2022CORE: Consistent Representation Learning for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 73
  26. 2022A Continual Deepfake Detection Benchmark: Dataset, Methods, and Essentialscited by 45
  27. 2022Exploring Disentangled Content Information for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 36
  28. 2022Towards Benchmarking and Evaluating Deepfake Detectioncited by 15

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 32; 2025: 69; 2026: 56.

162 papers.

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  1. 2023Transcending Forgery Specificity with Latent Space Augmentation for Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 126
  2. 2024DF40: Toward Next-Generation Deepfake Detectioncited by 126
  3. 2024SIDA: Social Media Image Deepfake Detection, Localization and Explanation with Large Multimodal Modelcited by 107
  4. 2024Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 102
  5. 2025Spot the Fake: Large Multimodal Model-Based Synthetic Image Detection with Artifact Explanationcited by 66
  6. 2024Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection with Plug-and-Play: Video-Level Blending and Spatiotemporal Adapter Tuningcited by 57
  7. 2025Is Artificial Intelligence Generated Image Detection a Solved Problem?cited by 49
  8. 2024Can We Leave Deepfake Data Behind in Training Deepfake Detector?cited by 48
  9. 2023Towards General Visual-Linguistic Face Forgery Detectioncited by 45
  10. 2024X2-DFD: A framework for eXplainable and eXtendable Deepfake Detectioncited by 35
  11. 2024OmniGuard: Hybrid Manipulation Localization via Augmented Versatile Deep Image Watermarkingcited by 35
  12. 2025AI-Generated Video Detection via Perceptual Straighteningcited by 34
38 more
  1. 2024Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reprogramming Visual-Language Model for General Deepfake Detectioncited by 30
  2. 2024Fake It till You Make It: Curricular Dynamic Forgery Augmentations towards General Deepfake Detectioncited by 30
  3. 2024AI-Face: A Million-Scale Demographically Annotated AI-Generated Face Dataset and Fairness Benchmarkcited by 28
  4. 2025Exploring Unbiased Deepfake Detection via Token-Level Shuffling and Mixingcited by 27
  5. 2024Detecting AI-Generated Video via Frame Consistencycited by 26
  6. 2025Veritas: Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Pattern-Aware Reasoningcited by 23
  7. 2025ForensicHub: A Unified Benchmark & Codebase for All-Domain Fake Image Detection and Localizationcited by 22
  8. 2024LampMark: Proactive Deepfake Detection via Training-Free Landmark Perceptual Watermarkscited by 21
  9. 2025Deepfake Detection that Generalizes Across Benchmarkscited by 20
  10. 2025T2V-OptJail: Discrete Prompt Optimization for Text-to-Video Jailbreak Attackscited by 18
  11. 2025Celeb-DF++: A Large-scale Challenging Video DeepFake Benchmark for Generalizable Forensicscited by 18
  12. 2023Robust Identity Perceptual Watermark Against Deepfake Face Swappingcited by 17
  13. 2024GM-DF: Generalized Multi-Scenario Deepfake Detectioncited by 16
  14. 2024Stacking Brick by Brick: Aligned Feature Isolation for Incremental Face Forgery Detectioncited by 16
  15. 2025SketchVideo: Sketch-based Video Generation and Editingcited by 15
  16. 2024SoK: Systematization and Benchmarking of Deepfake Detectors in a Unified Frameworkcited by 14
  17. 2025Can Multi-modal (reasoning) LLMs work as deepfake detectors?cited by 14
  18. 2025From Specificity to Generality: Revisiting Generalizable Artifacts in Detecting Face Deepfakescited by 14
  19. 2025FreqDebias: Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Consistency-Driven Frequency Debiasingcited by 14
  20. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
  21. 2025Do Deepfake Detectors Work in Reality?cited by 11
  22. 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlookcited by 10
  23. 2025Unlocking the Hidden Potential of CLIP in Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
  24. 2025TalkingHeadBench: A Multi-Modal Benchmark & Analysis of Talking-Head DeepFake Detectioncited by 10
  25. 2025OpenFake: An Open Dataset and Platform Toward Real-World Deepfake Detectioncited by 9
  26. 2024Diffusion Deepfakecited by 8
  27. 2024Thinking Racial Bias in Fair Forgery Detection: Models, Datasets and Evaluationscited by 8
  28. 2024ED4: Explicit Data-level Debiasing for Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
  29. 2024Wavelet-Driven Generalizable Framework for Deepfake Face Forgery Detectioncited by 8
  30. 2026Preserving Forgery Artifacts: AI-Generated Video Detection at Native Scalecited by 8
  31. 2025Guard Me If You Know Me: Protecting Specific Face-Identity from Deepfakescited by 7
  32. 2026Robust Deepfake Detection, NTIRE 2026 Challenge: Reportcited by 6
  33. 2025Robust AI-Generated Face Detection with Imbalanced Datacited by 5
  34. 2025Agent4FaceForgery: Multi-Agent LLM Framework for Realistic Face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
  35. 2025ManipShield: A Unified Framework for Image Manipulation Detection, Localization and Explanationcited by 5
  36. 2025Open-World Deepfake Attribution via Confidence-Aware Asymmetric Learningcited by 5
  37. 2024A Hitchhikers Guide to Fine-Grained Face Forgery Detection Using Common Sense Reasoningcited by 4
  38. 2024A Quality-Centric Framework for Generic Deepfake Detectioncited by 4

50 most cited of 162 All 162 (JSON)