mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Face Forensics in the Wild

arXiv 2103.16076 ↗First posted 30 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 87

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Abstract (arXiv)

On existing public benchmarks, face forgery detection techniques have achieved great success. However, when used in multi-person videos, which often contain many people active in the scene with only a small subset having been manipulated, their performance remains far from being satisfactory. To take face forgery detection to a new level, we construct a novel large-scale dataset, called FFIW-10K, which comprises 10,000 high-quality forgery videos, with an average of three human faces in each frame. The manipulation procedure is fully automatic, controlled by a domain-adversarial quality assessment network, making our dataset highly scalable with low human cost. In addition, we propose a novel algorithm to tackle the task of multi-person face forgery detection. Supervised by only video-level label, the algorithm explores multiple instance learning and learns to automatically attend to tampered faces. Our algorithm outperforms representative approaches for both forgery classification and localization on FFIW-10K, and also shows high generalization ability on existing benchmarks. We hope that our dataset and study will help the community to explore this new field in more depth.

Key facts. Cited by 87 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 55 of its 80 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.

Builds on

55 of 80 references.

References · 55

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  12. 2017Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metriccited by 910
38 more
  1. 2016Temporal Segment Networks: Towards Good Practices for Deep Action Recognitioncited by 902
  2. 2020Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videoscited by 632
  3. 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 575
  4. 2014Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets and Fully Connected CRFscited by 554
  5. 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 523
  6. 2020Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognitioncited by 504
  7. 2019Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detectioncited by 470
  8. 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
  9. 2019FSGAN: Subject Agnostic Face Swapping and Reenactmentcited by 320
  10. 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 319
  11. 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 297
  12. 2020Watch your Up-Convolution: CNN Based Generative Deep Neural Networks are Failing to Reproduce Spectral Distributionscited by 280
  13. 2020What makes fake images detectable? Understanding properties that generalizecited by 273
  14. 2018Deep Video Portraitscited by 267
  15. 2020DeeperForensics-1.0: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Face Forgery Detectioncited by 254
  16. 2019Deferred Neural Rendering: Image Synthesis using Neural Texturescited by 253
  17. 2019Neural Voice Puppetry: Audio-driven Facial Reenactmentcited by 250
  18. 2020DeepFakes and Beyond: A Survey of Face Manipulation and Fake Detectioncited by 233
  19. 2020Global Texture Enhancement for Fake Face Detection in the Wildcited by 220
  20. 2018DeepFakes: a New Threat to Face Recognition? Assessment and Detectioncited by 209
  21. 2019The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Datasetcited by 209
  22. 2020Media Forensics and DeepFakes: an overviewcited by 209
  23. 2020Two-branch Recurrent Network for Isolating Deepfakes in Videoscited by 161
  24. 2019FakeCatcher: Detection of Synthetic Portrait Videos using Biological Signalscited by 145
  25. 2018Fighting Fake News: Image Splice Detection via Learned Self-Consistencycited by 136
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  27. 2019Multi-task Learning For Detecting and Segmenting Manipulated Facial Images and Videoscited by 130
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  30. 2018ReenactGAN: Learning to Reenact Faces via Boundary Transfercited by 85
  31. 2019Unmasking DeepFakes with simple Featurescited by 78
  32. 2020DeepRhythm: Exposing DeepFakes with Attentional Visual Heartbeat Rhythmscited by 65
  33. 2019Use of a Capsule Network to Detect Fake Images and Videoscited by 63
  34. 2019Hybrid LSTM and Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Detection of Image Forgeriescited by 59
  35. 2020Sharp Multiple Instance Learning for DeepFake Video Detectioncited by 55
  36. 2018In Ictu Oculi: Exposing AI Generated Fake Face Videos by Detecting Eye Blinkingcited by 54
  37. 2020GIQA: Generated Image Quality Assessmentcited by 51
  38. 2020FakeLocator: Robust Localization of GAN-Based Face Manipulationscited by 40

50 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 9; 2023: 17; 2024: 22; 2025: 25; 2026: 12.

87 papers.

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  1. 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 338
  2. 2024DF40: Toward Next-Generation Deepfake Detectioncited by 129
  3. 2024Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detectioncited by 105
  4. 2023Self-Supervised Video Forensics by Audio-Visual Anomaly Detectioncited by 85
  5. 2023AV-Deepfake1M: A Large-Scale LLM-Driven Audio-Visual Deepfake Datasetcited by 80
  6. 2024Deepfake Generation and Detection: A Benchmark and Surveycited by 67
  7. 2023BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swappingcited by 66
  8. 2024Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection with Plug-and-Play: Video-Level Blending and Spatiotemporal Adapter Tuningcited by 59
  9. 2024FreqBlender: Enhancing DeepFake Detection by Blending Frequency Knowledgecited by 48
  10. 2023Glitch in the Matrix: A Large Scale Benchmark for Content Driven Audio-Visual Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 43
  11. 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detectorcited by 40
  12. 2024FKA-Owl: Advancing Multimodal Fake News Detection through Knowledge-Augmented LVLMscited by 38
38 more
  1. 2024X2-DFD: A framework for eXplainable and eXtendable Deepfake Detectioncited by 35
  2. 2023Quality-Agnostic Deepfake Detection with Intra-model Collaborative Learningcited by 32
  3. 2025Exploring Unbiased Deepfake Detection via Token-Level Shuffling and Mixingcited by 27
  4. 2023Locate and Verify: A Two-Stream Network for Improved Deepfake Detectioncited by 26
  5. 2025Celeb-DF++: A Large-scale Challenging Video DeepFake Benchmark for Generalizable Forensicscited by 21
  6. 2025Deepfake Detection that Generalizes Across Benchmarkscited by 21
  7. 2022Audio-driven Neural Gesture Reenactment with Video Motion Graphscited by 18
  8. 2022Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Furthercited by 17
  9. 2024PolyGlotFake: A Novel Multilingual and Multimodal DeepFake Datasetcited by 16
  10. 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 15
  11. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 13
  12. 2025Forensics-Bench: A Comprehensive Forgery Detection Benchmark Suite for Large Vision Language Modelscited by 13
  13. 2024Learning to Discover Forgery Cues for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 11
  14. 2023MDENet: Multi-modal Dual-embedding Networks for Malware Open-set Recognitioncited by 10
  15. 2025Unlocking the Hidden Potential of CLIP in Generalizable Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
  16. 2025OpenFake: An Open Dataset and Platform Toward Real-World Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
  17. 2021Geo-DefakeHop: High-Performance Geographic Fake Image Detectioncited by 9
  18. 2023Controllable 3D Face Generation with Conditional Style Code Diffusioncited by 9
  19. 2023DomainForensics: Exposing Face Forgery across Domains via Bi-directional Adaptationcited by 8
  20. 2024Semantic Contextualization of Face Forgery: A New Definition, Dataset, and Detection Methodcited by 8
  21. 2025AV-Deepfake1M++: A Large-Scale Audio-Visual Deepfake Benchmark with Real-World Perturbationscited by 8
  22. 2022GOTCHA: Real-Time Video Deepfake Detection via Challenge-Responsecited by 7
  23. 2024Mixture-of-Noises Enhanced Forgery-Aware Predictor for Multi-Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 7
  24. 2024Open-Set Deepfake Detection: A Parameter-Efficient Adaptation Method with Forgery Style Mixturecited by 7
  25. 2022The MeVer DeepFake Detection Service: Lessons Learnt from Developing and Deploying in the Wildcited by 6
  26. 2022Deepfake: Definitions, Performance Metrics and Standards, Datasets and Benchmarks, and a Meta-Reviewcited by 6
  27. 2022Multi-Scale Wavelet Transformer for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 6
  28. 2024Evolving from Single-modal to Multi-modal Facial Deepfake Detection: Progress and Challengescited by 6
  29. 2025IdentityStory: Taming Your Identity-Preserving Generator for Human-Centric Story Generationcited by 6
  30. 2026Robust Deepfake Detection, NTIRE 2026 Challenge: Reportcited by 6
  31. 2023COMICS: End-to-end Bi-grained Contrastive Learning for Multi-face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
  32. 2023Exploiting Facial Relationships and Feature Aggregation for Multi-Face Forgery Detectioncited by 5
  33. 2025Benchmarking Unified Face Attack Detection via Hierarchical Prompt Tuningcited by 5
  34. 2022Exploring Spatial-Temporal Features for Deepfake Detection and Localizationcited by 4
  35. 20241M-Deepfakes Detection Challengecited by 4
  36. 2024Passive Deepfake Detection Across Multi-modalities: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 4
  37. 2025DDL: A Large-Scale Dataset for Deepfake Detection and Localization in Diversified Real-World Scenarioscited by 4
  38. 2025Beyond Artificial Misalignment: Detecting and Grounding Semantic-Coordinated Multimodal Manipulationscited by 4

50 most cited of 87 All 87 (JSON)