ForensicTransfer: Weakly-supervised Domain Adaptation for Forgery Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Distinguishing manipulated from real images is becoming increasingly difficult as new sophisticated image forgery approaches come out by the day. Naive classification approaches based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) show excellent performance in detecting image manipulations when they are trained on a specific forgery method. However, on examples from unseen manipulation approaches, their performance drops significantly. To address this limitation in transferability, we introduce Forensic-Transfer (FT). We devise a learning-based forensic detector which adapts well to new domains, i.e., novel manipulation methods and can handle scenarios where only a handful of fake examples are available during training. To this end, we learn a forensic embedding based on a novel autoencoder-based architecture that can be used to distinguish between real and fake imagery. The learned embedding acts as a form of anomaly detector; namely, an image manipulated from an unseen method will be detected as fake provided it maps sufficiently far away from the cluster of real images. Comparing to prior works, FT shows significant improvements in transferability, which we demonstrate in a series of experiments on cutting-edge benchmarks. For instance, on unseen examples, we achieve up to 85% in terms of accuracy, and with only a handful of seen examples, our performance already reaches around 95%.
Key facts. Cited by 104 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 30; 2022: 16; 2023: 17; 2024: 19; 2025: 15; 2026: 7.
104 papers.
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- 2024ASAP: Interpretable Analysis and Summarization of AI-generated Image Patterns at Scalecited by 5
- 2024Learning on Less: Constraining Pre-trained Model Learning for Generalizable Diffusion-Generated Image Detectioncited by 2
- 2025Zero-Shot Visual Deepfake Detection: Can AI Predict and Prevent Fake Content Before It's Created?cited by 1
- 2026ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectorscited by 1
- 2026ExposeAnyone: Personalized Audio-to-Expression Diffusion Models Are Robust Zero-Shot Face Forgery Detectors5 Jan 2026
- 2025Zero-Shot Visual Deepfake Detection: Can AI Predict and Prevent Fake Content Before It's Created?22 Sep 2025
- 2024Learning on Less: Constraining Pre-trained Model Learning for Generalizable Diffusion-Generated Image Detection1 Dec 2024
- 2024ASAP: Interpretable Analysis and Summarization of AI-generated Image Patterns at Scale3 Apr 2024
- 2024Diffusion Deepfake2 Apr 2024
- 2023Parents and Children: Distinguishing Multimodal DeepFakes from Natural Images2 Apr 2023
- 2022Towards the Detection of Diffusion Model Deepfakes26 Oct 2022
- 2023Raising the Bar of AI-generated Image Detection with CLIPcited by 163
- 2023Raising the Bar of AI-generated Image Detection with CLIP30 Nov 2023
- 2023Towards Universal Fake Image Detectors that Generalize Across Generative Modelscited by 483
- 2022Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Imagescited by 332
- 2021Generalizing Face Forgery Detection with High-frequency Featurescited by 261
- 2021Neural Head Avatars from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 212
- 2022Self-supervised Learning of Adversarial Example: Towards Good Generalizations for Deepfake Detectioncited by 172
- 2021Are GAN generated images easy to detect? A critical analysis of the state-of-the-artcited by 139
- 2023Hierarchical Fine-Grained Image Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 134
- 2021Frequency-aware Discriminative Feature Learning Supervised by Single-Center Loss for Face Forgery Detectioncited by 133
- 2022Leveraging Real Talking Faces via Self-Supervision for Robust Forgery Detectioncited by 130
- 2024Leveraging Representations from Intermediate Encoder-blocks for Synthetic Image Detectioncited by 88
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2022FrePGAN: Robust Deepfake Detection Using Frequency-level Perturbationscited by 75
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- 2026Fake3DGS: A Benchmark for 3D Manipulation Detection in Neural Rendering30 Apr 2026
- 2026Synthetic Image Detection with CLIP: Understanding and Assessing Predictive Cues12 Feb 2026
- 2026Detecting AI-Generated Images via Distributional Deviations from Real Images7 Jan 2026
- 2026Unknown Aware AI-Generated Content Attribution1 Jan 2026
- 2025Detection of AI Generated Images Using Combined Uncertainty Measures and Particle Swarm Optimised Rejection Mechanism20 Dec 2025
- 2025Causal Fingerprints of AI Generative Models18 Sep 2025
- 2025DF-LLaVA: Unlocking MLLMs for Synthetic Image Detection via Knowledge Injection and Conflict-Driven Self-Reflection18 Sep 2025
- 2025Revisiting Deepfake Detection: Chronological Continual Learning and the Limits of Generalization29 Aug 2025
- 2025SpeechForensics: Audio-Visual Speech Representation Learning for Face Forgery Detection13 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Reliable Audio Deepfake Attribution and Model Recognition: A Multi-Level Autoencoder-Based Framework4 Aug 2025
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