Probabilistic Volumetric Fusion for Dense Monocular SLAM
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a novel method to reconstruct 3D scenes from images by leveraging deep dense monocular SLAM and fast uncertainty propagation. The proposed approach is able to 3D reconstruct scenes densely, accurately, and in real-time while being robust to extremely noisy depth estimates coming from dense monocular SLAM. Differently from previous approaches, that either use ad-hoc depth filters, or that estimate the depth uncertainty from RGB-D cameras' sensor models, our probabilistic depth uncertainty derives directly from the information matrix of the underlying bundle adjustment problem in SLAM. We show that the resulting depth uncertainty provides an excellent signal to weight the depth-maps for volumetric fusion. Without our depth uncertainty, the resulting mesh is noisy and with artifacts, while our approach generates an accurate 3D mesh with significantly fewer artifacts. We provide results on the challenging Euroc dataset, and show that our approach achieves 92% better accuracy than directly fusing depths from monocular SLAM, and up to 90% improvements compared to the best competing approach.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Oct 2022.
Builds on
16 of 31 references.
References · 16
- 2020RAFT: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 2,385
- 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 780
- 2018Open3D: A Modern Library for 3D Data Processingcited by 717
- 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 673
- 2021NICE-SLAM: Neural Implicit Scalable Encoding for SLAMcited by 586
- 2020TartanAir: A Dataset to Push the Limits of Visual SLAMcited by 494
- 2021iMAP: Implicit Mapping and Positioning in Real-Timecited by 476
- 2019Kimera: an Open-Source Library for Real-Time Metric-Semantic Localization and Mappingcited by 181
- 2017CNN-SLAM: Real-time dense monocular SLAM with learned depth predictioncited by 152
- 2018CodeSLAM - Learning a Compact, Optimisable Representation for Dense Visual SLAMcited by 151
- 2016Voxblox: Incremental 3D Euclidean Signed Distance Fields for On-Board MAV Planningcited by 148
- 2021Kimera: from SLAM to Spatial Perception with 3D Dynamic Scene Graphscited by 144
4 more
- 2020RoutedFusion: Learning Real-time Depth Map Fusioncited by 52
- 2020NeuralFusion: Online Depth Fusion in Latent Spacecited by 46
- 2021TANDEM: Tracking and Dense Mapping in Real-time using Deep Multi-view Stereocited by 39
- 2021NeBula: Quest for Robotic Autonomy in Challenging Environments; TEAM CoSTAR at the DARPA Subterranean Challengecited by 32
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 4; 2024: 4; 2025: 4; 2026: 3.
16 papers.
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- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
- 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fieldscited by 31
- 2025VINGS-Mono: Visual-Inertial Gaussian Splatting Monocular SLAM in Large Scenescited by 11
- 2025DualCamCtrl: Dual-Branch Diffusion Model for Geometry-Aware Camera-Controlled Video Generationcited by 11
- 2024MGS-SLAM: Monocular Sparse Tracking and Gaussian Mapping with Depth Smooth Regularizationcited by 10
- 2024EgoHDM: An Online Egocentric-Inertial Human Motion Capture, Localization, and Dense Mapping Systemcited by 9
- 2023Uni-Fusion: Universal Continuous Mappingcited by 5
- 2023SimpleMapping: Real-Time Visual-Inertial Dense Mapping with Deep Multi-View Stereocited by 4
- 2024SceneFactory: A Workflow-centric and Unified Framework for Incremental Scene Modelingcited by 3
- 2024Uni-SLAM: Uncertainty-Aware Neural Implicit SLAM for Real-Time Dense Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2023Depth Completion with Multiple Balanced Bases and Confidence for Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 2
- 2025PUGS: Perceptual Uncertainty for Grasp Selection in Underwater Environmentscited by 2
4 more
- 2025Dynamic Visual SLAM using a General 3D Priorcited by 1
- 2026BayesFusion-SDF: Probabilistic Signed Distance Fusion with View Planning on CPUcited by 0
- 2026Learning Stable Canonical Worlds for Novel View Synthesis and Beyondcited by 0
- 2026STARS-GS: Structure-Aware Regularized Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Aerial Surface Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026STARS-GS: Structure-Aware Regularized Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Aerial Surface Reconstruction3 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning Stable Canonical Worlds for Novel View Synthesis and Beyond22 Jun 2026
- 2026BayesFusion-SDF: Probabilistic Signed Distance Fusion with View Planning on CPU23 Feb 2026
- 2025Dynamic Visual SLAM using a General 3D Prior7 Dec 2025
- 2025DualCamCtrl: Dual-Branch Diffusion Model for Geometry-Aware Camera-Controlled Video Generation28 Nov 2025
- 2025PUGS: Perceptual Uncertainty for Grasp Selection in Underwater Environments13 Feb 2025
- 2025VINGS-Mono: Visual-Inertial Gaussian Splatting Monocular SLAM in Large Scenes14 Jan 2025
- 2024Uni-SLAM: Uncertainty-Aware Neural Implicit SLAM for Real-Time Dense Indoor Scene Reconstruction29 Nov 2024
- 2024EgoHDM: An Online Egocentric-Inertial Human Motion Capture, Localization, and Dense Mapping System31 Aug 2024
- 2024SceneFactory: A Workflow-centric and Unified Framework for Incremental Scene Modeling13 May 2024
- 2024MGS-SLAM: Monocular Sparse Tracking and Gaussian Mapping with Depth Smooth Regularization10 May 2024
- 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fields7 Oct 2023
4 more
- 2023Depth Completion with Multiple Balanced Bases and Confidence for Dense Monocular SLAM8 Sep 2023
- 2023SimpleMapping: Real-Time Visual-Inertial Dense Mapping with Deep Multi-View Stereo14 Jun 2023
- 2023Uni-Fusion: Universal Continuous Mapping22 Mar 2023
- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fields24 Oct 2022
- 2022NeRF-SLAM: Real-Time Dense Monocular SLAM with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 188
- 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fieldscited by 31
- 2025VINGS-Mono: Visual-Inertial Gaussian Splatting Monocular SLAM in Large Scenescited by 11
- 2024MGS-SLAM: Monocular Sparse Tracking and Gaussian Mapping with Depth Smooth Regularizationcited by 10
- 2024EgoHDM: An Online Egocentric-Inertial Human Motion Capture, Localization, and Dense Mapping Systemcited by 9
- 2023Uni-Fusion: Universal Continuous Mappingcited by 5
- 2023SimpleMapping: Real-Time Visual-Inertial Dense Mapping with Deep Multi-View Stereocited by 4
- 2024SceneFactory: A Workflow-centric and Unified Framework for Incremental Scene Modelingcited by 3
- 2024Uni-SLAM: Uncertainty-Aware Neural Implicit SLAM for Real-Time Dense Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2023Depth Completion with Multiple Balanced Bases and Confidence for Dense Monocular SLAMcited by 2
- 2025PUGS: Perceptual Uncertainty for Grasp Selection in Underwater Environmentscited by 2
- 2025Dynamic Visual SLAM using a General 3D Priorcited by 1
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026STARS-GS: Structure-Aware Regularized Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Aerial Surface Reconstruction3 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning Stable Canonical Worlds for Novel View Synthesis and Beyond22 Jun 2026
- 2026BayesFusion-SDF: Probabilistic Signed Distance Fusion with View Planning on CPU23 Feb 2026
- 2025Dynamic Visual SLAM using a General 3D Prior7 Dec 2025
- 2025PUGS: Perceptual Uncertainty for Grasp Selection in Underwater Environments13 Feb 2025
- 2025VINGS-Mono: Visual-Inertial Gaussian Splatting Monocular SLAM in Large Scenes14 Jan 2025
- 2024Uni-SLAM: Uncertainty-Aware Neural Implicit SLAM for Real-Time Dense Indoor Scene Reconstruction29 Nov 2024
- 2024EgoHDM: An Online Egocentric-Inertial Human Motion Capture, Localization, and Dense Mapping System31 Aug 2024
- 2024SceneFactory: A Workflow-centric and Unified Framework for Incremental Scene Modeling13 May 2024
- 2024MGS-SLAM: Monocular Sparse Tracking and Gaussian Mapping with Depth Smooth Regularization10 May 2024
- 2023HI-SLAM: Monocular Real-time Dense Mapping with Hybrid Implicit Fields7 Oct 2023
- 2023Depth Completion with Multiple Balanced Bases and Confidence for Dense Monocular SLAM8 Sep 2023
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)