WholeBodyVLA: Towards Unified Latent VLA for Whole-Body Loco-Manipulation Control
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Abstract (arXiv)
Humanoid robots require precise locomotion and dexterous manipulation to perform challenging loco-manipulation tasks. Yet existing approaches, modular or end-to-end, are deficient in manipulation-aware locomotion. This confines the robot to a limited workspace, preventing it from performing large-space loco-manipulation. We attribute this to: (1) the challenge of acquiring loco-manipulation knowledge due to the scarcity of humanoid teleoperation data, and (2) the difficulty of faithfully and reliably executing locomotion commands, stemming from the limited precision and stability of existing RL controllers. To acquire richer loco-manipulation knowledge, we propose a unified latent learning framework that enables Vision-Language-Action (VLA) system to learn from low-cost action-free egocentric videos. Moreover, an efficient human data collection pipeline is devised to augment the dataset and scale the benefits. To execute the desired locomotion commands more precisely, we present a loco-manipulation-oriented (LMO) RL policy specifically tailored for accurate and stable core loco-manipulation movements, such as advancing, turning, and squatting. Building on these components, we introduce WholeBodyVLA, a unified framework for humanoid loco-manipulation. To the best of our knowledge, WholeBodyVLA is one of its kind enabling large-space humanoid loco-manipulation. It is verified via comprehensive experiments on the AgiBot X2 humanoid, outperforming prior baseline by 21.3%. It also demonstrates strong generalization and high extensibility across a broad range of tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Dec 2025.
Builds on
39 of 44 references.
References · 39
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- 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Controlcited by 2,993
- 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,777
- 2024π0: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Controlcited by 2,297
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27 more
- 2025AgiBot World Colosseo: A Large-scale Manipulation Platform for Scalable and Intelligent Embodied Systemscited by 390
- 2025UniVLA: Learning to Act Anywhere with Task-centric Latent Actionscited by 386
- 2024Latent Action Pretraining from Videoscited by 302
- 2024OmniH2O: Universal and Dexterous Human-to-Humanoid Whole-Body Teleoperation and Learningcited by 167
- 2024HumanPlus: Humanoid Shadowing and Imitation from Humanscited by 164
- 2024Open-TeleVision: Teleoperation with Immersive Active Visual Feedbackcited by 137
- 2025BeyondMimic: From Motion Tracking to Versatile Humanoid Control via Guided Diffusioncited by 128
- 2024Expressive Whole-Body Control for Humanoid Robotscited by 117
- 2024Learning Human-to-Humanoid Real-Time Whole-Body Teleoperationcited by 112
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- 2024ExBody2: Advanced Expressive Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 75
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- 2024IGOR: Image-GOal Representations are the Atomic Control Units for Foundation Models in Embodied AIcited by 68
- 2025HOMIE: Humanoid Loco-Manipulation with Isomorphic Exoskeleton Cockpitcited by 65
- 2025AMO: Adaptive Motion Optimization for Hyper-Dexterous Humanoid Whole-Body Controlcited by 47
- 2025Humanoid-VLA: Towards Universal Humanoid Control with Visual Integrationcited by 43
- 2025LeVERB: Humanoid Whole-Body Control with Latent Vision-Language Instructioncited by 40
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- 2025Unleashing Humanoid Reaching Potential via Real-world-Ready Skill Spacecited by 13
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- 2025ULC: A Unified and Fine-Grained Controller for Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 9
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 32.
32 papers.
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- 2026RISE: Self-Improving Robot Policy with Compositional World Modelcited by 39
- 2026Do World Action Models Generalize Better than VLAs? A Robustness Studycited by 35
- 2026Sparse Video Generation Propels Real-World Beyond-the-View Vision-Language Navigationcited by 10
- 2026HEX: Humanoid-Aligned Experts for Cross-Embodiment Whole-Body Manipulationcited by 10
- 2026MotionWAM: Towards Foundation World Action Models for Real-Time Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 8
- 2026ZeroWBC: Learning Natural Whole-Body Humanoid Interaction from Human Egocentric Datacited by 5
- 2026ω-0: A Latent Predictive World Action Model for Concurrent Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 5
- 2026ActiveMimic: Egocentric Video Pretraining with Active Perceptioncited by 4
- 2026Self-Supervised Bootstrapping of Action-Predictive Embodied Reasoningcited by 3
- 2026HAIC: Humanoid Agile Object Interaction Control via Dynamics-Aware World Modelcited by 3
- 2026UniHand: A Unified Model for Diverse Controlled 4D Hand Motion Modelingcited by 2
- 2026Cybo-Waiter: A Physical Agentic Framework for Humanoid Whole-Body Locomotion-Manipulationcited by 2
20 more
- 2026Robots Need More than VLA and World Modelscited by 2
- 2026CoorDex: Coordinating Body and Hand Priors for Continuous Dexterous Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 2
- 2026VLK: Learning Humanoid Loco-Manipulation from Synthetic Interactions in Reconstructed Scenescited by 2
- 2026SUGAR: A Scalable Human-Video-Driven Generalizable Humanoid Loco-Manipulation Learning Frameworkcited by 1
- 2026BilliardPhys-Bench: Benchmarking Physical Reasoning and Visual Dynamics of Multimodal LLMscited by 1
- 2026WOLF-VLA: Whole-Body Humanoid Optimal Locomotion Framework for Vision-Language-Action Learningcited by 1
- 2026Closing the Loop in Humanoid VLA: Persistent 3D Object Tokens for Verifiable Loco-Manipulationcited by 1
- 2026HAF: Adapting Generalist VLAs to Humanoid Whole-Body Loco-manipulation via Hierarchical Action Flow and Spectral Latent RLcited by 1
- 2026LEGS: Fine-Tuning Teleop-Free VLAs for Humanoid Loco-manipulation in an Embodied Gaussian Splatting Worldcited by 0
- 2026HANDOFF: Humanoid Agentic Task-Space Whole-Body Control via Distilled Complementary Teacherscited by 0
- 2026ACE-Data-0: Human-Centric Ambient Capture as Embodied Data Enginecited by 0
- 2026TANGO: Humanoid Navigation in Cluttered Environments with a Whole-Body Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 0
- 2026Weave: Learning Whole-Body Dexterous Loco-Manipulation from Human-Object Interactionscited by 0
- 2026Opt2VLA: Force-Aware Vision-Language-Action for Contact-Rich Humanoid Whole-Body Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026Uni-VLaT: Whole-Body Tactile Adaptation of VLA Policies for Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026Humanoid Loco-Manipulation With Discrete VLA Modelcited by 0
- 2026EgoHumanoid-V2: Human-to-Humanoid Transfer of Coordinated Whole-Body Skills for Loco-Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026Learning Expressive and Compositional Motion Representation via Spectral Skillscited by 0
- 2026InterEvolve: Test-Time Evolution of Reward Programs for Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026VioLA: Learning Generalist Humanoid Control Policies from Human Datacited by 0
- 2026VioLA: Learning Generalist Humanoid Control Policies from Human Data8 Oct 2026
- 2026InterEvolve: Test-Time Evolution of Reward Programs for Humanoid Loco-Manipulation1 Oct 2026
- 2026Learning Expressive and Compositional Motion Representation via Spectral Skills29 Sep 2026
- 2026EgoHumanoid-V2: Human-to-Humanoid Transfer of Coordinated Whole-Body Skills for Loco-Manipulation29 Sep 2026
- 2026Humanoid Loco-Manipulation With Discrete VLA Model28 Sep 2026
- 2026Uni-VLaT: Whole-Body Tactile Adaptation of VLA Policies for Humanoid Loco-Manipulation28 Sep 2026
- 2026Opt2VLA: Force-Aware Vision-Language-Action for Contact-Rich Humanoid Whole-Body Manipulation21 Sep 2026
- 2026Weave: Learning Whole-Body Dexterous Loco-Manipulation from Human-Object Interactions15 Sep 2026
- 2026TANGO: Humanoid Navigation in Cluttered Environments with a Whole-Body Vision-Language-Action Model8 Sep 2026
- 2026HAF: Adapting Generalist VLAs to Humanoid Whole-Body Loco-manipulation via Hierarchical Action Flow and Spectral Latent RL17 Aug 2026
- 2026ω-0: A Latent Predictive World Action Model for Concurrent Humanoid Loco-Manipulation6 Aug 2026
- 2026ACE-Data-0: Human-Centric Ambient Capture as Embodied Data Engine30 Jul 2026
20 more
- 2026Closing the Loop in Humanoid VLA: Persistent 3D Object Tokens for Verifiable Loco-Manipulation20 Jul 2026
- 2026VLK: Learning Humanoid Loco-Manipulation from Synthetic Interactions in Reconstructed Scenes29 Jun 2026
- 2026WOLF-VLA: Whole-Body Humanoid Optimal Locomotion Framework for Vision-Language-Action Learning24 Jun 2026
- 2026CoorDex: Coordinating Body and Hand Priors for Continuous Dexterous Humanoid Loco-Manipulation22 Jun 2026
- 2026MotionWAM: Towards Foundation World Action Models for Real-Time Humanoid Loco-Manipulation8 Jun 2026
- 2026Robots Need More than VLA and World Models4 Jun 2026
- 2026HANDOFF: Humanoid Agentic Task-Space Whole-Body Control via Distilled Complementary Teachers4 Jun 2026
- 2026ActiveMimic: Egocentric Video Pretraining with Active Perception4 Jun 2026
- 2026LEGS: Fine-Tuning Teleop-Free VLAs for Humanoid Loco-manipulation in an Embodied Gaussian Splatting World31 May 2026
- 2026BilliardPhys-Bench: Benchmarking Physical Reasoning and Visual Dynamics of Multimodal LLMs29 May 2026
- 2026SUGAR: A Scalable Human-Video-Driven Generalizable Humanoid Loco-Manipulation Learning Framework19 May 2026
- 2026HEX: Humanoid-Aligned Experts for Cross-Embodiment Whole-Body Manipulation9 Apr 2026
- 2026Do World Action Models Generalize Better than VLAs? A Robustness Study23 Mar 2026
- 2026Cybo-Waiter: A Physical Agentic Framework for Humanoid Whole-Body Locomotion-Manipulation11 Mar 2026
- 2026ZeroWBC: Learning Natural Whole-Body Humanoid Interaction from Human Egocentric Data10 Mar 2026
- 2026UniHand: A Unified Model for Diverse Controlled 4D Hand Motion Modeling25 Feb 2026
- 2026HAIC: Humanoid Agile Object Interaction Control via Dynamics-Aware World Model12 Feb 2026
- 2026RISE: Self-Improving Robot Policy with Compositional World Model11 Feb 2026
- 2026Self-Supervised Bootstrapping of Action-Predictive Embodied Reasoning9 Feb 2026
- 2026Sparse Video Generation Propels Real-World Beyond-the-View Vision-Language Navigation5 Feb 2026
- 2026HEX: Humanoid-Aligned Experts for Cross-Embodiment Whole-Body Manipulationcited by 10
- 2026WOLF-VLA: Whole-Body Humanoid Optimal Locomotion Framework for Vision-Language-Action Learningcited by 1
- 2026Closing the Loop in Humanoid VLA: Persistent 3D Object Tokens for Verifiable Loco-Manipulationcited by 1
- 2026HAF: Adapting Generalist VLAs to Humanoid Whole-Body Loco-manipulation via Hierarchical Action Flow and Spectral Latent RLcited by 1
- 2026LEGS: Fine-Tuning Teleop-Free VLAs for Humanoid Loco-manipulation in an Embodied Gaussian Splatting Worldcited by 0
- 2026Opt2VLA: Force-Aware Vision-Language-Action for Contact-Rich Humanoid Whole-Body Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026Uni-VLaT: Whole-Body Tactile Adaptation of VLA Policies for Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026Humanoid Loco-Manipulation With Discrete VLA Modelcited by 0
- 2026Humanoid Loco-Manipulation With Discrete VLA Model28 Sep 2026
- 2026Uni-VLaT: Whole-Body Tactile Adaptation of VLA Policies for Humanoid Loco-Manipulation28 Sep 2026
- 2026Opt2VLA: Force-Aware Vision-Language-Action for Contact-Rich Humanoid Whole-Body Manipulation21 Sep 2026
- 2026HAF: Adapting Generalist VLAs to Humanoid Whole-Body Loco-manipulation via Hierarchical Action Flow and Spectral Latent RL17 Aug 2026
- 2026Closing the Loop in Humanoid VLA: Persistent 3D Object Tokens for Verifiable Loco-Manipulation20 Jul 2026
- 2026WOLF-VLA: Whole-Body Humanoid Optimal Locomotion Framework for Vision-Language-Action Learning24 Jun 2026
- 2026LEGS: Fine-Tuning Teleop-Free VLAs for Humanoid Loco-manipulation in an Embodied Gaussian Splatting World31 May 2026
- 2026HEX: Humanoid-Aligned Experts for Cross-Embodiment Whole-Body Manipulation9 Apr 2026
- 2026RISE: Self-Improving Robot Policy with Compositional World Modelcited by 39
- 2026Do World Action Models Generalize Better than VLAs? A Robustness Studycited by 35
- 2026MotionWAM: Towards Foundation World Action Models for Real-Time Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 8
- 2026ω-0: A Latent Predictive World Action Model for Concurrent Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 5
- 2026HAIC: Humanoid Agile Object Interaction Control via Dynamics-Aware World Modelcited by 3
- 2026Robots Need More than VLA and World Modelscited by 2
- 2026ω-0: A Latent Predictive World Action Model for Concurrent Humanoid Loco-Manipulation6 Aug 2026
- 2026MotionWAM: Towards Foundation World Action Models for Real-Time Humanoid Loco-Manipulation8 Jun 2026
- 2026Robots Need More than VLA and World Models4 Jun 2026
- 2026Do World Action Models Generalize Better than VLAs? A Robustness Study23 Mar 2026
- 2026HAIC: Humanoid Agile Object Interaction Control via Dynamics-Aware World Model12 Feb 2026
- 2026RISE: Self-Improving Robot Policy with Compositional World Model11 Feb 2026
- 2026Sparse Video Generation Propels Real-World Beyond-the-View Vision-Language Navigationcited by 10
- 2026ZeroWBC: Learning Natural Whole-Body Humanoid Interaction from Human Egocentric Datacited by 5
- 2026ActiveMimic: Egocentric Video Pretraining with Active Perceptioncited by 4
- 2026UniHand: A Unified Model for Diverse Controlled 4D Hand Motion Modelingcited by 2
- 2026CoorDex: Coordinating Body and Hand Priors for Continuous Dexterous Humanoid Loco-Manipulationcited by 2
- 2026VLK: Learning Humanoid Loco-Manipulation from Synthetic Interactions in Reconstructed Scenescited by 2
- 2026SUGAR: A Scalable Human-Video-Driven Generalizable Humanoid Loco-Manipulation Learning Frameworkcited by 1
- 2026ACE-Data-0: Human-Centric Ambient Capture as Embodied Data Enginecited by 0
- 2026TANGO: Humanoid Navigation in Cluttered Environments with a Whole-Body Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 0
- 2026Weave: Learning Whole-Body Dexterous Loco-Manipulation from Human-Object Interactionscited by 0
- 2026EgoHumanoid-V2: Human-to-Humanoid Transfer of Coordinated Whole-Body Skills for Loco-Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026Learning Expressive and Compositional Motion Representation via Spectral Skillscited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026VioLA: Learning Generalist Humanoid Control Policies from Human Data8 Oct 2026
- 2026InterEvolve: Test-Time Evolution of Reward Programs for Humanoid Loco-Manipulation1 Oct 2026
- 2026Learning Expressive and Compositional Motion Representation via Spectral Skills29 Sep 2026
- 2026EgoHumanoid-V2: Human-to-Humanoid Transfer of Coordinated Whole-Body Skills for Loco-Manipulation29 Sep 2026
- 2026Weave: Learning Whole-Body Dexterous Loco-Manipulation from Human-Object Interactions15 Sep 2026
- 2026TANGO: Humanoid Navigation in Cluttered Environments with a Whole-Body Vision-Language-Action Model8 Sep 2026
- 2026ACE-Data-0: Human-Centric Ambient Capture as Embodied Data Engine30 Jul 2026
- 2026VLK: Learning Humanoid Loco-Manipulation from Synthetic Interactions in Reconstructed Scenes29 Jun 2026
- 2026CoorDex: Coordinating Body and Hand Priors for Continuous Dexterous Humanoid Loco-Manipulation22 Jun 2026
- 2026ActiveMimic: Egocentric Video Pretraining with Active Perception4 Jun 2026
- 2026SUGAR: A Scalable Human-Video-Driven Generalizable Humanoid Loco-Manipulation Learning Framework19 May 2026
- 2026ZeroWBC: Learning Natural Whole-Body Humanoid Interaction from Human Egocentric Data10 Mar 2026
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)
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- 2026Psi0: An Open Foundation Model Towards Universal Humanoid Loco-Manipulation
- 2026KINO: A Keyframe Interface for VLM Planning and Whole-Body Control in Humanoid Loco-Manipulation ↗
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- 2025TrajBooster: Boosting Humanoid Whole-Body Manipulation via Trajectory-Centric Learning
- 2026MetaWorld-X: Hierarchical World Modeling via VLM-Orchestrated Experts for Humanoid Loco-Manipulation