OVRL-V2: A simple state-of-art baseline for ImageNav and ObjectNav
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a single neural network architecture composed of task-agnostic components (ViTs, convolutions, and LSTMs) that achieves state-of-art results on both the ImageNav ("go to location in <this picture>") and ObjectNav ("find a chair") tasks without any task-specific modules like object detection, segmentation, mapping, or planning modules. Such general-purpose methods offer advantages of simplicity in design, positive scaling with available compute, and versatile applicability to multiple tasks. Our work builds upon the recent success of self-supervised learning (SSL) for pre-training vision transformers (ViT). However, while the training recipes for convolutional networks are mature and robust, the recipes for ViTs are contingent and brittle, and in the case of ViTs for visual navigation, yet to be fully discovered. Specifically, we find that vanilla ViTs do not outperform ResNets on visual navigation. We propose the use of a compression layer operating over ViT patch representations to preserve spatial information along with policy training improvements. These improvements allow us to demonstrate positive scaling laws for the first time in visual navigation tasks. Consequently, our model advances state-of-the-art performance on ImageNav from 54.2% to 82.0% success and performs competitively against concurrent state-of-art on ObjectNav with success rate of 64.0% vs. 65.0%. Overall, this work does not present a fundamentally new approach, but rather recommendations for training a general-purpose architecture that achieves state-of-art performance today and could serve as a strong baseline for future methods.
Key facts. Cited by 68 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2023.
Builds on
40 of 51 references.
References · 40
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2021Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learnerscited by 7,339
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
- 2021An Empirical Study of Training Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 1,610
- 2019Habitat: A Platform for Embodied AI Researchcited by 1,163
- 2022data2vec: A General Framework for Self-supervised Learning in Speech, Vision and Languagecited by 718
- 2021Habitat-Matterport 3D Dataset (HM3D): 1000 Large-scale 3D Environments for Embodied AIcited by 579
- 2018On Evaluation of Embodied Navigation Agentscited by 526
- 2021Habitat 2.0: Training Home Assistants to Rearrange their Habitatcited by 501
- 2018Gibson Env: Real-World Perception for Embodied Agentscited by 477
- 2020Object Goal Navigation using Goal-Oriented Semantic Explorationcited by 421
- 2022ProcTHOR: Large-Scale Embodied AI Using Procedural Generationcited by 369
28 more
- 2021Mastering Visual Continuous Control: Improved Data-Augmented Reinforcement Learningcited by 359
- 2019DD-PPO: Learning Near-Perfect PointGoal Navigators from 2.5 Billion Framescited by 352
- 2016Target-driven Visual Navigation in Indoor Scenes using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 351
- 2021Omnidata: A Scalable Pipeline for Making Multi-Task Mid-Level Vision Datasets from 3D Scanscited by 336
- 2021History Aware Multimodal Transformer for Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 268
- 2022Masked Visual Pre-training for Motor Controlcited by 246
- 2022Real-World Robot Learning with Masked Visual Pre-trainingcited by 241
- 2020ObjectNav Revisited: On Evaluation of Embodied Agents Navigating to Objectscited by 240
- 2020Neural Topological SLAM for Visual Navigationcited by 193
- 2021Simple but Effective: CLIP Embeddings for Embodied AIcited by 191
- 2022ZSON: Zero-Shot Object-Goal Navigation using Multimodal Goal Embeddingscited by 177
- 2022Masked World Models for Visual Controlcited by 169
- 2022PONI: Potential Functions for ObjectGoal Navigation with Interaction-free Learningcited by 149
- 2018Visual Semantic Navigation using Scene Priorscited by 127
- 2022Habitat-Matterport 3D Semantics Datasetcited by 109
- 2019Embodied Question Answering in Photorealistic Environments with Point Cloud Perceptioncited by 103
- 2023PIRLNav: Pretraining with Imitation and RL Finetuning for ObjectNavcited by 91
- 2022EnvEdit: Environment Editing for Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 83
- 2018Robot Learning in Homes: Improving Generalization and Reducing Dataset Biascited by 75
- 2022Offline Visual Representation Learning for Embodied Navigationcited by 74
- 2021Auxiliary Tasks and Exploration Enable ObjectNavcited by 73
- 2022Zero Experience Required: Plug & Play Modular Transfer Learning for Semantic Visual Navigationcited by 66
- 2021Memory-Augmented Reinforcement Learning for Image-Goal Navigationcited by 64
- 2021No RL, No Simulation: Learning to Navigate without Navigatingcited by 63
- 2021Curious Representation Learning for Embodied Intelligencecited by 43
- 2022Last-Mile Embodied Visual Navigationcited by 25
- 2022Navigating to Objects in Unseen Environments by Distance Predictioncited by 15
- 2022Exploring Vision Transformers as Diffusion Learnerscited by 10
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 13; 2024: 21; 2025: 21; 2026: 13.
68 papers.
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- 2024Video Prediction Policy: A Generalist Robot Policy with Predictive Visual Representationscited by 279
- 2023Where are we in the search for an Artificial Visual Cortex for Embodied Intelligence?cited by 215
- 2023VLFM: Vision-Language Frontier Maps for Zero-Shot Semantic Navigationcited by 201
- 2024Uni-NaVid: A Video-based Vision-Language-Action Model for Unifying Embodied Navigation Taskscited by 146
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigationcited by 93
- 2023Navigation with Large Language Models: Semantic Guesswork as a Heuristic for Planningcited by 88
- 2024HM3D-OVON: A Dataset and Benchmark for Open-Vocabulary Object Goal Navigationcited by 71
- 2024Theia: Distilling Diverse Vision Foundation Models for Robot Learningcited by 56
- 2025UniGoal: Towards Universal Zero-shot Goal-oriented Navigationcited by 56
- 2023Navigating to Objects Specified by Imagescited by 50
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigationcited by 49
- 2025WMNav: Integrating Vision-Language Models into World Models for Object Goal Navigationcited by 42
38 more
- 2024Vision-Language Models Provide Promptable Representations for Reinforcement Learningcited by 41
- 2024Learning Generalizable Feature Fields for Mobile Manipulationcited by 31
- 2024Prioritized Semantic Learning for Zero-shot Instance Navigationcited by 30
- 2023FGPrompt: Fine-grained Goal Prompting for Image-goal Navigationcited by 21
- 2023Selective Visual Representations Improve Convergence and Generalization for Embodied AIcited by 19
- 2023End-to-End (Instance)-Image Goal Navigation through Correspondence as an Emergent Phenomenoncited by 16
- 2024Instance-aware Exploration-Verification-Exploitation for Instance ImageGoal Navigationcited by 15
- 2023Advances in Embodied Navigation Using Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 14
- 2023MOPA: Modular Object Navigation with PointGoal Agentscited by 11
- 2023What do we learn from a large-scale study of pre-trained visual representations in sim and real environments?cited by 11
- 2024Pre-trained Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Are Versatile Representation Learners for Controlcited by 11
- 2024Personalized Instance-based Navigation Toward User-Specific Objects in Realistic Environmentscited by 11
- 2025NavigateDiff: Visual Predictors are Zero-Shot Navigation Assistantscited by 11
- 2025FindingDory: A Benchmark to Evaluate Memory in Embodied Agentscited by 11
- 2025EmbodiedSplat: Personalized Real-to-Sim-to-Real Navigation with Gaussian Splats from a Mobile Devicecited by 11
- 2025IGL-Nav: Incremental 3D Gaussian Localization for Image-goal Navigationcited by 10
- 2026VLingNav: Embodied Navigation with Adaptive Reasoning and Visual-Assisted Linguistic Memorycited by 10
- 2023HabiCrowd: A High Performance Simulator for Crowd-Aware Visual Navigationcited by 9
- 2023Exploitation-Guided Exploration for Semantic Embodied Navigationcited by 9
- 2024LOC-ZSON: Language-driven Object-Centric Zero-Shot Object Retrieval and Navigationcited by 8
- 2024Learning to navigate efficiently and precisely in real environmentscited by 5
- 2026ReaDy-Go: Real-to-Sim Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting Simulation for Environment-Specific Visual Navigation with Moving Obstaclescited by 5
- 2026LongNav-R1: Horizon-Adaptive Multi-Turn RL for Long-Horizon VLA Navigationcited by 5
- 2024DOZE: A Dataset for Open-Vocabulary Zero-Shot Object Navigation in Dynamic Environmentscited by 4
- 2025OmniEVA: Embodied Versatile Planner via Task-Adaptive 3D-Grounded and Embodiment-aware Reasoningcited by 4
- 2024Task-conditioned adaptation of visual features in multi-task policy learningcited by 3
- 2024Personalized Embodied Navigation for Portable Object Findingcited by 3
- 2024NOLO: Navigate Only Look Oncecited by 3
- 2025Image-Goal Navigation Using Refined Feature Guidance and Scene Graph Enhancementcited by 3
- 2026Uni-LaViRA: Language-Vision-Robot Actions Translation for Unified Embodied Navigationcited by 3
- 2023Visual Semantic Navigation with Real Robotscited by 2
- 2025RANa: Retrieval-Augmented Navigationcited by 2
- 2025SemNav: A Model-Based Planner for Zero-Shot Object Goal Navigation Using Vision-Foundation Modelscited by 2
- 2025What does really matter in image goal navigation?cited by 2
- 2025Kinaema: a recurrent sequence model for memory and pose in motioncited by 2
- 2025VLD: Visual Language Goal Distance for Reinforcement Learning Navigationcited by 2
- 2026ReMemNav: Memory-Based Decision Correction and Target Verification for Zero-Shot Object Navigationcited by 2
- 2024Transformers for Image-Goal Navigationcited by 1
50 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2026HAM-VLN: Harnessing Hierarchical Agentic Memory for Zero-Shot Vision-and-Language Navigation31 Jul 2026
- 2026VTM-Nav: Harnessing Cross-Episode Experience for Object-Goal Navigation with Hierarchical Visual-Topological Memory16 Jul 2026
- 2026UESF-Bench: Benchmarking and Probing for Unified Embodied Seeking and Following15 Jul 2026
- 2026Uni-LaViRA: Language-Vision-Robot Actions Translation for Unified Embodied Navigation26 May 2026
- 2026ConsistNav: Closing the Action Consistency Gap in Zero-Shot Object Navigation with Semantic Executive Control11 May 2026
- 2026Plug-and-Play Label Map Diffusion for Universal Goal-Oriented Navigation7 May 2026
- 2026ReMemNav: Memory-Based Decision Correction and Target Verification for Zero-Shot Object Navigation25 Mar 2026
- 2026Memory Over Maps: 3D Object Localization Without Reconstruction20 Mar 2026
- 2026SignNav: Leveraging Signage for Semantic Visual Navigation in Large-Scale Indoor Environments17 Mar 2026
- 2026LongNav-R1: Horizon-Adaptive Multi-Turn RL for Long-Horizon VLA Navigation12 Feb 2026
- 2026ReaDy-Go: Real-to-Sim Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting Simulation for Environment-Specific Visual Navigation with Moving Obstacles12 Feb 2026
- 2026ReasonNavi: Human-Inspired Global Map Reasoning for Zero-Shot Embodied Navigation26 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2026VLingNav: Embodied Navigation with Adaptive Reasoning and Visual-Assisted Linguistic Memory13 Jan 2026
- 2025RANGER: A Monocular Zero-Shot Semantic Navigation Framework through Visual Contextual Adaptation30 Dec 2025
- 2025ImagineNav++: Prompting Vision-Language Models as Embodied Navigator through Scene Imagination19 Dec 2025
- 2025VLD: Visual Language Goal Distance for Reinforcement Learning Navigation8 Dec 2025
- 2025FOM-Nav: Frontier-Object Maps for Object Goal Navigation30 Nov 2025
- 2025SplatSearch: Instance Image Goal Navigation for Mobile Robots using 3D Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Models17 Nov 2025
- 2025Kinaema: a recurrent sequence model for memory and pose in motion23 Oct 2025
- 2025Exploring Conditions for Diffusion models in Robotic Control17 Oct 2025
- 2025EmbodiedSplat: Personalized Real-to-Sim-to-Real Navigation with Gaussian Splats from a Mobile Device22 Sep 2025
- 2025OmniEVA: Embodied Versatile Planner via Task-Adaptive 3D-Grounded and Embodiment-aware Reasoning11 Sep 2025
- 2025IGL-Nav: Incremental 3D Gaussian Localization for Image-goal Navigation1 Aug 2025
- 2025PIG-Nav: Key Insights for Pretrained Image Goal Navigation Models23 Jul 2025
- 2025What does really matter in image goal navigation?2 Jul 2025
- 2025FindingDory: A Benchmark to Evaluate Memory in Embodied Agents18 Jun 2025
- 2025SemNav: A Model-Based Planner for Zero-Shot Object Goal Navigation Using Vision-Foundation Models4 Jun 2025
- 2025SEMNAV: Enhancing Visual Semantic Navigation in Robotics through Semantic Segmentation2 Jun 2025
- 2025RSRNav: Reasoning Spatial Relationship for Image-Goal Navigation25 Apr 2025
- 2025RANa: Retrieval-Augmented Navigation4 Apr 2025
- 2025Image-Goal Navigation Using Refined Feature Guidance and Scene Graph Enhancement14 Mar 2025
- 2025UniGoal: Towards Universal Zero-shot Goal-oriented Navigation13 Mar 2025
- 2025WMNav: Integrating Vision-Language Models into World Models for Object Goal Navigation4 Mar 2025
- 2025NavigateDiff: Visual Predictors are Zero-Shot Navigation Assistants19 Feb 2025
- 2024Video Prediction Policy: A Generalist Robot Policy with Predictive Visual Representations19 Dec 2024
- 2024Uni-NaVid: A Video-based Vision-Language-Action Model for Unifying Embodied Navigation Tasks9 Dec 2024
- 2024Personalized Instance-based Navigation Toward User-Specific Objects in Realistic Environments23 Oct 2024
- 2024HM3D-OVON: A Dataset and Benchmark for Open-Vocabulary Object Goal Navigation22 Sep 2024
- 2024NOLO: Navigate Only Look Once2 Aug 2024
- 2024Theia: Distilling Diverse Vision Foundation Models for Robot Learning29 Jul 2024
- 2024Efficient Strategy Learning by Decoupling Searching and Pathfinding for Object Navigation20 Jun 2024
- 2024CoNav: A Benchmark for Human-Centered Collaborative Navigation4 Jun 2024
- 2024Transformers for Image-Goal Navigation23 May 2024
- 2024Pre-trained Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Are Versatile Representation Learners for Control9 May 2024
- 2024LOC-ZSON: Language-driven Object-Centric Zero-Shot Object Retrieval and Navigation8 May 2024
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigation9 Apr 2024
- 2024Prioritized Semantic Learning for Zero-shot Instance Navigation18 Mar 2024
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigation18 Mar 2024
- 2024Personalized Embodied Navigation for Portable Object Finding14 Mar 2024
- 2024Learning Generalizable Feature Fields for Mobile Manipulation12 Mar 2024
50 newest of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2023VLFM: Vision-Language Frontier Maps for Zero-Shot Semantic Navigationcited by 201
- 2024Vision-Language Models Provide Promptable Representations for Reinforcement Learningcited by 41
- 2025FindingDory: A Benchmark to Evaluate Memory in Embodied Agentscited by 11
- 2025ImagineNav++: Prompting Vision-Language Models as Embodied Navigator through Scene Imaginationcited by 1
- 2026Memory Over Maps: 3D Object Localization Without Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2026VTM-Nav: Harnessing Cross-Episode Experience for Object-Goal Navigation with Hierarchical Visual-Topological Memorycited by 0
- 2026VTM-Nav: Harnessing Cross-Episode Experience for Object-Goal Navigation with Hierarchical Visual-Topological Memory16 Jul 2026
- 2026Memory Over Maps: 3D Object Localization Without Reconstruction20 Mar 2026
- 2025ImagineNav++: Prompting Vision-Language Models as Embodied Navigator through Scene Imagination19 Dec 2025
- 2025FindingDory: A Benchmark to Evaluate Memory in Embodied Agents18 Jun 2025
- 2024Vision-Language Models Provide Promptable Representations for Reinforcement Learning5 Feb 2024
- 2023VLFM: Vision-Language Frontier Maps for Zero-Shot Semantic Navigation6 Dec 2023
- 2024Pre-trained Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Are Versatile Representation Learners for Controlcited by 11
- 2025SplatSearch: Instance Image Goal Navigation for Mobile Robots using 3D Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Modelscited by 1
- 2025Exploring Conditions for Diffusion models in Robotic Controlcited by 0
- 2026Plug-and-Play Label Map Diffusion for Universal Goal-Oriented Navigationcited by 0
- 2026Plug-and-Play Label Map Diffusion for Universal Goal-Oriented Navigation7 May 2026
- 2025SplatSearch: Instance Image Goal Navigation for Mobile Robots using 3D Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Models17 Nov 2025
- 2025Exploring Conditions for Diffusion models in Robotic Control17 Oct 2025
- 2024Pre-trained Text-to-Image Diffusion Models Are Versatile Representation Learners for Control9 May 2024
- 2024Video Prediction Policy: A Generalist Robot Policy with Predictive Visual Representationscited by 279
- 2024Uni-NaVid: A Video-based Vision-Language-Action Model for Unifying Embodied Navigation Taskscited by 146
- 2026VLingNav: Embodied Navigation with Adaptive Reasoning and Visual-Assisted Linguistic Memorycited by 10
- 2026VLingNav: Embodied Navigation with Adaptive Reasoning and Visual-Assisted Linguistic Memory13 Jan 2026
- 2024Video Prediction Policy: A Generalist Robot Policy with Predictive Visual Representations19 Dec 2024
- 2024Uni-NaVid: A Video-based Vision-Language-Action Model for Unifying Embodied Navigation Tasks9 Dec 2024
- 2025RANa: Retrieval-Augmented Navigationcited by 2
- 2025RANa: Retrieval-Augmented Navigation4 Apr 2025
- 2023Where are we in the search for an Artificial Visual Cortex for Embodied Intelligence?cited by 215
- 2024GOAT-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Modal Lifelong Navigationcited by 93
- 2023Navigation with Large Language Models: Semantic Guesswork as a Heuristic for Planningcited by 88
- 2024HM3D-OVON: A Dataset and Benchmark for Open-Vocabulary Object Goal Navigationcited by 71
- 2024Theia: Distilling Diverse Vision Foundation Models for Robot Learningcited by 56
- 2025UniGoal: Towards Universal Zero-shot Goal-oriented Navigationcited by 56
- 2023Navigating to Objects Specified by Imagescited by 50
- 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigationcited by 49
- 2024Learning Generalizable Feature Fields for Mobile Manipulationcited by 31
- 2024Prioritized Semantic Learning for Zero-shot Instance Navigationcited by 30
- 2023FGPrompt: Fine-grained Goal Prompting for Image-goal Navigationcited by 21
- 2023Selective Visual Representations Improve Convergence and Generalization for Embodied AIcited by 19
12 most cited of 50 All 50 (JSON)
- 2026UESF-Bench: Benchmarking and Probing for Unified Embodied Seeking and Following15 Jul 2026
- 2026Uni-LaViRA: Language-Vision-Robot Actions Translation for Unified Embodied Navigation26 May 2026
- 2026ConsistNav: Closing the Action Consistency Gap in Zero-Shot Object Navigation with Semantic Executive Control11 May 2026
- 2026ReMemNav: Memory-Based Decision Correction and Target Verification for Zero-Shot Object Navigation25 Mar 2026
- 2026SignNav: Leveraging Signage for Semantic Visual Navigation in Large-Scale Indoor Environments17 Mar 2026
- 2026LongNav-R1: Horizon-Adaptive Multi-Turn RL for Long-Horizon VLA Navigation12 Feb 2026
- 2026ReaDy-Go: Real-to-Sim Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting Simulation for Environment-Specific Visual Navigation with Moving Obstacles12 Feb 2026
- 2025RANGER: A Monocular Zero-Shot Semantic Navigation Framework through Visual Contextual Adaptation30 Dec 2025
- 2025VLD: Visual Language Goal Distance for Reinforcement Learning Navigation8 Dec 2025
- 2025FOM-Nav: Frontier-Object Maps for Object Goal Navigation30 Nov 2025
- 2025Kinaema: a recurrent sequence model for memory and pose in motion23 Oct 2025
- 2025EmbodiedSplat: Personalized Real-to-Sim-to-Real Navigation with Gaussian Splats from a Mobile Device22 Sep 2025
12 newest of 50 All 50 (JSON)