mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognition

arXiv 2103.04098 ↗First posted 6 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 221

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we contribute a new million-scale face benchmark containing noisy 4M identities/260M faces (WebFace260M) and cleaned 2M identities/42M faces (WebFace42M) training data, as well as an elaborately designed time-constrained evaluation protocol. Firstly, we collect 4M name list and download 260M faces from the Internet. Then, a Cleaning Automatically utilizing Self-Training (CAST) pipeline is devised to purify the tremendous WebFace260M, which is efficient and scalable. To the best of our knowledge, the cleaned WebFace42M is the largest public face recognition training set and we expect to close the data gap between academia and industry. Referring to practical scenarios, Face Recognition Under Inference Time conStraint (FRUITS) protocol and a test set are constructed to comprehensively evaluate face matchers. Equipped with this benchmark, we delve into million-scale face recognition problems. A distributed framework is developed to train face recognition models efficiently without tampering with the performance. Empowered by WebFace42M, we reduce relative 40% failure rate on the challenging IJB-C set, and ranks the 3rd among 430 entries on NIST-FRVT. Even 10% data (WebFace4M) shows superior performance compared with public training set. Furthermore, comprehensive baselines are established on our rich-attribute test set under FRUITS-100ms/500ms/1000ms protocol, including MobileNet, EfficientNet, AttentionNet, ResNet, SENet, ResNeXt and RegNet families. Benchmark website is https://www.face-benchmark.org.

Key facts. Cited by 221 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 50 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Mar 2021.

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50 of 83 references.

References · 50

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38 more
  1. 2019Self-training with Noisy Student improves ImageNet classificationcited by 1,304
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  3. 2018CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 968
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  11. 2020CurricularFace: Adaptive Curriculum Learning Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 320
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  13. 2018Additive Margin Softmax for Face Verificationcited by 275
  14. 2017Cross-Age LFW: A Database for Studying Cross-Age Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environmentscited by 258
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  18. 2018MobileFaceNets: Efficient CNNs for Accurate Real-Time Face Verification on Mobile Devicescited by 180
  19. 2019Probabilistic Face Embeddingscited by 171
  20. 2014Deep Learning Face Representation by Joint Identification-Verificationcited by 162
  21. 2019Mitigate Bias in Face Recognition using Skewness-Aware Reinforcement Learningcited by 145
  22. 2015A Light CNN for Deep Face Representation with Noisy Labelscited by 126
  23. 2017Data Distillation: Towards Omni-Supervised Learningcited by 126
  24. 2020Mitigating Face Recognition Bias via Group Adaptive Classifiercited by 67
  25. 2018The Devil of Face Recognition is in the Noisecited by 65
  26. 2015DeepID3: Face Recognition with Very Deep Neural Networkscited by 62
  27. 2019Linkage Based Face Clustering via Graph Convolution Networkcited by 55
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  31. 2020Learning to Cluster Faces via Confidence and Connectivity Estimationcited by 42
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  34. 2016Clustering Millions of Faces by Identitycited by 26
  35. 2014Web-Scale Training for Face Identificationcited by 20
  36. 2018Consensus-Driven Propagation in Massive Unlabeled Data for Face Recognitioncited by 20
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 24; 2023: 38; 2024: 62; 2025: 48; 2026: 32.

221 papers.

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  1. 2022AdaFace: Quality Adaptive Margin for Face Recognitioncited by 390
  2. 2023DCFace: Synthetic Face Generation with Dual Condition Diffusion Modelcited by 116
  3. 2024Arc2Face: A Foundation Model for ID-Consistent Human Facescited by 101
  4. 2022DigiFace-1M: 1 Million Digital Face Images for Face Recognitioncited by 92
  5. 2022Killing Two Birds with One Stone:Efficient and Robust Training of Face Recognition CNNs by Partial FCcited by 73
  6. 2023BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swappingcited by 66
  7. 2021YOLO5Face: Why Reinventing a Face Detectorcited by 44
  8. 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The InsightFace Track Reportcited by 41
  9. 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 41
  10. 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
  11. 2023SwinFace: A Multi-task Transformer for Face Recognition, Expression Recognition, Age Estimation and Attribute Estimationcited by 38
  12. 2024KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognitioncited by 37
38 more
  1. 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
  2. 2023EdgeFace: Efficient Face Recognition Model for Edge Devicescited by 33
  3. 2024How Good is ChatGPT at Face Biometrics? A First Look into Recognition, Soft Biometrics, and Explainabilitycited by 33
  4. 2022PrintsGAN: Synthetic Fingerprint Generatorcited by 30
  5. 2024SDFR: Synthetic Data for Face Recognition Competitioncited by 28
  6. 2021Face.evoLVe: A High-Performance Face Recognition Librarycited by 26
  7. 2021Federated Learning for Face Recognition with Gradient Correctioncited by 24
  8. 2022Face Recognition Accuracy Across Demographics: Shining a Light Into the Problemcited by 24
  9. 2021Rethinking Common Assumptions to Mitigate Racial Bias in Face Recognition Datasetscited by 22
  10. 2022Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognitioncited by 22
  11. 2022Cluster and Aggregate: Face Recognition with Large Probe Setcited by 22
  12. 2023TransFace++: Rethinking the Face Recognition Paradigm with a Focus on Accuracy, Efficiency, and Securitycited by 22
  13. 2024FRoundation: Are Foundation Models Ready for Face Recognition?cited by 22
  14. 2021Structure-Aware Face Clustering on a Large-Scale Graph with bf107 Nodescited by 21
  15. 2024G2Face: High-Fidelity Reversible Face Anonymization via Generative and Geometric Priorscited by 20
  16. 2024Affective Behaviour Analysis via Integrating Multi-Modal Knowledgecited by 18
  17. 2024ID3: Identity-Preserving-yet-Diversified Diffusion Models for Synthetic Face Recognitioncited by 18
  18. 2024Omni-ID: Holistic Identity Representation Designed for Generative Taskscited by 18
  19. 2021Balancing Biases and Preserving Privacy on Balanced Faces in the Wildcited by 17
  20. 2023A Quality Aware Sample-to-Sample Comparison for Face Recognitioncited by 17
  21. 2021FedFR: Joint Optimization Federated Framework for Generic and Personalized Face Recognitioncited by 16
  22. 2024PetFace: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Animal Identificationcited by 16
  23. 2025Arc2Avatar: Generating Expressive 3D Avatars from a Single Image via ID Guidancecited by 16
  24. 2023Logical Consistency and Greater Descriptive Power for Facial Hair Attribute Learningcited by 15
  25. 2024LLM-AD: Large Language Model based Audio Description Systemcited by 14
  26. 2025SapiensID: Foundation for Human Recognitioncited by 14
  27. 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 13
  28. 2025Person Recognition at Altitude and Range: Fusion of Face, Body Shape and Gaitcited by 13
  29. 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognitioncited by 13
  30. 2021An Efficient Training Approach for Very Large Scale Face Recognitioncited by 12
  31. 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The WebFace260M Track Reportcited by 12
  32. 2021An Experimental Evaluation on Deepfake Detection using Deep Face Recognitioncited by 12
  33. 2024LAFS: Landmark-based Facial Self-supervised Learning for Face Recognitioncited by 12
  34. 2024Synthetic Face Datasets Generation via Latent Space Exploration from Brownian Identity Diffusioncited by 12
  35. 2024Open-Set Biometrics: Beyond Good Closed-Set Modelscited by 12
  36. 2024HyperFace: Generating Synthetic Face Recognition Datasets by Exploring Face Embedding Hyperspherecited by 12
  37. 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusioncited by 12
  38. 2025A Quality-Guided Mixture of Score-Fusion Experts Framework for Human Recognitioncited by 11

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