Learning to Cluster Faces on an Affinity Graph
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Abstract (arXiv)
Face recognition sees remarkable progress in recent years, and its performance has reached a very high level. Taking it to a next level requires substantially larger data, which would involve prohibitive annotation cost. Hence, exploiting unlabeled data becomes an appealing alternative. Recent works have shown that clustering unlabeled faces is a promising approach, often leading to notable performance gains. Yet, how to effectively cluster, especially on a large-scale (i.e. million-level or above) dataset, remains an open question. A key challenge lies in the complex variations of cluster patterns, which make it difficult for conventional clustering methods to meet the needed accuracy. This work explores a novel approach, namely, learning to cluster instead of relying on hand-crafted criteria. Specifically, we propose a framework based on graph convolutional network, which combines a detection and a segmentation module to pinpoint face clusters. Experiments show that our method yields significantly more accurate face clusters, which, as a result, also lead to further performance gain in face recognition.
Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 14; 2023: 11; 2024: 6; 2025: 3.
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- 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 221
- 2021Trustworthy AI: From Principles to Practicescited by 206
- 2021Exploiting the Intrinsic Neighborhood Structure for Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 176
- 2021Towards Discovery and Attribution of Open-world GAN Generated Imagescited by 66
- 2021Learning a Proposal Classifier for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 42
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 41
- 2021Structure-Aware Face Clustering on a Large-Scale Graph with bf107 Nodescited by 21
- 2021Centroid Transformers: Learning to Abstract with Attentioncited by 20
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Image Clusteringcited by 18
- 2021Nearest Neighborhood-Based Deep Clustering for Source Data-absent Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 16
- 2022Ada-NETS: Face Clustering via Adaptive Neighbour Discovery in the Structure Spacecited by 16
- 2023Quantum Vision Clusteringcited by 13
38 more
- 2023FALCON: Fairness Learning via Contrastive Attention Approach to Continual Semantic Scene Understandingcited by 13
- 2024QClusformer: A Quantum Transformer-based Framework for Unsupervised Visual Clusteringcited by 11
- 2023Fairness in Visual Clustering: A Novel Transformer Clustering Approachcited by 10
- 2024Quantum Visual Feature Encoding Revisitedcited by 10
- 2022Bipartite Graph Reasoning GANs for Person Pose and Facial Image Synthesiscited by 9
- 2023Trust your Good Friends: Source-free Domain Adaptation by Reciprocal Neighborhood Clusteringcited by 9
- 2022Local-Adaptive Face Recognition via Graph-based Meta-Clustering and Regularized Adaptationcited by 7
- 2022Learn to Cluster Faces via Pairwise Classificationcited by 7
- 2022On Mitigating Hard Clusters for Face Clusteringcited by 7
- 2023Introspective Deep Metric Learningcited by 7
- 2021Learning to Cluster Faces via Transformercited by 5
- 2024Globally Correlation-Aware Hard Negative Generationcited by 5
- 2022Graph Neural Networks in Computer Vision -- Architectures, Datasets and Common Approachescited by 4
- 2025Spatial-Temporal Graph Mamba for Music-Guided Dance Video Synthesiscited by 4
- 2022FaceMap: Towards Unsupervised Face Clustering via Map Equationcited by 3
- 2022Self-supervised Video-centralised Transformer for Video Face Clusteringcited by 3
- 2022Robust Graph Structure Learning via Multiple Statistical Testscited by 3
- 2021Inter-class Discrepancy Alignment for Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2021Efficient Large-Scale Face Clustering Using an Online Mixture of Gaussianscited by 2
- 2023Relation-Aware Distribution Representation Network for Person Clustering with Multiple Modalitiescited by 2
- 2023Image Clustering using Restricted Boltzman Machinecited by 2
- 2022An Efficient Person Clustering Algorithm for Open Checkout-free Groceriescited by 1
- 2022An Empirical Study on Clustering Pretrained Embeddings: Is Deep Strictly Better?cited by 1
- 2022A Survey of Face Recognitioncited by 1
- 2024Relational Representation Distillationcited by 1
- 2024Face Clustering via Early Stopping and Edge Recallcited by 1
- 2025Exploiting Inter-Sample Information for Long-tailed Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 1
- 2021Gradient Regularized Contrastive Learning for Continual Domain Adaptationcited by 0
- 2021A Linkage-based Doubly Imbalanced Graph Learning Framework for Face Clusteringcited by 0
- 2021Density-Based Clustering with Kernel Diffusioncited by 0
- 2021Confidence Propagation Cluster: Unleash Full Potential of Object Detectorscited by 0
- 2022Introspective Deep Metric Learning for Image Retrievalcited by 0
- 2023Learn to Cluster Faces with Better Subgraphscited by 0
- 2023Unified and Dynamic Graph for Temporal Character Grouping in Long Videoscited by 0
- 2023Automatic nodule identification and differentiation in ultrasound videos to facilitate per-nodule examinationcited by 0
- 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clusteringcited by 0
- 2024Cross-Camera Data Association via GNN for Supervised Graph Clusteringcited by 0
- 2025Enhancing Noise Resilience in Face Clustering via Sparse Differential Transformercited by 0
- 2025Enhancing Noise Resilience in Face Clustering via Sparse Differential Transformer27 Dec 2025
- 2025Exploiting Inter-Sample Information for Long-tailed Out-of-Distribution Detection20 Nov 2025
- 2025Spatial-Temporal Graph Mamba for Music-Guided Dance Video Synthesis9 Jul 2025
- 2024Globally Correlation-Aware Hard Negative Generation20 Nov 2024
- 2024Cross-Camera Data Association via GNN for Supervised Graph Clustering1 Oct 2024
- 2024Face Clustering via Early Stopping and Edge Recall24 Aug 2024
- 2024Relational Representation Distillation16 Jul 2024
- 2024Quantum Visual Feature Encoding Revisited30 May 2024
- 2024QClusformer: A Quantum Transformer-based Framework for Unsupervised Visual Clustering30 May 2024
- 2023Image Clustering using Restricted Boltzman Machine21 Dec 2023
- 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clustering7 Dec 2023
- 2023FALCON: Fairness Learning via Contrastive Attention Approach to Continual Semantic Scene Understanding27 Nov 2023
38 more
- 2023Automatic nodule identification and differentiation in ultrasound videos to facilitate per-nodule examination10 Oct 2023
- 2023Quantum Vision Clustering18 Sep 2023
- 2023Introspective Deep Metric Learning11 Sep 2023
- 2023Trust your Good Friends: Source-free Domain Adaptation by Reciprocal Neighborhood Clustering1 Sep 2023
- 2023Unified and Dynamic Graph for Temporal Character Grouping in Long Videos27 Aug 2023
- 2023Relation-Aware Distribution Representation Network for Person Clustering with Multiple Modalities1 Aug 2023
- 2023Learn to Cluster Faces with Better Subgraphs21 Apr 2023
- 2023Fairness in Visual Clustering: A Novel Transformer Clustering Approach14 Apr 2023
- 2022A Survey of Face Recognition26 Dec 2022
- 2022Graph Neural Networks in Computer Vision -- Architectures, Datasets and Common Approaches20 Dec 2022
- 2022Bipartite Graph Reasoning GANs for Person Pose and Facial Image Synthesis12 Nov 2022
- 2022An Empirical Study on Clustering Pretrained Embeddings: Is Deep Strictly Better?9 Nov 2022
- 2022Robust Graph Structure Learning via Multiple Statistical Tests8 Oct 2022
- 2022An Efficient Person Clustering Algorithm for Open Checkout-free Groceries5 Aug 2022
- 2022On Mitigating Hard Clusters for Face Clustering25 Jul 2022
- 2022Learn to Cluster Faces via Pairwise Classification26 May 2022
- 2022Introspective Deep Metric Learning for Image Retrieval9 May 2022
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognition21 Apr 2022
- 2022Local-Adaptive Face Recognition via Graph-based Meta-Clustering and Regularized Adaptation27 Mar 2022
- 2022Self-supervised Video-centralised Transformer for Video Face Clustering24 Mar 2022
- 2022FaceMap: Towards Unsupervised Face Clustering via Map Equation21 Mar 2022
- 2022Ada-NETS: Face Clustering via Adaptive Neighbour Discovery in the Structure Space8 Feb 2022
- 2021Confidence Propagation Cluster: Unleash Full Potential of Object Detectors1 Dec 2021
- 2021Density-Based Clustering with Kernel Diffusion11 Oct 2021
- 2021Exploiting the Intrinsic Neighborhood Structure for Source-free Domain Adaptation8 Oct 2021
- 2021Trustworthy AI: From Principles to Practices4 Oct 2021
- 2021Nearest Neighborhood-Based Deep Clustering for Source Data-absent Unsupervised Domain Adaptation27 Jul 2021
- 2021A Linkage-based Doubly Imbalanced Graph Learning Framework for Face Clustering6 Jul 2021
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Image Clustering3 Jul 2021
- 2021Towards Discovery and Attribution of Open-world GAN Generated Images10 May 2021
- 2021Learning to Cluster Faces via Transformer23 Apr 2021
- 2021Efficient Large-Scale Face Clustering Using an Online Mixture of Gaussians31 Mar 2021
- 2021Structure-Aware Face Clustering on a Large-Scale Graph with bf107 Nodes24 Mar 2021
- 2021Gradient Regularized Contrastive Learning for Continual Domain Adaptation23 Mar 2021
- 2021Learning a Proposal Classifier for Multiple Object Tracking14 Mar 2021
- 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognition6 Mar 2021
- 2021Inter-class Discrepancy Alignment for Face Recognition2 Mar 2021
- 2021Centroid Transformers: Learning to Abstract with Attention17 Feb 2021
- 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 221
- 2021Trustworthy AI: From Principles to Practicescited by 206
- 2021Exploiting the Intrinsic Neighborhood Structure for Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 176
- 2021Towards Discovery and Attribution of Open-world GAN Generated Imagescited by 66
- 2021Learning a Proposal Classifier for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 42
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 41
- 2021Structure-Aware Face Clustering on a Large-Scale Graph with bf107 Nodescited by 21
- 2021Centroid Transformers: Learning to Abstract with Attentioncited by 20
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Image Clusteringcited by 18
- 2021Nearest Neighborhood-Based Deep Clustering for Source Data-absent Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 16
- 2022Ada-NETS: Face Clustering via Adaptive Neighbour Discovery in the Structure Spacecited by 16
- 2023Quantum Vision Clusteringcited by 13
12 most cited of 49 All 49 (JSON)
- 2025Enhancing Noise Resilience in Face Clustering via Sparse Differential Transformer27 Dec 2025
- 2025Exploiting Inter-Sample Information for Long-tailed Out-of-Distribution Detection20 Nov 2025
- 2024Globally Correlation-Aware Hard Negative Generation20 Nov 2024
- 2024Cross-Camera Data Association via GNN for Supervised Graph Clustering1 Oct 2024
- 2024Face Clustering via Early Stopping and Edge Recall24 Aug 2024
- 2024Relational Representation Distillation16 Jul 2024
- 2024Quantum Visual Feature Encoding Revisited30 May 2024
- 2024QClusformer: A Quantum Transformer-based Framework for Unsupervised Visual Clustering30 May 2024
- 2023Image Clustering using Restricted Boltzman Machine21 Dec 2023
- 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clustering7 Dec 2023
- 2023FALCON: Fairness Learning via Contrastive Attention Approach to Continual Semantic Scene Understanding27 Nov 2023
- 2023Automatic nodule identification and differentiation in ultrasound videos to facilitate per-nodule examination10 Oct 2023
12 newest of 49 All 49 (JSON)