mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Level Playing Field for Million Scale Face Recognition

arXiv 1705.00393 ↗First posted 1 May 2017cs.CVcited by 43

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Abstract (arXiv)

Face recognition has the perception of a solved problem, however when tested at the million-scale exhibits dramatic variation in accuracies across the different algorithms. Are the algorithms very different? Is access to good/big training data their secret weapon? Where should face recognition improve? To address those questions, we created a benchmark, MF2, that requires all algorithms to be trained on same data, and tested at the million scale. MF2 is a public large-scale set with 672K identities and 4.7M photos created with the goal to level playing field for large scale face recognition. We contrast our results with findings from the other two large-scale benchmarks MegaFace Challenge and MS-Celebs-1M where groups were allowed to train on any private/public/big/small set. Some key discoveries: 1) algorithms, trained on MF2, were able to achieve state of the art and comparable results to algorithms trained on massive private sets, 2) some outperformed themselves once trained on MF2, 3) invariance to aging suffers from low accuracies as in MegaFace, identifying the need for larger age variations possibly within identities or adjustment of algorithms in future testings.

Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 May 2017.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 10; 2023: 10; 2024: 7; 2025: 8; 2026: 2.

43 papers.

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  1. 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 223
  2. 2022DigiFace-1M: 1 Million Digital Face Images for Face Recognitioncited by 92
  3. 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 42
  4. 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The InsightFace Track Reportcited by 41
  5. 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
  6. 2021Face.evoLVe: A High-Performance Face Recognition Librarycited by 26
  7. 2022OPOM: Customized Invisible Cloak towards Face Privacy Protectioncited by 22
  8. 2022SFace: Sigmoid-Constrained Hypersphere Loss for Robust Face Recognitioncited by 21
  9. 2021Dynamic Class Queue for Large Scale Face Recognition In the Wildcited by 14
  10. 2024Fairness and Bias Mitigation in Computer Vision: A Surveycited by 13
  11. 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The WebFace260M Track Reportcited by 12
  12. 2021CapsField: Light Field-based Face and Expression Recognition in the Wild using Capsule Routingcited by 9
31 more
  1. 2022What's in a Decade? Transforming Faces Through Timecited by 9
  2. 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromisecited by 8
  3. 2022FaceMAE: Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition via Masked Autoencoderscited by 7
  4. 2022Learn to Cluster Faces via Pairwise Classificationcited by 7
  5. 2023EFHQ: Multi-purpose ExtremePose-Face-HQ datasetcited by 6
  6. 2023AdvCloak: Customized Adversarial Cloak for Privacy Protectioncited by 5
  7. 2024VIGFace: Virtual Identity Generation for Privacy-Free Face Recognitioncited by 5
  8. 2023ADD: An Automatic Desensitization Fisheye Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
  9. 2025From Age Estimation to Age-Invariant Face Recognition: Generalized Age Feature Extraction Using Order-Enhanced Contrastive Learningcited by 4
  10. 2023The Cultivated Practices of Text-to-Image Generationcited by 3
  11. 2023ProS: Facial Omni-Representation Learning via Prototype-based Self-Distillationcited by 3
  12. 2022Deep Image Retrieval is not Robust to Label Noisecited by 2
  13. 2022Learning Domain and Pose Invariance for Thermal-to-Visible Face Recognitioncited by 2
  14. 2023Cross-Age Contrastive Learning for Age-Invariant Face Recognitioncited by 2
  15. 2024Massively Annotated Datasets for Assessment of Synthetic and Real Data in Face Recognitioncited by 2
  16. 2025GIF: Generative Inspiration for Face Recognition at Scalecited by 2
  17. 2025Restoring Gaussian Blurred Face Images for Deanonymization Attackscited by 2
  18. 2025Object Recognition Datasets and Challenges: A Reviewcited by 2
  19. 2023Face Recognition Using Synthetic Face Datacited by 1
  20. 2024Enhancing Generalization of Invisible Facial Privacy Cloak via Gradient Accumulationcited by 1
  21. 2025Tiny but Mighty: A Software-Hardware Co-Design Approach for Efficient Multimodal Inference on Battery-Powered Small Devicescited by 1
  22. 2022A Survey on Face Recognition Systemscited by 0
  23. 2023Unveiling the frontiers of deep learning: innovations shaping diverse domainscited by 0
  24. 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clusteringcited by 0
  25. 2024AdaFedFR: Federated Face Recognition with Adaptive Inter-Class Representation Learningcited by 0
  26. 2024Toward Digitalization: A Secure Approach to Find a Missing Person Using Facial Recognition Technologycited by 0
  27. 2024Meta-Learning for Federated Face Recognition in Imbalanced Data Regimescited by 0
  28. 2025AttFC: Attention Fully-Connected Layer for Large-Scale Face Recognition with One GPUcited by 0
  29. 2025DiffProb: Data Pruning for Face Recognitioncited by 0
  30. 2026Personalized Face Privacy Protection From a Single Imagecited by 0
  31. 2026DenseFace: Bias Mitigation in Face Recognition via Density-Aware Probabilistic Matchingcited by 0