Level Playing Field for Million Scale Face Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
Face recognition has the perception of a solved problem, however when tested at the million-scale exhibits dramatic variation in accuracies across the different algorithms. Are the algorithms very different? Is access to good/big training data their secret weapon? Where should face recognition improve? To address those questions, we created a benchmark, MF2, that requires all algorithms to be trained on same data, and tested at the million scale. MF2 is a public large-scale set with 672K identities and 4.7M photos created with the goal to level playing field for large scale face recognition. We contrast our results with findings from the other two large-scale benchmarks MegaFace Challenge and MS-Celebs-1M where groups were allowed to train on any private/public/big/small set. Some key discoveries: 1) algorithms, trained on MF2, were able to achieve state of the art and comparable results to algorithms trained on massive private sets, 2) some outperformed themselves once trained on MF2, 3) invariance to aging suffers from low accuracies as in MegaFace, identifying the need for larger age variations possibly within identities or adjustment of algorithms in future testings.
Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 May 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 10; 2023: 10; 2024: 7; 2025: 8; 2026: 2.
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- 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 223
- 2022DigiFace-1M: 1 Million Digital Face Images for Face Recognitioncited by 92
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 42
- 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The InsightFace Track Reportcited by 41
- 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
- 2021Face.evoLVe: A High-Performance Face Recognition Librarycited by 26
- 2022OPOM: Customized Invisible Cloak towards Face Privacy Protectioncited by 22
- 2022SFace: Sigmoid-Constrained Hypersphere Loss for Robust Face Recognitioncited by 21
- 2021Dynamic Class Queue for Large Scale Face Recognition In the Wildcited by 14
- 2024Fairness and Bias Mitigation in Computer Vision: A Surveycited by 13
- 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The WebFace260M Track Reportcited by 12
- 2021CapsField: Light Field-based Face and Expression Recognition in the Wild using Capsule Routingcited by 9
31 more
- 2022What's in a Decade? Transforming Faces Through Timecited by 9
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromisecited by 8
- 2022FaceMAE: Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition via Masked Autoencoderscited by 7
- 2022Learn to Cluster Faces via Pairwise Classificationcited by 7
- 2023EFHQ: Multi-purpose ExtremePose-Face-HQ datasetcited by 6
- 2023AdvCloak: Customized Adversarial Cloak for Privacy Protectioncited by 5
- 2024VIGFace: Virtual Identity Generation for Privacy-Free Face Recognitioncited by 5
- 2023ADD: An Automatic Desensitization Fisheye Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
- 2025From Age Estimation to Age-Invariant Face Recognition: Generalized Age Feature Extraction Using Order-Enhanced Contrastive Learningcited by 4
- 2023The Cultivated Practices of Text-to-Image Generationcited by 3
- 2023ProS: Facial Omni-Representation Learning via Prototype-based Self-Distillationcited by 3
- 2022Deep Image Retrieval is not Robust to Label Noisecited by 2
- 2022Learning Domain and Pose Invariance for Thermal-to-Visible Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2023Cross-Age Contrastive Learning for Age-Invariant Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2024Massively Annotated Datasets for Assessment of Synthetic and Real Data in Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2025GIF: Generative Inspiration for Face Recognition at Scalecited by 2
- 2025Restoring Gaussian Blurred Face Images for Deanonymization Attackscited by 2
- 2025Object Recognition Datasets and Challenges: A Reviewcited by 2
- 2023Face Recognition Using Synthetic Face Datacited by 1
- 2024Enhancing Generalization of Invisible Facial Privacy Cloak via Gradient Accumulationcited by 1
- 2025Tiny but Mighty: A Software-Hardware Co-Design Approach for Efficient Multimodal Inference on Battery-Powered Small Devicescited by 1
- 2022A Survey on Face Recognition Systemscited by 0
- 2023Unveiling the frontiers of deep learning: innovations shaping diverse domainscited by 0
- 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clusteringcited by 0
- 2024AdaFedFR: Federated Face Recognition with Adaptive Inter-Class Representation Learningcited by 0
- 2024Toward Digitalization: A Secure Approach to Find a Missing Person Using Facial Recognition Technologycited by 0
- 2024Meta-Learning for Federated Face Recognition in Imbalanced Data Regimescited by 0
- 2025AttFC: Attention Fully-Connected Layer for Large-Scale Face Recognition with One GPUcited by 0
- 2025DiffProb: Data Pruning for Face Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Personalized Face Privacy Protection From a Single Imagecited by 0
- 2026DenseFace: Bias Mitigation in Face Recognition via Density-Aware Probabilistic Matchingcited by 0
- 2026DenseFace: Bias Mitigation in Face Recognition via Density-Aware Probabilistic Matching14 Sep 2026
- 2026Personalized Face Privacy Protection From a Single Image18 May 2026
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromise20 Oct 2025
- 2025Tiny but Mighty: A Software-Hardware Co-Design Approach for Efficient Multimodal Inference on Battery-Powered Small Devices25 Sep 2025
- 2025Object Recognition Datasets and Challenges: A Review30 Jul 2025
- 2025Restoring Gaussian Blurred Face Images for Deanonymization Attacks14 Jun 2025
- 2025DiffProb: Data Pruning for Face Recognition21 May 2025
- 2025GIF: Generative Inspiration for Face Recognition at Scale5 May 2025
- 2025AttFC: Attention Fully-Connected Layer for Large-Scale Face Recognition with One GPU10 Mar 2025
- 2025From Age Estimation to Age-Invariant Face Recognition: Generalized Age Feature Extraction Using Order-Enhanced Contrastive Learning3 Jan 2025
- 2024Meta-Learning for Federated Face Recognition in Imbalanced Data Regimes13 Aug 2024
- 2024Fairness and Bias Mitigation in Computer Vision: A Survey5 Aug 2024
31 more
- 2024Toward Digitalization: A Secure Approach to Find a Missing Person Using Facial Recognition Technology26 May 2024
- 2024AdaFedFR: Federated Face Recognition with Adaptive Inter-Class Representation Learning22 May 2024
- 2024Massively Annotated Datasets for Assessment of Synthetic and Real Data in Face Recognition23 Apr 2024
- 2024VIGFace: Virtual Identity Generation for Privacy-Free Face Recognition13 Mar 2024
- 2024Enhancing Generalization of Invisible Facial Privacy Cloak via Gradient Accumulation3 Jan 2024
- 2023EFHQ: Multi-purpose ExtremePose-Face-HQ dataset28 Dec 2023
- 2023AdvCloak: Customized Adversarial Cloak for Privacy Protection22 Dec 2023
- 2023Cross-Age Contrastive Learning for Age-Invariant Face Recognition18 Dec 2023
- 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clustering7 Dec 2023
- 2023ProS: Facial Omni-Representation Learning via Prototype-based Self-Distillation3 Nov 2023
- 2023Unveiling the frontiers of deep learning: innovations shaping diverse domains6 Sep 2023
- 2023ADD: An Automatic Desensitization Fisheye Dataset for Autonomous Driving15 Aug 2023
- 2023The Cultivated Practices of Text-to-Image Generation20 Jun 2023
- 2023Face Recognition Using Synthetic Face Data17 May 2023
- 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospects1 May 2023
- 2022Learning Domain and Pose Invariance for Thermal-to-Visible Face Recognition17 Nov 2022
- 2022What's in a Decade? Transforming Faces Through Time13 Oct 2022
- 2022DigiFace-1M: 1 Million Digital Face Images for Face Recognition5 Oct 2022
- 2022Learn to Cluster Faces via Pairwise Classification26 May 2022
- 2022SFace: Sigmoid-Constrained Hypersphere Loss for Robust Face Recognition24 May 2022
- 2022OPOM: Customized Invisible Cloak towards Face Privacy Protection24 May 2022
- 2022Deep Image Retrieval is not Robust to Label Noise23 May 2022
- 2022FaceMAE: Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition via Masked Autoencoders23 May 2022
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognition21 Apr 2022
- 2022A Survey on Face Recognition Systems9 Jan 2022
- 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The InsightFace Track Report18 Aug 2021
- 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The WebFace260M Track Report16 Aug 2021
- 2021Face.evoLVe: A High-Performance Face Recognition Library19 Jul 2021
- 2021Dynamic Class Queue for Large Scale Face Recognition In the Wild24 May 2021
- 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognition6 Mar 2021
- 2021CapsField: Light Field-based Face and Expression Recognition in the Wild using Capsule Routing10 Jan 2021
- 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 223
- 2022DigiFace-1M: 1 Million Digital Face Images for Face Recognitioncited by 92
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 42
- 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The InsightFace Track Reportcited by 41
- 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
- 2021Face.evoLVe: A High-Performance Face Recognition Librarycited by 26
- 2022OPOM: Customized Invisible Cloak towards Face Privacy Protectioncited by 22
- 2022SFace: Sigmoid-Constrained Hypersphere Loss for Robust Face Recognitioncited by 21
- 2021Dynamic Class Queue for Large Scale Face Recognition In the Wildcited by 14
- 2024Fairness and Bias Mitigation in Computer Vision: A Surveycited by 13
- 2021Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The WebFace260M Track Reportcited by 12
- 2021CapsField: Light Field-based Face and Expression Recognition in the Wild using Capsule Routingcited by 9
12 most cited of 41 All 41 (JSON)
- 2026DenseFace: Bias Mitigation in Face Recognition via Density-Aware Probabilistic Matching14 Sep 2026
- 2026Personalized Face Privacy Protection From a Single Image18 May 2026
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromise20 Oct 2025
- 2025Object Recognition Datasets and Challenges: A Review30 Jul 2025
- 2025Restoring Gaussian Blurred Face Images for Deanonymization Attacks14 Jun 2025
- 2025DiffProb: Data Pruning for Face Recognition21 May 2025
- 2025GIF: Generative Inspiration for Face Recognition at Scale5 May 2025
- 2025AttFC: Attention Fully-Connected Layer for Large-Scale Face Recognition with One GPU10 Mar 2025
- 2025From Age Estimation to Age-Invariant Face Recognition: Generalized Age Feature Extraction Using Order-Enhanced Contrastive Learning3 Jan 2025
- 2024Meta-Learning for Federated Face Recognition in Imbalanced Data Regimes13 Aug 2024
- 2024Fairness and Bias Mitigation in Computer Vision: A Survey5 Aug 2024
- 2024Toward Digitalization: A Secure Approach to Find a Missing Person Using Facial Recognition Technology26 May 2024
12 newest of 41 All 41 (JSON)