Learning to Cluster Faces via Confidence and Connectivity Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Face clustering is an essential tool for exploiting the unlabeled face data, and has a wide range of applications including face annotation and retrieval. Recent works show that supervised clustering can result in noticeable performance gain. However, they usually involve heuristic steps and require numerous overlapped subgraphs, severely restricting their accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we propose a fully learnable clustering framework without requiring a large number of overlapped subgraphs. Instead, we transform the clustering problem into two sub-problems. Specifically, two graph convolutional networks, named GCN-V and GCN-E, are designed to estimate the confidence of vertices and the connectivity of edges, respectively. With the vertex confidence and edge connectivity, we can naturally organize more relevant vertices on the affinity graph and group them into clusters. Experiments on two large-scale benchmarks show that our method significantly improves clustering accuracy and thus performance of the recognition models trained on top, yet it is an order of magnitude more efficient than existing supervised methods.
Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 12; 2023: 12; 2024: 5; 2025: 1.
42 papers.
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- 2021MagFace: A Universal Representation for Face Recognition and Quality Assessmentcited by 332
- 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 221
- 2021Exploiting the Intrinsic Neighborhood Structure for Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 176
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 41
- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
- 2021Structure-Aware Face Clustering on a Large-Scale Graph with bf107 Nodescited by 21
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Image Clusteringcited by 18
- 2022Ada-NETS: Face Clustering via Adaptive Neighbour Discovery in the Structure Spacecited by 16
- 2023Quantum Vision Clusteringcited by 13
- 2023FALCON: Fairness Learning via Contrastive Attention Approach to Continual Semantic Scene Understandingcited by 13
- 2024QClusformer: A Quantum Transformer-based Framework for Unsupervised Visual Clusteringcited by 11
- 2023Fairness in Visual Clustering: A Novel Transformer Clustering Approachcited by 10
30 more
- 2024Quantum Visual Feature Encoding Revisitedcited by 10
- 2023Trust your Good Friends: Source-free Domain Adaptation by Reciprocal Neighborhood Clusteringcited by 9
- 2022Local-Adaptive Face Recognition via Graph-based Meta-Clustering and Regularized Adaptationcited by 7
- 2022Learn to Cluster Faces via Pairwise Classificationcited by 7
- 2022On Mitigating Hard Clusters for Face Clusteringcited by 7
- 2021Learning to Cluster Faces via Transformercited by 5
- 2022GCT: Graph Co-Training for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Learningcited by 5
- 2022MetaAge: Meta-Learning Personalized Age Estimatorscited by 4
- 2022FaceMap: Towards Unsupervised Face Clustering via Map Equationcited by 3
- 2022Robust Graph Structure Learning via Multiple Statistical Testscited by 3
- 2021Inter-class Discrepancy Alignment for Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2021Efficient Large-Scale Face Clustering Using an Online Mixture of Gaussianscited by 2
- 2022Plug-and-Play Pseudo Label Correction Network for Unsupervised Person Re-identificationcited by 2
- 2023Relation-Aware Distribution Representation Network for Person Clustering with Multiple Modalitiescited by 2
- 2023Image Clustering using Restricted Boltzman Machinecited by 2
- 2024URRL-IMVC: Unified and Robust Representation Learning for Incomplete Multi-View Clusteringcited by 2
- 2022An Empirical Study on Clustering Pretrained Embeddings: Is Deep Strictly Better?cited by 1
- 2022A Survey of Face Recognitioncited by 1
- 2023Learning for Transductive Threshold Calibration in Open-World Recognitioncited by 1
- 2023Adaptive Face Recognition Using Adversarial Information Networkcited by 1
- 2023Unsupervised Landmark Discovery Using Consistency Guided Bottleneckcited by 1
- 2024Face Clustering via Early Stopping and Edge Recallcited by 1
- 2021Gradient Regularized Contrastive Learning for Continual Domain Adaptationcited by 0
- 2021A Linkage-based Doubly Imbalanced Graph Learning Framework for Face Clusteringcited by 0
- 2021Density-Based Clustering with Kernel Diffusioncited by 0
- 2023Learn to Cluster Faces with Better Subgraphscited by 0
- 2023Unified and Dynamic Graph for Temporal Character Grouping in Long Videoscited by 0
- 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clusteringcited by 0
- 2024Cross-Camera Data Association via GNN for Supervised Graph Clusteringcited by 0
- 2025Enhancing Noise Resilience in Face Clustering via Sparse Differential Transformercited by 0
- 2025Enhancing Noise Resilience in Face Clustering via Sparse Differential Transformer27 Dec 2025
- 2024Cross-Camera Data Association via GNN for Supervised Graph Clustering1 Oct 2024
- 2024Face Clustering via Early Stopping and Edge Recall24 Aug 2024
- 2024URRL-IMVC: Unified and Robust Representation Learning for Incomplete Multi-View Clustering12 Jul 2024
- 2024Quantum Visual Feature Encoding Revisited30 May 2024
- 2024QClusformer: A Quantum Transformer-based Framework for Unsupervised Visual Clustering30 May 2024
- 2023Image Clustering using Restricted Boltzman Machine21 Dec 2023
- 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clustering7 Dec 2023
- 2023FALCON: Fairness Learning via Contrastive Attention Approach to Continual Semantic Scene Understanding27 Nov 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Landmark Discovery Using Consistency Guided Bottleneck19 Sep 2023
- 2023Quantum Vision Clustering18 Sep 2023
- 2023Trust your Good Friends: Source-free Domain Adaptation by Reciprocal Neighborhood Clustering1 Sep 2023
30 more
- 2023Unified and Dynamic Graph for Temporal Character Grouping in Long Videos27 Aug 2023
- 2023Relation-Aware Distribution Representation Network for Person Clustering with Multiple Modalities1 Aug 2023
- 2023Adaptive Face Recognition Using Adversarial Information Network23 May 2023
- 2023Learning for Transductive Threshold Calibration in Open-World Recognition19 May 2023
- 2023Learn to Cluster Faces with Better Subgraphs21 Apr 2023
- 2023Fairness in Visual Clustering: A Novel Transformer Clustering Approach14 Apr 2023
- 2022A Survey of Face Recognition26 Dec 2022
- 2022An Empirical Study on Clustering Pretrained Embeddings: Is Deep Strictly Better?9 Nov 2022
- 2022Robust Graph Structure Learning via Multiple Statistical Tests8 Oct 2022
- 2022On Mitigating Hard Clusters for Face Clustering25 Jul 2022
- 2022MetaAge: Meta-Learning Personalized Age Estimators12 Jul 2022
- 2022Plug-and-Play Pseudo Label Correction Network for Unsupervised Person Re-identification14 Jun 2022
- 2022Learn to Cluster Faces via Pairwise Classification26 May 2022
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognition21 Apr 2022
- 2022Local-Adaptive Face Recognition via Graph-based Meta-Clustering and Regularized Adaptation27 Mar 2022
- 2022FaceMap: Towards Unsupervised Face Clustering via Map Equation21 Mar 2022
- 2022GCT: Graph Co-Training for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Learning15 Mar 2022
- 2022Ada-NETS: Face Clustering via Adaptive Neighbour Discovery in the Structure Space8 Feb 2022
- 2021Density-Based Clustering with Kernel Diffusion11 Oct 2021
- 2021Exploiting the Intrinsic Neighborhood Structure for Source-free Domain Adaptation8 Oct 2021
- 2021A Linkage-based Doubly Imbalanced Graph Learning Framework for Face Clustering6 Jul 2021
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Image Clustering3 Jul 2021
- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verify14 May 2021
- 2021Learning to Cluster Faces via Transformer23 Apr 2021
- 2021Efficient Large-Scale Face Clustering Using an Online Mixture of Gaussians31 Mar 2021
- 2021Structure-Aware Face Clustering on a Large-Scale Graph with bf107 Nodes24 Mar 2021
- 2021Gradient Regularized Contrastive Learning for Continual Domain Adaptation23 Mar 2021
- 2021MagFace: A Universal Representation for Face Recognition and Quality Assessment11 Mar 2021
- 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognition6 Mar 2021
- 2021Inter-class Discrepancy Alignment for Face Recognition2 Mar 2021
- 2021MagFace: A Universal Representation for Face Recognition and Quality Assessmentcited by 332
- 2021WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 221
- 2021Exploiting the Intrinsic Neighborhood Structure for Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 176
- 2022WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognitioncited by 41
- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
- 2021Structure-Aware Face Clustering on a Large-Scale Graph with bf107 Nodescited by 21
- 2021Learning Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Image Clusteringcited by 18
- 2022Ada-NETS: Face Clustering via Adaptive Neighbour Discovery in the Structure Spacecited by 16
- 2023Quantum Vision Clusteringcited by 13
- 2023FALCON: Fairness Learning via Contrastive Attention Approach to Continual Semantic Scene Understandingcited by 13
- 2024QClusformer: A Quantum Transformer-based Framework for Unsupervised Visual Clusteringcited by 11
- 2023Fairness in Visual Clustering: A Novel Transformer Clustering Approachcited by 10
12 most cited of 42 All 42 (JSON)
- 2025Enhancing Noise Resilience in Face Clustering via Sparse Differential Transformer27 Dec 2025
- 2024Cross-Camera Data Association via GNN for Supervised Graph Clustering1 Oct 2024
- 2024Face Clustering via Early Stopping and Edge Recall24 Aug 2024
- 2024URRL-IMVC: Unified and Robust Representation Learning for Incomplete Multi-View Clustering12 Jul 2024
- 2024Quantum Visual Feature Encoding Revisited30 May 2024
- 2024QClusformer: A Quantum Transformer-based Framework for Unsupervised Visual Clustering30 May 2024
- 2023Image Clustering using Restricted Boltzman Machine21 Dec 2023
- 2023Improved Face Representation via Joint Label Classification and Supervised Contrastive Clustering7 Dec 2023
- 2023FALCON: Fairness Learning via Contrastive Attention Approach to Continual Semantic Scene Understanding27 Nov 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Landmark Discovery Using Consistency Guided Bottleneck19 Sep 2023
- 2023Quantum Vision Clustering18 Sep 2023
- 2023Trust your Good Friends: Source-free Domain Adaptation by Reciprocal Neighborhood Clustering1 Sep 2023
12 newest of 42 All 42 (JSON)