GEDepth: Ground Embedding for Monocular Depth Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Monocular depth estimation is an ill-posed problem as the same 2D image can be projected from infinite 3D scenes. Although the leading algorithms in this field have reported significant improvement, they are essentially geared to the particular compound of pictorial observations and camera parameters (i.e., intrinsics and extrinsics), strongly limiting their generalizability in real-world scenarios. To cope with this challenge, this paper proposes a novel ground embedding module to decouple camera parameters from pictorial cues, thus promoting the generalization capability. Given camera parameters, the proposed module generates the ground depth, which is stacked with the input image and referenced in the final depth prediction. A ground attention is designed in the module to optimally combine ground depth with residual depth. Our ground embedding is highly flexible and lightweight, leading to a plug-in module that is amenable to be integrated into various depth estimation networks. Experiments reveal that our approach achieves the state-of-the-art results on popular benchmarks, and more importantly, renders significant generalization improvement on a wide range of cross-domain tests.
Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2023.
Builds on
32 of 35 references.
References · 32
- 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,803
- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,274
- 2020Lift, Splat, Shoot: Encoding Images From Arbitrary Camera Rigs by Implicitly Unprojecting to 3Dcited by 1,044
- 2017Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Videocited by 782
- 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 723
- 2020AdaBins: Depth Estimation using Adaptive Binscited by 601
- 2022BEVDepth: Acquisition of Reliable Depth for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 572
- 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 457
- 20193D Packing for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 439
- 2016Deeper Depth Prediction with Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 403
- 2019From Big to Small: Multi-Scale Local Planar Guidance for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 382
- 2016Unsupervised CNN for Single View Depth Estimation: Geometry to the Rescuecited by 368
20 more
- 2018Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Monocular Video Using 3D Geometric Constraintscited by 179
- 2022BinsFormer: Revisiting Adaptive Bins for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 168
- 2017CNN-SLAM: Real-time dense monocular SLAM with learned depth predictioncited by 152
- 2022DepthFormer: Exploiting Long-Range Correlation and Local Information for Accurate Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 118
- 2022Attention Attention Everywhere: Monocular Depth Prediction with Skip Attentioncited by 93
- 2019How do neural networks see depth in single images?cited by 82
- 2021Exploring Simple 3D Multi-Object Tracking for Autonomous Drivingcited by 56
- 2023PillarNeXt: Rethinking Network Designs for 3D Object Detection in LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 54
- 2019Normal Assisted Stereo Depth Estimationcited by 49
- 2023ProphNet: Efficient Agent-Centric Motion Forecasting with Anchor-Informed Proposalscited by 48
- 2021Self-Supervised Pillar Motion Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 44
- 2021Adaptive Surface Normal Constraint for Depth Estimationcited by 43
- 2021Sparse Auxiliary Networks for Unified Monocular Depth Prediction and Completioncited by 39
- 2020Bi3D: Stereo Depth Estimation via Binary Classificationscited by 34
- 2019Visualization of Convolutional Neural Networks for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 24
- 2022From 2D to 3D: Re-thinking Benchmarking of Monocular Depth Predictioncited by 19
- 2023Transcendental Idealism of Planner: Evaluating Perception from Planning Perspective for Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2020PLG-IN: Pluggable Geometric Consistency Loss with Wasserstein Distance in Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 4
- 2021Monocular Road Planar Parallax Estimationcited by 4
- 2022Joint Prediction of Monocular Depth and Structure using Planar and Parallax Geometrycited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 11; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.
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- 2024Depth Anything V2cited by 1,422
- 2024Depth Anything: Unleashing the Power of Large-Scale Unlabeled Datacited by 1,360
- 2024ECoDepth: Effective Conditioning of Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 45
- 2025Vision-Language Embodiment for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 16
- 2023EVP: Enhanced Visual Perception using Inverse Multi-Attentive Feature Refinement and Regularized Image-Text Alignmentcited by 14
- 2023Harnessing Diffusion Models for Visual Perception with Meta Promptscited by 13
- 2024FutureDepth: Learning to Predict the Future Improves Video Depth Estimationcited by 13
- 2024SPIdepth: Strengthened Pose Information for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 8
- 2024UVCPNet: A UAV-Vehicle Collaborative Perception Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
- 2024GroCo: Ground Constraint for Metric Self-Supervised Monocular Depthcited by 6
- 2025CHARM3R: Towards Unseen Camera Height Robust Monocular 3D Detectorcited by 6
- 2025Structure-Aware Radar-Camera Depth Estimationcited by 5
14 more
- 2024GVDepth: Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Estimation for Ground Vehicles based on Probabilistic Cue Fusioncited by 2
- 2024Scale Equalization for Multi-Level Feature Fusioncited by 1
- 2024STATIC : Surface Temporal Affine for TIme Consistency in Video Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 1
- 2025TR2M: Transferring Monocular Relative Depth to Metric Depth with Language Descriptions and Dual-Level Scale-Oriented Contrastcited by 1
- 2025Shoe Style-Invariant and Ground-Aware Learning for Dense Foot Contact Estimationcited by 1
- 2024FA-Depth: Toward Fast and Accurate Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 0
- 2025Is Pre-training Applicable to the Decoder for Dense Prediction?cited by 0
- 2025Expanding-and-Shrinking Binary Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2025BRIDGE -- Building Reinforcement-Learning Depth-to-Image Data Generation Engine for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 0
- 2025ReDepth Anything: Test-Time Depth Refinement via Self-Supervised Re-lightingcited by 0
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation From the Perspective of Feature Restoration: A Diffusion Enhanced Depth Restoration Approachcited by 0
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 0
- 2026Repurposing RGB-based Foundation Model for Depth Estimation on Thermal Images Using Hierarchical Supervisioncited by 0
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunitiescited by 0
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2026Repurposing RGB-based Foundation Model for Depth Estimation on Thermal Images Using Hierarchical Supervision12 Aug 2026
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Apr 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation From the Perspective of Feature Restoration: A Diffusion Enhanced Depth Restoration Approach9 Apr 2026
- 2025ReDepth Anything: Test-Time Depth Refinement via Self-Supervised Re-lighting19 Dec 2025
- 2025Shoe Style-Invariant and Ground-Aware Learning for Dense Foot Contact Estimation27 Nov 2025
- 2025BRIDGE -- Building Reinforcement-Learning Depth-to-Image Data Generation Engine for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Sep 2025
- 2025CHARM3R: Towards Unseen Camera Height Robust Monocular 3D Detector15 Aug 2025
- 2025TR2M: Transferring Monocular Relative Depth to Metric Depth with Language Descriptions and Dual-Level Scale-Oriented Contrast16 Jun 2025
- 2025Structure-Aware Radar-Camera Depth Estimation5 Jun 2025
- 2025Expanding-and-Shrinking Binary Neural Networks31 Mar 2025
- 2025Vision-Language Embodiment for Monocular Depth Estimation18 Mar 2025
14 more
- 2025Is Pre-training Applicable to the Decoder for Dense Prediction?5 Mar 2025
- 2024GVDepth: Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Estimation for Ground Vehicles based on Probabilistic Cue Fusion8 Dec 2024
- 2024STATIC : Surface Temporal Affine for TIme Consistency in Video Monocular Depth Estimation2 Dec 2024
- 2024GroCo: Ground Constraint for Metric Self-Supervised Monocular Depth23 Sep 2024
- 2024Depth Anything V213 Jun 2024
- 2024UVCPNet: A UAV-Vehicle Collaborative Perception Network for 3D Object Detection7 Jun 2024
- 2024FA-Depth: Toward Fast and Accurate Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation17 May 2024
- 2024SPIdepth: Strengthened Pose Information for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation18 Apr 2024
- 2024ECoDepth: Effective Conditioning of Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation27 Mar 2024
- 2024FutureDepth: Learning to Predict the Future Improves Video Depth Estimation19 Mar 2024
- 2024Scale Equalization for Multi-Level Feature Fusion2 Feb 2024
- 2024Depth Anything: Unleashing the Power of Large-Scale Unlabeled Data19 Jan 2024
- 2023Harnessing Diffusion Models for Visual Perception with Meta Prompts22 Dec 2023
- 2023EVP: Enhanced Visual Perception using Inverse Multi-Attentive Feature Refinement and Regularized Image-Text Alignment13 Dec 2023
- 2024ECoDepth: Effective Conditioning of Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 45
- 2023EVP: Enhanced Visual Perception using Inverse Multi-Attentive Feature Refinement and Regularized Image-Text Alignmentcited by 14
- 2023Harnessing Diffusion Models for Visual Perception with Meta Promptscited by 13
- 2024ECoDepth: Effective Conditioning of Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation27 Mar 2024
- 2023Harnessing Diffusion Models for Visual Perception with Meta Prompts22 Dec 2023
- 2023EVP: Enhanced Visual Perception using Inverse Multi-Attentive Feature Refinement and Regularized Image-Text Alignment13 Dec 2023
- 2024Depth Anything V2cited by 1,422
- 2024Depth Anything: Unleashing the Power of Large-Scale Unlabeled Datacited by 1,360
- 2025Vision-Language Embodiment for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 16
- 2024FutureDepth: Learning to Predict the Future Improves Video Depth Estimationcited by 13
- 2024SPIdepth: Strengthened Pose Information for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 8
- 2024UVCPNet: A UAV-Vehicle Collaborative Perception Network for 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
- 2024GroCo: Ground Constraint for Metric Self-Supervised Monocular Depthcited by 6
- 2025CHARM3R: Towards Unseen Camera Height Robust Monocular 3D Detectorcited by 6
- 2025Structure-Aware Radar-Camera Depth Estimationcited by 5
- 2024GVDepth: Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Estimation for Ground Vehicles based on Probabilistic Cue Fusioncited by 2
- 2024Scale Equalization for Multi-Level Feature Fusioncited by 1
- 2024STATIC : Surface Temporal Affine for TIme Consistency in Video Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 1
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2026Repurposing RGB-based Foundation Model for Depth Estimation on Thermal Images Using Hierarchical Supervision12 Aug 2026
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Apr 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation From the Perspective of Feature Restoration: A Diffusion Enhanced Depth Restoration Approach9 Apr 2026
- 2025ReDepth Anything: Test-Time Depth Refinement via Self-Supervised Re-lighting19 Dec 2025
- 2025Shoe Style-Invariant and Ground-Aware Learning for Dense Foot Contact Estimation27 Nov 2025
- 2025BRIDGE -- Building Reinforcement-Learning Depth-to-Image Data Generation Engine for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Sep 2025
- 2025CHARM3R: Towards Unseen Camera Height Robust Monocular 3D Detector15 Aug 2025
- 2025TR2M: Transferring Monocular Relative Depth to Metric Depth with Language Descriptions and Dual-Level Scale-Oriented Contrast16 Jun 2025
- 2025Structure-Aware Radar-Camera Depth Estimation5 Jun 2025
- 2025Expanding-and-Shrinking Binary Neural Networks31 Mar 2025
- 2025Vision-Language Embodiment for Monocular Depth Estimation18 Mar 2025
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)