Orchid: Image Latent Diffusion for Joint Appearance and Geometry Generation
On the map: Diffusion models → 3D, point cloud and scene generation
Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce Orchid, a unified latent diffusion model that learns a joint appearance-geometry prior to generate color, depth, and surface normal images in a single diffusion process. This unified approach is more efficient and coherent than current pipelines that use separate models for appearance and geometry. Orchid is versatile - it directly generates color, depth, and normal images from text, supports joint monocular depth and normal estimation with color-conditioned finetuning, and seamlessly inpaints large 3D regions by sampling from the joint distribution. It leverages a novel Variational Autoencoder (VAE) that jointly encodes RGB, relative depth, and surface normals into a shared latent space, combined with a latent diffusion model that denoises these latents. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that Orchid delivers competitive performance against SOTA task-specific methods for geometry prediction, even surpassing them in normal-prediction accuracy and depth-normal consistency. It also inpaints color-depth-normal images jointly, with more qualitative realism than existing multi-step methods.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in 3D, point cloud and scene generation, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 56 of its 67 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Jan 2025.
Builds on
56 of 67 references.
Closest ancestors · 16
Same direction, newest first
- 2024NeRF Inpainting with Geometric Diffusion Prior and Balanced Score Distillation23 Nov
- 2024DreamDissector: Learning Disentangled Text-to-3D Generation from 2D Diffusion Priors23 Jul
- 2024Neural Assets: 3D-Aware Multi-Object Scene Synthesis with Image Diffusion Models13 Jun
- 2024RefFusion: Reference Adapted Diffusion Models for 3D Scene Inpainting16 Apr
- 2024RealmDreamer: Text-Driven 3D Scene Generation with Inpainting and Depth Diffusion10 Apr
- 2024DepthFM: Fast Monocular Depth Estimation with Flow Matching20 Mar
- 2024GeoWizard: Unleashing the Diffusion Priors for 3D Geometry Estimation from a Single Image18 Mar
- 2024Diffusion Models are Geometry Critics: Single Image 3D Editing Using Pre-Trained Diffusion Priors18 Mar
- 2023Inpaint3D: 3D Scene Content Generation using 2D Inpainting Diffusion6 Dec
- 2023The Surprising Effectiveness of Diffusion Models for Optical Flow and Monocular Depth Estimation2 Jun
- 2023ProlificDreamer: High-Fidelity and Diverse Text-to-3D Generation with Variational Score Distillation25 May
- 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Object20 Mar
4 more
Other references · 40
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,717
- 2023SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,290
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,484
- 2024Depth Anything V2cited by 1,385
- 2024Depth Anything: Unleashing the Power of Large-Scale Unlabeled Datacited by 1,346
- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,264
- 2019Habitat: A Platform for Embodied AI Researchcited by 1,163
28 more
- 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,061
- 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 885
- 2019PIFu: Pixel-Aligned Implicit Function for High-Resolution Clothed Human Digitizationcited by 818
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
- 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
- 2020AdaBins: Depth Estimation using Adaptive Binscited by 596
- 2020Hypersim: A Photorealistic Synthetic Dataset for Holistic Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 593
- 2014Predicting Depth, Surface Normals and Semantic Labels with a Common Multi-Scale Convolutional Architecturecited by 483
- 2024Metric3Dv2: A Versatile Monocular Geometric Foundation Model for Zero-shot Metric Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 389
- 2016Virtual Worlds as Proxy for Multi-Object Tracking Analysiscited by 340
- 2021Omnidata: A Scalable Pipeline for Making Multi-Task Mid-Level Vision Datasets from 3D Scanscited by 336
- 2023Common Diffusion Noise Schedules and Sample Steps are Flawedcited by 308
- 2019DIODE: A Dense Indoor and Outdoor DEpth Datasetcited by 236
- 2018PAD-Net: Multi-Tasks Guided Prediction-and-Distillation Network for Simultaneous Depth Estimation and Scene Parsingcited by 224
- 2024Lotus: Diffusion-based Visual Foundation Model for High-quality Dense Predictioncited by 163
- 2023DDP: Diffusion Model for Dense Visual Predictioncited by 148
- 2019Pattern-Affinitive Propagation across Depth, Surface Normal and Semantic Segmentationcited by 141
- 2018Evaluation of CNN-based Single-Image Depth Estimation Methodscited by 137
- 2017Augmented Reality Meets Computer Vision : Efficient Data Generation for Urban Driving Scenescited by 122
- 2024Rethinking Inductive Biases for Surface Normal Estimationcited by 122
- 2022Details or Artifacts: A Locally Discriminative Learning Approach to Realistic Image Super-Resolutioncited by 114
- 2023Towards Zero-Shot Scale-Aware Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 100
- 2023DiffusionDepth: Diffusion Denoising Approach for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 81
- 2021GeoSim: Realistic Video Simulation via Geometry-Aware Composition for Self-Drivingcited by 75
- 2023NeRFiller: Completing Scenes via Generative 3D Inpaintingcited by 62
- 2014Designing Deep Networks for Surface Normal Estimationcited by 59
- 2023Generative Models: What Do They Know? Do They Know Things? Let's Find Out!cited by 50
- 2024ZeroComp: Zero-shot Object Compositing from Image Intrinsics via Diffusioncited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 6; 2026: 11.
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- 2025Geo4D: Leveraging Video Generators for Geometric 4D Scene Reconstructioncited by 66
- 2025DreamCube: 3D Panorama Generation via Multi-plane Synchronizationcited by 12
- 2026Repurposing Geometric Foundation Models for Multi-view Diffusioncited by 12
- 2025MMGen: Unified Multi-modal Image Generation and Understanding in One Gocited by 10
- 2025UnityVideo: Unified Multi-Modal Multi-Task Learning for Enhancing World-Aware Video Generationcited by 7
- 2026Future Optical Flow Prediction Improves Robot Control & Video Generationcited by 7
- 2025CtrlVDiff: Controllable Video Generation via Unified Multimodal Video Diffusioncited by 5
- 2026Modality Forcing for Scalable Spatial Generationcited by 3
- 2026JointHOI: Jointly Generating Contact Maps Enhances Hand Object Interaction Generationcited by 2
- 2025MatLat: Material Latent Space for PBR Texture Generationcited by 1
- 2026Video Generative Models as Geometry Learnercited by 1
- 2026Need for Speed: Zero-Shot Depth Completion with Single-Step Diffusioncited by 0
5 more
- 2026MMDiff: Extending Diffusion Transformers for Multi-Modal Generationcited by 0
- 2026MUSE: Unlocking Timestep as Native Task Steering for One-Step Dense Predictioncited by 0
- 2026TransNormal-2: Geometry-Grounded Rectified Flow with Edge-Aware Decoding for Precise Normal Estimationcited by 0
- 2026Marigold V2: Revisiting Diffusion Transformers for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 0
- 2026GAE: Learning a Geometry-Native Latent Space for 3D-Consistent World Generationcited by 0
- 2026GAE: Learning a Geometry-Native Latent Space for 3D-Consistent World Generation21 Sep 2026
- 2026Marigold V2: Revisiting Diffusion Transformers for Monocular Depth Estimation8 Sep 2026
- 2026TransNormal-2: Geometry-Grounded Rectified Flow with Edge-Aware Decoding for Precise Normal Estimation6 Sep 2026
- 2026Video Generative Models as Geometry Learner28 Aug 2026
- 2026JointHOI: Jointly Generating Contact Maps Enhances Hand Object Interaction Generation2 Jul 2026
- 2026MUSE: Unlocking Timestep as Native Task Steering for One-Step Dense Prediction29 Jun 2026
- 2026MMDiff: Extending Diffusion Transformers for Multi-Modal Generation15 Jun 2026
- 2026Modality Forcing for Scalable Spatial Generation11 Jun 2026
- 2026Repurposing Geometric Foundation Models for Multi-view Diffusion23 Mar 2026
- 2026Need for Speed: Zero-Shot Depth Completion with Single-Step Diffusion11 Mar 2026
- 2026Future Optical Flow Prediction Improves Robot Control & Video Generation15 Jan 2026
- 2025MatLat: Material Latent Space for PBR Texture Generation19 Dec 2025
5 more
- 2025UnityVideo: Unified Multi-Modal Multi-Task Learning for Enhancing World-Aware Video Generation8 Dec 2025
- 2025CtrlVDiff: Controllable Video Generation via Unified Multimodal Video Diffusion26 Nov 2025
- 2025DreamCube: 3D Panorama Generation via Multi-plane Synchronization20 Jun 2025
- 2025Geo4D: Leveraging Video Generators for Geometric 4D Scene Reconstruction10 Apr 2025
- 2025MMGen: Unified Multi-modal Image Generation and Understanding in One Go26 Mar 2025
- 2025Geo4D: Leveraging Video Generators for Geometric 4D Scene Reconstructioncited by 66
- 2026Repurposing Geometric Foundation Models for Multi-view Diffusioncited by 12
- 2025MMGen: Unified Multi-modal Image Generation and Understanding in One Gocited by 10
- 2025CtrlVDiff: Controllable Video Generation via Unified Multimodal Video Diffusioncited by 5
- 2026Video Generative Models as Geometry Learnercited by 1
- 2026Need for Speed: Zero-Shot Depth Completion with Single-Step Diffusioncited by 0
- 2026MMDiff: Extending Diffusion Transformers for Multi-Modal Generationcited by 0
- 2026MUSE: Unlocking Timestep as Native Task Steering for One-Step Dense Predictioncited by 0
- 2026TransNormal-2: Geometry-Grounded Rectified Flow with Edge-Aware Decoding for Precise Normal Estimationcited by 0
- 2026Marigold V2: Revisiting Diffusion Transformers for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 0
- 2026Marigold V2: Revisiting Diffusion Transformers for Monocular Depth Estimation8 Sep 2026
- 2026TransNormal-2: Geometry-Grounded Rectified Flow with Edge-Aware Decoding for Precise Normal Estimation6 Sep 2026
- 2026Video Generative Models as Geometry Learner28 Aug 2026
- 2026MUSE: Unlocking Timestep as Native Task Steering for One-Step Dense Prediction29 Jun 2026
- 2026MMDiff: Extending Diffusion Transformers for Multi-Modal Generation15 Jun 2026
- 2026Repurposing Geometric Foundation Models for Multi-view Diffusion23 Mar 2026
- 2026Need for Speed: Zero-Shot Depth Completion with Single-Step Diffusion11 Mar 2026
- 2025CtrlVDiff: Controllable Video Generation via Unified Multimodal Video Diffusion26 Nov 2025
- 2025Geo4D: Leveraging Video Generators for Geometric 4D Scene Reconstruction10 Apr 2025
- 2025MMGen: Unified Multi-modal Image Generation and Understanding in One Go26 Mar 2025
- 2025DreamCube: 3D Panorama Generation via Multi-plane Synchronizationcited by 12
- 2025UnityVideo: Unified Multi-Modal Multi-Task Learning for Enhancing World-Aware Video Generationcited by 7
- 2026Future Optical Flow Prediction Improves Robot Control & Video Generationcited by 7
- 2026Modality Forcing for Scalable Spatial Generationcited by 3
- 2026JointHOI: Jointly Generating Contact Maps Enhances Hand Object Interaction Generationcited by 2
- 2025MatLat: Material Latent Space for PBR Texture Generationcited by 1
- 2026GAE: Learning a Geometry-Native Latent Space for 3D-Consistent World Generationcited by 0
- 2026GAE: Learning a Geometry-Native Latent Space for 3D-Consistent World Generation21 Sep 2026
- 2026JointHOI: Jointly Generating Contact Maps Enhances Hand Object Interaction Generation2 Jul 2026
- 2026Modality Forcing for Scalable Spatial Generation11 Jun 2026
- 2026Future Optical Flow Prediction Improves Robot Control & Video Generation15 Jan 2026
- 2025MatLat: Material Latent Space for PBR Texture Generation19 Dec 2025
- 2025UnityVideo: Unified Multi-Modal Multi-Task Learning for Enhancing World-Aware Video Generation8 Dec 2025
- 2025DreamCube: 3D Panorama Generation via Multi-plane Synchronization20 Jun 2025
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- 2024Gen-3Diffusion: Realistic Image-to-3D Generation via 2D & 3D Diffusion Synergy
- 2023Breathing New Life into 3D Assets with Generative Repainting
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- 2023Diverse Diffusion: Enhancing Image Diversity in Text-to-Image Generation
- 2025Joint Learning of Depth and Appearance for Portrait Image Animation
- 2026Geometric Autoencoder for Diffusion Models
- 2025Evaluating Latent Generative Paradigms for High-Fidelity 3D Shape Completion from a Single Depth Image
- 2024LT3SD: Latent Trees for 3D Scene Diffusion