EyeNeRF: A Hybrid Representation for Photorealistic Synthesis, Animation and Relighting of Human Eyes
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Abstract (arXiv)
A unique challenge in creating high-quality animatable and relightable 3D avatars of people is modeling human eyes. The challenge of synthesizing eyes is multifold as it requires 1) appropriate representations for the various components of the eye and the periocular region for coherent viewpoint synthesis, capable of representing diffuse, refractive and highly reflective surfaces, 2) disentangling skin and eye appearance from environmental illumination such that it may be rendered under novel lighting conditions, and 3) capturing eyeball motion and the deformation of the surrounding skin to enable re-gazing. These challenges have traditionally necessitated the use of expensive and cumbersome capture setups to obtain high-quality results, and even then, modeling of the eye region holistically has remained elusive. We present a novel geometry and appearance representation that enables high-fidelity capture and photorealistic animation, view synthesis and relighting of the eye region using only a sparse set of lights and cameras. Our hybrid representation combines an explicit parametric surface model for the eyeball with implicit deformable volumetric representations for the periocular region and the interior of the eye. This novel hybrid model has been designed to address the various parts of that challenging facial area - the explicit eyeball surface allows modeling refraction and high-frequency specular reflection at the cornea, whereas the implicit representation is well suited to model lower-frequency skin reflection via spherical harmonics and can represent non-surface structures such as hair or diffuse volumetric bodies, both of which are a challenge for explicit surface models. We show that for high-resolution close-ups of the eye, our model can synthesize high-fidelity animated gaze from novel views under unseen illumination conditions.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 77 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jun 2022.
Builds on
30 of 77 references.
References · 30
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
- 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,465
- 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,198
- 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 751
- 2018Open3D: A Modern Library for 3D Data Processingcited by 721
- 2020NeRV: Neural Reflectance and Visibility Fields for Relighting and View Synthesiscited by 496
- 2020Non-Rigid Neural Radiance Fields: Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis of a Dynamic Scene From Monocular Videocited by 471
- 2020Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields for Monocular 4D Facial Avatar Reconstructioncited by 467
- 2020NeRD: Neural Reflectance Decomposition from Image Collectionscited by 449
- 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
- 2021PhySG: Inverse Rendering with Spherical Gaussians for Physics-based Material Editing and Relightingcited by 335
- 2016Learning from Simulated and Unsupervised Images through Adversarial Trainingcited by 288
18 more
- 2021HyperNeRF: A Higher-Dimensional Representation for Topologically Varying Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 214
- 2019Neural Volumes: Learning Dynamic Renderable Volumes from Imagescited by 173
- 2015Appearance-Based Gaze Estimation in the Wildcited by 153
- 2021NeRS: Neural Reflectance Surfaces for Sparse-view 3D Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 136
- 2021NeRFactor: Neural Factorization of Shape and Reflectance Under an Unknown Illuminationcited by 135
- 2020Deep Reflectance Volumes: Relightable Reconstructions from Multi-View Photometric Imagescited by 98
- 2015Rendering of Eyes for Eye-Shape Registration and Gaze Estimationcited by 49
- 2021Towards High Fidelity Monocular Face Reconstruction with Rich Reflectance using Self-supervised Learning and Ray Tracingcited by 48
- 2021NeLF: Neural Light-transport Field for Portrait View Synthesis and Relightingcited by 38
- 2021TEyeD: Over 20 million real-world eye images with Pupil, Eyelid, and Iris 2D and 3D Segmentations, 2D and 3D Landmarks, 3D Eyeball, Gaze Vector, and Eye Movement Typescited by 32
- 2020Self-Learning Transformations for Improving Gaze and Head Redirectioncited by 28
- 2016DeepWarp: Photorealistic Image Resynthesis for Gaze Manipulationcited by 27
- 2019Photo-Realistic Monocular Gaze Redirection Using Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 24
- 2020Monocular Reconstruction of Neural Face Reflectance Fieldscited by 20
- 2015Labeled pupils in the wild: A dataset for studying pupil detection in unconstrained environmentscited by 18
- 2016FaceVR: Real-Time Facial Reenactment and Eye Gaze Control in Virtual Realitycited by 12
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- 2020MagicEyes: A Large Scale Eye Gaze Estimation Dataset for Mixed Realitycited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 6; 2025: 3.
14 papers.
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- 2024URAvatar: Universal Relightable Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 43
- 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenescited by 28
- 2023VMesh: Hybrid Volume-Mesh Representation for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 25
- 2024Lite2Relight: 3D-aware Single Image Portrait Relightingcited by 25
- 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatarcited by 25
- 2025Relightable Full-Body Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 22
- 2023RelightableHands: Efficient Neural Relighting of Articulated Hand Modelscited by 21
- 2022GazeNeRF: 3D-Aware Gaze Redirection with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 12
- 2023NeuFace: Realistic 3D Neural Face Rendering from Multi-view Imagescited by 12
- 2022Relightable Neural Human Assets from Multi-view Gradient Illuminationscited by 11
- 2024PRTGaussian: Efficient Relighting Using 3D Gaussians with Precomputed Radiance Transfercited by 4
- 2025Digitally Prototype Your Eye Tracker: Simulating Hardware Performance using 3D Synthetic Datacited by 2
- 2025Digitally Prototype Your Eye Tracker: Simulating Hardware Performance using 3D Synthetic Data20 Mar 2025
- 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatar11 Mar 2025
- 2025Relightable Full-Body Gaussian Codec Avatars24 Jan 2025
- 2024URAvatar: Universal Relightable Gaussian Codec Avatars31 Oct 2024
- 2024High-quality Animatable Eyelid Shapes from Lightweight Captures2 Oct 2024
- 2024PRTGaussian: Efficient Relighting Using 3D Gaussians with Precomputed Radiance Transfer10 Aug 2024
- 2024Lite2Relight: 3D-aware Single Image Portrait Relighting15 Jul 2024
- 2024FaceFolds: Meshed Radiance Manifolds for Efficient Volumetric Rendering of Dynamic Faces22 Apr 2024
- 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenes22 Mar 2024
- 2023VMesh: Hybrid Volume-Mesh Representation for Efficient View Synthesis28 Mar 2023
- 2023NeuFace: Realistic 3D Neural Face Rendering from Multi-view Images24 Mar 2023
- 2023RelightableHands: Efficient Neural Relighting of Articulated Hand Models9 Feb 2023
2 more
- 2024URAvatar: Universal Relightable Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 43
- 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenescited by 28
- 2023VMesh: Hybrid Volume-Mesh Representation for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 25
- 2024Lite2Relight: 3D-aware Single Image Portrait Relightingcited by 25
- 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatarcited by 25
- 2025Relightable Full-Body Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 22
- 2023RelightableHands: Efficient Neural Relighting of Articulated Hand Modelscited by 21
- 2022GazeNeRF: 3D-Aware Gaze Redirection with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 12
- 2023NeuFace: Realistic 3D Neural Face Rendering from Multi-view Imagescited by 12
- 2022Relightable Neural Human Assets from Multi-view Gradient Illuminationscited by 11
- 2024PRTGaussian: Efficient Relighting Using 3D Gaussians with Precomputed Radiance Transfercited by 4
- 2025Digitally Prototype Your Eye Tracker: Simulating Hardware Performance using 3D Synthetic Datacited by 2
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2025Digitally Prototype Your Eye Tracker: Simulating Hardware Performance using 3D Synthetic Data20 Mar 2025
- 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatar11 Mar 2025
- 2025Relightable Full-Body Gaussian Codec Avatars24 Jan 2025
- 2024URAvatar: Universal Relightable Gaussian Codec Avatars31 Oct 2024
- 2024High-quality Animatable Eyelid Shapes from Lightweight Captures2 Oct 2024
- 2024PRTGaussian: Efficient Relighting Using 3D Gaussians with Precomputed Radiance Transfer10 Aug 2024
- 2024Lite2Relight: 3D-aware Single Image Portrait Relighting15 Jul 2024
- 2024FaceFolds: Meshed Radiance Manifolds for Efficient Volumetric Rendering of Dynamic Faces22 Apr 2024
- 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenes22 Mar 2024
- 2023VMesh: Hybrid Volume-Mesh Representation for Efficient View Synthesis28 Mar 2023
- 2023NeuFace: Realistic 3D Neural Face Rendering from Multi-view Images24 Mar 2023
- 2023RelightableHands: Efficient Neural Relighting of Articulated Hand Models9 Feb 2023
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)