Rendering of Eyes for Eye-Shape Registration and Gaze Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Images of the eye are key in several computer vision problems, such as shape registration and gaze estimation. Recent large-scale supervised methods for these problems require time-consuming data collection and manual annotation, which can be unreliable. We propose synthesizing perfectly labelled photo-realistic training data in a fraction of the time. We used computer graphics techniques to build a collection of dynamic eye-region models from head scan geometry. These were randomly posed to synthesize close-up eye images for a wide range of head poses, gaze directions, and illumination conditions. We used our model's controllability to verify the importance of realistic illumination and shape variations in eye-region training data. Finally, we demonstrate the benefits of our synthesized training data (SynthesEyes) by out-performing state-of-the-art methods for eye-shape registration as well as cross-dataset appearance-based gaze estimation in the wild.
Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 May 2015.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 12; 2023: 14; 2024: 3; 2025: 5; 2026: 6.
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- 2021Fake It Till You Make It: Face analysis in the wild using synthetic data alonecited by 200
- 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmarkcited by 82
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
- 2022RTMV: A Ray-Traced Multi-View Synthetic Dataset for Novel View Synthesiscited by 33
- 2021TEyeD: Over 20 million real-world eye images with Pupil, Eyelid, and Iris 2D and 3D Segmentations, 2D and 3D Landmarks, 3D Eyeball, Gaze Vector, and Eye Movement Typescited by 32
- 2022SCAMPS: Synthetics for Camera Measurement of Physiological Signalscited by 28
- 2021NViSII: A Scriptable Tool for Photorealistic Image Generationcited by 24
- 2022M-SENA: An Integrated Platform for Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 21
- 2023LibreFace: An Open-Source Toolkit for Deep Facial Expression Analysiscited by 18
- 2023Do I Have Your Attention: A Large Scale Engagement Prediction Dataset and Baselinescited by 17
- 2023TinyTracker: Ultra-Fast and Ultra-Low-Power Edge Vision In-Sensor for Gaze Estimationcited by 16
- 2025An LLM Benchmark for Addressee Recognition in Multi-modal Multi-party Dialoguecited by 15
37 more
- 2022EyeNeRF: A Hybrid Representation for Photorealistic Synthesis, Animation and Relighting of Human Eyescited by 14
- 2021Recent Advances in Leveraging Human Guidance for Sequential Decision-Making Taskscited by 13
- 2022Learning-by-Novel-View-Synthesis for Full-Face Appearance-Based 3D Gaze Estimationcited by 13
- 2023An End-to-End Review of Gaze Estimation and its Interactive Applications on Handheld Mobile Devicescited by 13
- 2023Eye-tracked Virtual Reality: A Comprehensive Survey on Methods and Privacy Challengescited by 12
- 2023Motion Matters: Neural Motion Transfer for Better Camera Physiological Measurementcited by 11
- 2023EFE: End-to-end Frame-to-Gaze Estimationcited by 11
- 2021Where Do Deep Fakes Look? Synthetic Face Detection via Gaze Trackingcited by 9
- 2024MoodCapture: Depression Detection Using In-the-Wild Smartphone Imagescited by 8
- 2025UniGaze: Towards Universal Gaze Estimation via Large-scale Pre-Trainingcited by 8
- 2024Engagement Measurement Based on Facial Landmarks and Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 7
- 2023Few-shot Geometry-Aware Keypoint Localizationcited by 6
- 2023High-Fidelity Eye Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Human Facecited by 6
- 2021CUDA-GHR: Controllable Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Gaze and Head Redirectioncited by 5
- 2022FreeGaze: Resource-efficient Gaze Estimation via Frequency Domain Contrastive Learningcited by 5
- 2022Mesh-Tension Driven Expression-Based Wrinkles for Synthetic Facescited by 5
- 2022Gaze-enhanced Crossmodal Embeddings for Emotion Recognitioncited by 4
- 2023Precise localization of corneal reflections in eye images using deep learning trained on synthetic datacited by 4
- 2023LEyes: A Lightweight Framework for Deep Learning-Based Eye Tracking using Synthetic Eye Imagescited by 4
- 2021Deception Detection in Videos using the Facial Action Coding Systemcited by 2
- 2022BiOcularGAN: Bimodal Synthesis and Annotation of Ocular Imagescited by 2
- 2023FOUND: Foot Optimization with Uncertain Normals for Surface Deformation Using Synthetic Datacited by 2
- 2024Modeling Eye Gaze Velocity Trajectories using GANs with Spectral Loss for Enhanced Fidelitycited by 2
- 2025Digitally Prototype Your Eye Tracker: Simulating Hardware Performance using 3D Synthetic Datacited by 2
- 2022Multistream Gaze Estimation with Anatomical Eye Region Isolation by Synthetic to Real Transfer Learningcited by 1
- 2023Unsupervised Gaze-aware Contrastive Learning with Subject-specific Conditioncited by 1
- 2025DeepFake Detection in Dyadic Video Calls using Point of Gaze Trackingcited by 1
- 2026Rapidly deploying on-device eye tracking by distilling visual foundation modelscited by 1
- 2022Fast Eye Detector Using Siamese Network for NIR Partial Face Imagescited by 0
- 2022Virtual passengers for real car solutions: synthetic datasetscited by 0
- 2023An Embedded and Real-Time Pupil Detection Pipelinecited by 0
- 2025FOCUS -- Multi-View Foot Reconstruction From Synthetically Trained Dense Correspondencescited by 0
- 2026Real-time Appearance-based Gaze Estimation for Open Domainscited by 0
- 2026A Synthetic Eye Movement Dataset for Script Reading Detection: Real Trajectory Replay on a 3D Simulatorcited by 0
- 2026GazePrior: Zero-Shot AR/VR Eye Tracking via Learned 3D Gaze Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026EyeMakeYou: Identity-, Task-, and Subjective-State-Conditioned Diffusion for High-Frequency Gaze Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026GazeDiT: Gaze-Accurate Diffusion Image Generation for Eye Tracking via Spatial Conditioningcited by 0
- 2026GazeDiT: Gaze-Accurate Diffusion Image Generation for Eye Tracking via Spatial Conditioning15 Sep 2026
- 2026EyeMakeYou: Identity-, Task-, and Subjective-State-Conditioned Diffusion for High-Frequency Gaze Synthesis3 Sep 2026
- 2026GazePrior: Zero-Shot AR/VR Eye Tracking via Learned 3D Gaze Reconstruction21 May 2026
- 2026A Synthetic Eye Movement Dataset for Script Reading Detection: Real Trajectory Replay on a 3D Simulator7 Apr 2026
- 2026Rapidly deploying on-device eye tracking by distilling visual foundation models2 Apr 2026
- 2026Real-time Appearance-based Gaze Estimation for Open Domains27 Mar 2026
- 2025DeepFake Detection in Dyadic Video Calls using Point of Gaze Tracking29 Sep 2025
- 2025Digitally Prototype Your Eye Tracker: Simulating Hardware Performance using 3D Synthetic Data20 Mar 2025
- 2025FOCUS -- Multi-View Foot Reconstruction From Synthetically Trained Dense Correspondences10 Feb 2025
- 2025UniGaze: Towards Universal Gaze Estimation via Large-scale Pre-Training4 Feb 2025
- 2025An LLM Benchmark for Addressee Recognition in Multi-modal Multi-party Dialogue28 Jan 2025
- 2024Modeling Eye Gaze Velocity Trajectories using GANs with Spectral Loss for Enhanced Fidelity5 Dec 2024
37 more
- 2024Engagement Measurement Based on Facial Landmarks and Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Networks25 Mar 2024
- 2024MoodCapture: Depression Detection Using In-the-Wild Smartphone Images25 Feb 2024
- 2023FOUND: Foot Optimization with Uncertain Normals for Surface Deformation Using Synthetic Data27 Oct 2023
- 2023LEyes: A Lightweight Framework for Deep Learning-Based Eye Tracking using Synthetic Eye Images12 Sep 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Gaze-aware Contrastive Learning with Subject-specific Condition8 Sep 2023
- 2023LibreFace: An Open-Source Toolkit for Deep Facial Expression Analysis18 Aug 2023
- 2023High-Fidelity Eye Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Human Face1 Aug 2023
- 2023TinyTracker: Ultra-Fast and Ultra-Low-Power Edge Vision In-Sensor for Gaze Estimation15 Jul 2023
- 2023An End-to-End Review of Gaze Estimation and its Interactive Applications on Handheld Mobile Devices30 Jun 2023
- 2023Eye-tracked Virtual Reality: A Comprehensive Survey on Methods and Privacy Challenges23 May 2023
- 2023EFE: End-to-end Frame-to-Gaze Estimation9 May 2023
- 2023Precise localization of corneal reflections in eye images using deep learning trained on synthetic data12 Apr 2023
- 2023Few-shot Geometry-Aware Keypoint Localization30 Mar 2023
- 2023Motion Matters: Neural Motion Transfer for Better Camera Physiological Measurement21 Mar 2023
- 2023An Embedded and Real-Time Pupil Detection Pipeline27 Feb 2023
- 2023Do I Have Your Attention: A Large Scale Engagement Prediction Dataset and Baselines1 Feb 2023
- 2022Mesh-Tension Driven Expression-Based Wrinkles for Synthetic Faces5 Oct 2022
- 2022FreeGaze: Resource-efficient Gaze Estimation via Frequency Domain Contrastive Learning14 Sep 2022
- 2022Multistream Gaze Estimation with Anatomical Eye Region Isolation by Synthetic to Real Transfer Learning18 Jun 2022
- 2022EyeNeRF: A Hybrid Representation for Photorealistic Synthesis, Animation and Relighting of Human Eyes16 Jun 2022
- 2022SCAMPS: Synthetics for Camera Measurement of Physiological Signals8 Jun 2022
- 2022RTMV: A Ray-Traced Multi-View Synthetic Dataset for Novel View Synthesis14 May 2022
- 2022Virtual passengers for real car solutions: synthetic datasets13 May 2022
- 2022BiOcularGAN: Bimodal Synthesis and Annotation of Ocular Images3 May 2022
- 2022Gaze-enhanced Crossmodal Embeddings for Emotion Recognition30 Apr 2022
- 2022M-SENA: An Integrated Platform for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis23 Mar 2022
- 2022Fast Eye Detector Using Siamese Network for NIR Partial Face Images22 Feb 2022
- 2022Learning-by-Novel-View-Synthesis for Full-Face Appearance-Based 3D Gaze Estimation20 Jan 2022
- 2021Fake It Till You Make It: Face analysis in the wild using synthetic data alone30 Sep 2021
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approaches12 Aug 2021
- 2021Recent Advances in Leveraging Human Guidance for Sequential Decision-Making Tasks13 Jul 2021
- 2021CUDA-GHR: Controllable Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Gaze and Head Redirection21 Jun 2021
- 2021NViSII: A Scriptable Tool for Photorealistic Image Generation28 May 2021
- 2021Deception Detection in Videos using the Facial Action Coding System28 May 2021
- 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmark26 Apr 2021
- 2021TEyeD: Over 20 million real-world eye images with Pupil, Eyelid, and Iris 2D and 3D Segmentations, 2D and 3D Landmarks, 3D Eyeball, Gaze Vector, and Eye Movement Types3 Feb 2021
- 2021Where Do Deep Fakes Look? Synthetic Face Detection via Gaze Tracking4 Jan 2021
- 2021Fake It Till You Make It: Face analysis in the wild using synthetic data alonecited by 200
- 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmarkcited by 82
- 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
- 2022RTMV: A Ray-Traced Multi-View Synthetic Dataset for Novel View Synthesiscited by 33
- 2021TEyeD: Over 20 million real-world eye images with Pupil, Eyelid, and Iris 2D and 3D Segmentations, 2D and 3D Landmarks, 3D Eyeball, Gaze Vector, and Eye Movement Typescited by 32
- 2022SCAMPS: Synthetics for Camera Measurement of Physiological Signalscited by 28
- 2021NViSII: A Scriptable Tool for Photorealistic Image Generationcited by 24
- 2022M-SENA: An Integrated Platform for Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 21
- 2023LibreFace: An Open-Source Toolkit for Deep Facial Expression Analysiscited by 18
- 2023Do I Have Your Attention: A Large Scale Engagement Prediction Dataset and Baselinescited by 17
- 2023TinyTracker: Ultra-Fast and Ultra-Low-Power Edge Vision In-Sensor for Gaze Estimationcited by 16
- 2025An LLM Benchmark for Addressee Recognition in Multi-modal Multi-party Dialoguecited by 15
12 most cited of 47 All 47 (JSON)
- 2026EyeMakeYou: Identity-, Task-, and Subjective-State-Conditioned Diffusion for High-Frequency Gaze Synthesis3 Sep 2026
- 2026GazePrior: Zero-Shot AR/VR Eye Tracking via Learned 3D Gaze Reconstruction21 May 2026
- 2026Rapidly deploying on-device eye tracking by distilling visual foundation models2 Apr 2026
- 2026Real-time Appearance-based Gaze Estimation for Open Domains27 Mar 2026
- 2025DeepFake Detection in Dyadic Video Calls using Point of Gaze Tracking29 Sep 2025
- 2025Digitally Prototype Your Eye Tracker: Simulating Hardware Performance using 3D Synthetic Data20 Mar 2025
- 2025FOCUS -- Multi-View Foot Reconstruction From Synthetically Trained Dense Correspondences10 Feb 2025
- 2025UniGaze: Towards Universal Gaze Estimation via Large-scale Pre-Training4 Feb 2025
- 2025An LLM Benchmark for Addressee Recognition in Multi-modal Multi-party Dialogue28 Jan 2025
- 2024Modeling Eye Gaze Velocity Trajectories using GANs with Spectral Loss for Enhanced Fidelity5 Dec 2024
- 2024Engagement Measurement Based on Facial Landmarks and Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Networks25 Mar 2024
- 2024MoodCapture: Depression Detection Using In-the-Wild Smartphone Images25 Feb 2024
12 newest of 47 All 47 (JSON)