mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Rendering of Eyes for Eye-Shape Registration and Gaze Estimation

arXiv 1505.05916 ↗First posted 21 May 2015cs.CVcited by 49

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Abstract (arXiv)

Images of the eye are key in several computer vision problems, such as shape registration and gaze estimation. Recent large-scale supervised methods for these problems require time-consuming data collection and manual annotation, which can be unreliable. We propose synthesizing perfectly labelled photo-realistic training data in a fraction of the time. We used computer graphics techniques to build a collection of dynamic eye-region models from head scan geometry. These were randomly posed to synthesize close-up eye images for a wide range of head poses, gaze directions, and illumination conditions. We used our model's controllability to verify the importance of realistic illumination and shape variations in eye-region training data. Finally, we demonstrate the benefits of our synthesized training data (SynthesEyes) by out-performing state-of-the-art methods for eye-shape registration as well as cross-dataset appearance-based gaze estimation in the wild.

Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 May 2015.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 12; 2023: 14; 2024: 3; 2025: 5; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2021Fake It Till You Make It: Face analysis in the wild using synthetic data alonecited by 200
  2. 2021Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmarkcited by 82
  3. 2021Automatic Gaze Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning based Approachescited by 33
  4. 2022RTMV: A Ray-Traced Multi-View Synthetic Dataset for Novel View Synthesiscited by 33
  5. 2021TEyeD: Over 20 million real-world eye images with Pupil, Eyelid, and Iris 2D and 3D Segmentations, 2D and 3D Landmarks, 3D Eyeball, Gaze Vector, and Eye Movement Typescited by 32
  6. 2022SCAMPS: Synthetics for Camera Measurement of Physiological Signalscited by 28
  7. 2021NViSII: A Scriptable Tool for Photorealistic Image Generationcited by 24
  8. 2022M-SENA: An Integrated Platform for Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 21
  9. 2023LibreFace: An Open-Source Toolkit for Deep Facial Expression Analysiscited by 18
  10. 2023Do I Have Your Attention: A Large Scale Engagement Prediction Dataset and Baselinescited by 17
  11. 2023TinyTracker: Ultra-Fast and Ultra-Low-Power Edge Vision In-Sensor for Gaze Estimationcited by 16
  12. 2025An LLM Benchmark for Addressee Recognition in Multi-modal Multi-party Dialoguecited by 15
37 more
  1. 2022EyeNeRF: A Hybrid Representation for Photorealistic Synthesis, Animation and Relighting of Human Eyescited by 14
  2. 2021Recent Advances in Leveraging Human Guidance for Sequential Decision-Making Taskscited by 13
  3. 2022Learning-by-Novel-View-Synthesis for Full-Face Appearance-Based 3D Gaze Estimationcited by 13
  4. 2023An End-to-End Review of Gaze Estimation and its Interactive Applications on Handheld Mobile Devicescited by 13
  5. 2023Eye-tracked Virtual Reality: A Comprehensive Survey on Methods and Privacy Challengescited by 12
  6. 2023Motion Matters: Neural Motion Transfer for Better Camera Physiological Measurementcited by 11
  7. 2023EFE: End-to-end Frame-to-Gaze Estimationcited by 11
  8. 2021Where Do Deep Fakes Look? Synthetic Face Detection via Gaze Trackingcited by 9
  9. 2024MoodCapture: Depression Detection Using In-the-Wild Smartphone Imagescited by 8
  10. 2025UniGaze: Towards Universal Gaze Estimation via Large-scale Pre-Trainingcited by 8
  11. 2024Engagement Measurement Based on Facial Landmarks and Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 7
  12. 2023Few-shot Geometry-Aware Keypoint Localizationcited by 6
  13. 2023High-Fidelity Eye Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Human Facecited by 6
  14. 2021CUDA-GHR: Controllable Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Gaze and Head Redirectioncited by 5
  15. 2022FreeGaze: Resource-efficient Gaze Estimation via Frequency Domain Contrastive Learningcited by 5
  16. 2022Mesh-Tension Driven Expression-Based Wrinkles for Synthetic Facescited by 5
  17. 2022Gaze-enhanced Crossmodal Embeddings for Emotion Recognitioncited by 4
  18. 2023Precise localization of corneal reflections in eye images using deep learning trained on synthetic datacited by 4
  19. 2023LEyes: A Lightweight Framework for Deep Learning-Based Eye Tracking using Synthetic Eye Imagescited by 4
  20. 2021Deception Detection in Videos using the Facial Action Coding Systemcited by 2
  21. 2022BiOcularGAN: Bimodal Synthesis and Annotation of Ocular Imagescited by 2
  22. 2023FOUND: Foot Optimization with Uncertain Normals for Surface Deformation Using Synthetic Datacited by 2
  23. 2024Modeling Eye Gaze Velocity Trajectories using GANs with Spectral Loss for Enhanced Fidelitycited by 2
  24. 2025Digitally Prototype Your Eye Tracker: Simulating Hardware Performance using 3D Synthetic Datacited by 2
  25. 2022Multistream Gaze Estimation with Anatomical Eye Region Isolation by Synthetic to Real Transfer Learningcited by 1
  26. 2023Unsupervised Gaze-aware Contrastive Learning with Subject-specific Conditioncited by 1
  27. 2025DeepFake Detection in Dyadic Video Calls using Point of Gaze Trackingcited by 1
  28. 2026Rapidly deploying on-device eye tracking by distilling visual foundation modelscited by 1
  29. 2022Fast Eye Detector Using Siamese Network for NIR Partial Face Imagescited by 0
  30. 2022Virtual passengers for real car solutions: synthetic datasetscited by 0
  31. 2023An Embedded and Real-Time Pupil Detection Pipelinecited by 0
  32. 2025FOCUS -- Multi-View Foot Reconstruction From Synthetically Trained Dense Correspondencescited by 0
  33. 2026Real-time Appearance-based Gaze Estimation for Open Domainscited by 0
  34. 2026A Synthetic Eye Movement Dataset for Script Reading Detection: Real Trajectory Replay on a 3D Simulatorcited by 0
  35. 2026GazePrior: Zero-Shot AR/VR Eye Tracking via Learned 3D Gaze Reconstructioncited by 0
  36. 2026EyeMakeYou: Identity-, Task-, and Subjective-State-Conditioned Diffusion for High-Frequency Gaze Synthesiscited by 0
  37. 2026GazeDiT: Gaze-Accurate Diffusion Image Generation for Eye Tracking via Spatial Conditioningcited by 0