Free-form Description Guided 3D Visual Graph Network for Object Grounding in Point Cloud
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Abstract (arXiv)
3D object grounding aims to locate the most relevant target object in a raw point cloud scene based on a free-form language description. Understanding complex and diverse descriptions, and lifting them directly to a point cloud is a new and challenging topic due to the irregular and sparse nature of point clouds. There are three main challenges in 3D object grounding: to find the main focus in the complex and diverse description; to understand the point cloud scene; and to locate the target object. In this paper, we address all three challenges. Firstly, we propose a language scene graph module to capture the rich structure and long-distance phrase correlations. Secondly, we introduce a multi-level 3D proposal relation graph module to extract the object-object and object-scene co-occurrence relationships, and strengthen the visual features of the initial proposals. Lastly, we develop a description guided 3D visual graph module to encode global contexts of phrases and proposals by a nodes matching strategy. Extensive experiments on challenging benchmark datasets (ScanRefer and Nr3D) show that our algorithm outperforms existing state-of-the-art. Our code is available at https://github.com/PNXD/FFL-3DOG.
Key facts. Cited by 81 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.
Builds on
34 of 43 references.
References · 34
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
- 2017Graph Attention Networkscited by 8,854
- 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,384
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2014Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modelingcited by 2,341
- 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
- 2015Flickr30k Entities: Collecting Region-to-Phrase Correspondences for Richer Image-to-Sentence Modelscited by 1,352
- 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
- 2016Modeling Context in Referring Expressionscited by 1,054
- 2015Generation and Comprehension of Unambiguous Object Descriptionscited by 897
- 2016Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 721
- 2019Deep Hough Voting for 3D Object Detection in Point Cloudscited by 648
22 more
- 2019Deep Learning for 3D Point Clouds: A Surveycited by 557
- 2019ScanRefer: 3D Object Localization in RGB-D Scans using Natural Languagecited by 446
- 2018MAttNet: Modular Attention Network for Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 427
- 2019PIXOR: Real-time 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 358
- 2020Point-GNN: Graph Neural Network for 3D Object Detection in a Point Cloudcited by 335
- 2019Cross-Modal Self-Attention Network for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 263
- 2020Multi-task Collaborative Network for Joint Referring Expression Comprehension and Segmentationcited by 204
- 2019A Fast and Accurate One-Stage Approach to Visual Groundingcited by 194
- 2018Text2Shape: Generating Shapes from Natural Language by Learning Joint Embeddingscited by 169
- 2021InstanceRefer: Cooperative Holistic Understanding for Visual Grounding on Point Clouds through Instance Multi-level Contextual Referringcited by 140
- 2020PhraseCut: Language-based Image Segmentation in the Wildcited by 116
- 2019Dynamic Graph Attention for Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 111
- 2018Neighbourhood Watch: Referring Expression Comprehension via Language-guided Graph Attention Networkscited by 102
- 2020Referring Expression Comprehension: A Survey of Methods and Datasetscited by 78
- 2018Real-Time Referring Expression Comprehension by Single-Stage Grounding Networkcited by 56
- 2020Cops-Ref: A new Dataset and Task on Compositional Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 50
- 2019Learning Cross-modal Context Graph for Visual Groundingcited by 49
- 2015Natural Language Inference by Tree-Based Convolution and Heuristic Matchingcited by 42
- 2019Relation Graph Network for 3D Object Detection in Point Cloudscited by 27
- 2019Relationship-Embedded Representation Learning for Grounding Referring Expressionscited by 25
- 2019Neural Sequential Phrase Grounding (SeqGROUND)cited by 20
- 2020Utilizing Every Image Object for Semi-supervised Phrase Groundingcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 14; 2023: 21; 2024: 23; 2025: 13; 2026: 6.
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- 2024Aligning Cyber Space with Physical World: A Comprehensive Survey on Embodied AIcited by 175
- 2024Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoningcited by 170
- 2023Multi3DRefer: Grounding Text Description to Multiple 3D Objectscited by 142
- 2022Multi-View Transformer for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 138
- 2024SceneVerse: Scaling 3D Vision-Language Learning for Grounded Scene Understandingcited by 130
- 2021Bottom Up Top Down Detection Transformers for Language Grounding in Images and Point Cloudscited by 128
- 2021SAT: 2D Semantics Assisted Training for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 124
- 2022Language Conditioned Spatial Relation Reasoning for 3D Object Groundingcited by 121
- 20223D-SPS: Single-Stage 3D Visual Grounding via Referred Point Progressive Selectioncited by 109
- 2022EDA: Explicit Text-Decoupling and Dense Alignment for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 98
- 2023LiDAR-LLM: Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models for 3D LiDAR Understandingcited by 95
- 2021LanguageRefer: Spatial-Language Model for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 88
38 more
- 2023Talk2BEV: Language-enhanced Bird's-eye View Maps for Autonomous Drivingcited by 88
- 20233D Concept Learning and Reasoning from Multi-View Imagescited by 60
- 2023NS3D: Neuro-Symbolic Grounding of 3D Objects and Relationscited by 57
- 2022A Survey on Graph Neural Networks and Graph Transformers in Computer Vision: A Task-Oriented Perspectivecited by 56
- 2022MORE: Multi-Order RElation Mining for Dense Captioning in 3D Scenescited by 46
- 20213D Question Answeringcited by 41
- 2022Look Around and Refer: 2D Synthetic Semantics Knowledge Distillation for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 41
- 2022Text2Pos: Text-to-Point-Cloud Cross-Modal Localizationcited by 40
- 2023Sketch and Text Guided Diffusion Model for Colored Point Cloud Generationcited by 36
- 20233D-STMN: Dependency-Driven Superpoint-Text Matching Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 36
- 2023Text2Loc: 3D Point Cloud Localization from Natural Languagecited by 35
- 2022ScanEnts3D: Exploiting Phrase-to-3D-Object Correspondences for Improved Visio-Linguistic Models in 3D Scenescited by 32
- 2023Four Ways to Improve Verbo-visual Fusion for Dense 3D Visual Groundingcited by 32
- 2024Situational Awareness Matters in 3D Vision Language Reasoningcited by 32
- 20243DGraphLLM: Combining Semantic Graphs and Large Language Models for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 26
- 2022Towards Explainable 3D Grounded Visual Question Answering: A New Benchmark and Strong Baselinecited by 25
- 2023Vision-Language Pre-training with Object Contrastive Learning for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 25
- 2023Object2Scene: Putting Objects in Context for Open-Vocabulary 3D Detectioncited by 24
- 2024A Survey on Text-guided 3D Visual Grounding: Elements, Recent Advances, and Future Directionscited by 24
- 2023Mono3DVG: 3D Visual Grounding in Monocular Imagescited by 22
- 2025Multimodal Referring Segmentation: A Surveycited by 22
- 2023Text to Point Cloud Localization with Relation-Enhanced Transformercited by 20
- 2024Multi-branch Collaborative Learning Network for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 20
- 2022Learning 6-DoF Object Poses to Grasp Category-level Objects by Language Instructionscited by 19
- 2025TSP3D: Text-guided Sparse Voxel Pruning for Efficient 3D Visual Groundingcited by 17
- 2022Toward Explainable and Fine-Grained 3D Grounding through Referring Textual Phrasescited by 16
- 2023Dense Object Grounding in 3D Scenescited by 15
- 2024"Where am I?" Scene Retrieval with Languagecited by 15
- 2025Object Detection with Multimodal Large Vision-Language Models: An In-depth Reviewcited by 14
- 2023CoT3DRef: Chain-of-Thoughts Data-Efficient 3D Visual Groundingcited by 13
- 2023ScanERU: Interactive 3D Visual Grounding based on Embodied Reference Understandingcited by 12
- 2023Recent Advances in Multi-modal 3D Intelligence: A Comprehensive Survey and Evaluationcited by 12
- 2024RG-SAN: Rule-Guided Spatial Awareness Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentationcited by 11
- 2023Narrator: Towards Natural Control of Human-Scene Interaction Generation via Relationship Reasoningcited by 10
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of 3D Dense Captioning: Localizing and Describing Objects in 3D Scenescited by 10
- 2024SG-PGM: Partial Graph Matching Network with Semantic Geometric Fusion for 3D Scene Graph Alignment and Its Downstream Taskscited by 10
- 2023Embodied Concept Learner: Self-supervised Learning of Concepts and Mapping through Instruction Followingcited by 9
- 2023WildRefer: 3D Object Localization in Large-scale Dynamic Scenes with Multi-modal Visual Data and Natural Languagecited by 8
50 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2026CAPruner: Conceptual-Adjacent Scene Graph Pruner for Enhancing 3D Spatial Reasoning of Large Language Models21 Apr 2026
- 2026PC-CrossDiff: Point-Cluster Dual-Level Cross-Modal Differential Attention for Unified 3D Referring and Segmentation18 Mar 2026
- 2026VLM-Loc: Localization in Point Cloud Maps via Vision-Language Models10 Mar 2026
- 20263D-DRES: Detailed 3D Referring Expression Segmentation3 Mar 2026
- 2026Reasoning Matters for 3D Visual Grounding13 Jan 2026
- 2026MVGGT: Multimodal Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer for Multiview 3D Referring Expression Segmentation11 Jan 2026
- 2025Text2Loc++: Generalizing 3D Point Cloud Localization from Natural Language19 Nov 2025
- 2025B2N3D: Progressive Learning from Binary to N-ary Relationships for 3D Object Grounding11 Oct 2025
- 2025Object Detection with Multimodal Large Vision-Language Models: An In-depth Review25 Aug 2025
- 2025Multimodal Referring Segmentation: A Survey1 Aug 2025
- 2025Talk2Event: Grounded Understanding of Dynamic Scenes from Event Cameras23 Jul 2025
- 2025TriCLIP-3D: A Unified Parameter-Efficient Framework for Tri-Modal 3D Visual Grounding based on CLIP20 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Unified Representation Space for 3D Visual Grounding17 Jun 2025
- 2025FreeQ-Graph: Free-form Querying with Semantic Consistent Scene Graph for 3D Scene Understanding16 Jun 2025
- 2025DEGround: An Effective Baseline for Ego-centric 3D Visual Grounding with a Homogeneous Framework5 Jun 2025
- 2025LSVG: Language-Guided Scene Graphs with 2D-Assisted Multi-Modal Encoding for 3D Visual Grounding7 May 2025
- 2025Ges3ViG: Incorporating Pointing Gestures into Language-Based 3D Visual Grounding for Embodied Reference Understanding13 Apr 2025
- 2025Vehicle-Scene Interaction: A Text-Driven 3D Lidar Place Recognition Method for Autonomous Driving23 Mar 2025
- 2025TSP3D: Text-guided Sparse Voxel Pruning for Efficient 3D Visual Grounding14 Feb 2025
- 20243DGraphLLM: Combining Semantic Graphs and Large Language Models for 3D Scene Understanding24 Dec 2024
- 2024RG-SAN: Rule-Guided Spatial Awareness Network for End-to-End 3D Referring Expression Segmentation3 Dec 2024
- 2024LidaRefer: Context-aware Outdoor 3D Visual Grounding for Autonomous Driving7 Nov 2024
- 2024Fine-Grained Spatial and Verbal Losses for 3D Visual Grounding5 Nov 2024
- 2024Multi-Object 3D Grounding with Dynamic Modules and Language-Informed Spatial Attention29 Oct 2024
- 2024Joint Top-Down and Bottom-Up Frameworks for 3D Visual Grounding21 Oct 2024
- 2024Bayesian Self-Training for Semi-Supervised 3D Segmentation12 Sep 2024
- 2024R2G: Reasoning to Ground in 3D Scenes24 Aug 2024
- 2024PD-APE: A Parallel Decoding Framework with Adaptive Position Encoding for 3D Visual Grounding19 Jul 2024
- 2024Aligning Cyber Space with Physical World: A Comprehensive Survey on Embodied AI9 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-branch Collaborative Learning Network for 3D Visual Grounding7 Jul 2024
- 2024Dual Attribute-Spatial Relation Alignment for 3D Visual Grounding13 Jun 2024
- 2024Situational Awareness Matters in 3D Vision Language Reasoning11 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey on Text-guided 3D Visual Grounding: Elements, Recent Advances, and Future Directions9 Jun 2024
- 2024"Where am I?" Scene Retrieval with Language22 Apr 2024
- 2024Unified Scene Representation and Reconstruction for 3D Large Language Models19 Apr 2024
- 2024SG-PGM: Partial Graph Matching Network with Semantic Geometric Fusion for 3D Scene Graph Alignment and Its Downstream Tasks28 Mar 2024
- 2024PointCloud-Text Matching: Benchmark Datasets and a Baseline28 Mar 2024
- 2024Data-Efficient 3D Visual Grounding via Order-Aware Referring25 Mar 2024
- 2024Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoning18 Mar 2024
- 2024SeCG: Semantic-Enhanced 3D Visual Grounding via Cross-modal Graph Attention13 Mar 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of 3D Dense Captioning: Localizing and Describing Objects in 3D Scenes12 Mar 2024
- 2024SceneVerse: Scaling 3D Vision-Language Learning for Grounded Scene Understanding17 Jan 2024
- 2023LiDAR-LLM: Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models for 3D LiDAR Understanding21 Dec 2023
- 2023Weakly-Supervised 3D Visual Grounding based on Visual Language Alignment15 Dec 2023
- 2023Mono3DVG: 3D Visual Grounding in Monocular Images13 Dec 2023
- 2023Text2Loc: 3D Point Cloud Localization from Natural Language27 Nov 2023
- 2023Recent Advances in Multi-modal 3D Intelligence: A Comprehensive Survey and Evaluation24 Oct 2023
- 2023CoT3DRef: Chain-of-Thoughts Data-Efficient 3D Visual Grounding10 Oct 2023
- 2023Talk2BEV: Language-enhanced Bird's-eye View Maps for Autonomous Driving3 Oct 2023
- 2023Object2Scene: Putting Objects in Context for Open-Vocabulary 3D Detection18 Sep 2023
50 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2023LiDAR-LLM: Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models for 3D LiDAR Understandingcited by 95
- 2023Talk2BEV: Language-enhanced Bird's-eye View Maps for Autonomous Drivingcited by 88
- 2023Vision-Language Pre-training with Object Contrastive Learning for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 25
- 2025Object Detection with Multimodal Large Vision-Language Models: An In-depth Reviewcited by 14
- 2026VLM-Loc: Localization in Point Cloud Maps via Vision-Language Modelscited by 4
- 2023Weakly-Supervised 3D Visual Grounding based on Visual Language Alignmentcited by 3
- 2026VLM-Loc: Localization in Point Cloud Maps via Vision-Language Models10 Mar 2026
- 2025Object Detection with Multimodal Large Vision-Language Models: An In-depth Review25 Aug 2025
- 2023LiDAR-LLM: Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models for 3D LiDAR Understanding21 Dec 2023
- 2023Weakly-Supervised 3D Visual Grounding based on Visual Language Alignment15 Dec 2023
- 2023Talk2BEV: Language-enhanced Bird's-eye View Maps for Autonomous Driving3 Oct 2023
- 2023Vision-Language Pre-training with Object Contrastive Learning for 3D Scene Understanding18 May 2023
- 2024Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoningcited by 170
- 20233D Concept Learning and Reasoning from Multi-View Imagescited by 60
- 2023CoT3DRef: Chain-of-Thoughts Data-Efficient 3D Visual Groundingcited by 13
- 2026Reasoning Matters for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 0
- 2026CAPruner: Conceptual-Adjacent Scene Graph Pruner for Enhancing 3D Spatial Reasoning of Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026CAPruner: Conceptual-Adjacent Scene Graph Pruner for Enhancing 3D Spatial Reasoning of Large Language Models21 Apr 2026
- 2026Reasoning Matters for 3D Visual Grounding13 Jan 2026
- 2024Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoning18 Mar 2024
- 2023CoT3DRef: Chain-of-Thoughts Data-Efficient 3D Visual Grounding10 Oct 2023
- 20233D Concept Learning and Reasoning from Multi-View Images20 Mar 2023
- 2024Aligning Cyber Space with Physical World: A Comprehensive Survey on Embodied AIcited by 175
- 2023Multi3DRefer: Grounding Text Description to Multiple 3D Objectscited by 142
- 2022Multi-View Transformer for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 138
- 2024SceneVerse: Scaling 3D Vision-Language Learning for Grounded Scene Understandingcited by 130
- 2021Bottom Up Top Down Detection Transformers for Language Grounding in Images and Point Cloudscited by 128
- 2021SAT: 2D Semantics Assisted Training for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 124
- 2022Language Conditioned Spatial Relation Reasoning for 3D Object Groundingcited by 121
- 20223D-SPS: Single-Stage 3D Visual Grounding via Referred Point Progressive Selectioncited by 109
- 2022EDA: Explicit Text-Decoupling and Dense Alignment for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 98
- 2021LanguageRefer: Spatial-Language Model for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 88
- 2023NS3D: Neuro-Symbolic Grounding of 3D Objects and Relationscited by 57
- 2022A Survey on Graph Neural Networks and Graph Transformers in Computer Vision: A Task-Oriented Perspectivecited by 56
12 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2026PC-CrossDiff: Point-Cluster Dual-Level Cross-Modal Differential Attention for Unified 3D Referring and Segmentation18 Mar 2026
- 20263D-DRES: Detailed 3D Referring Expression Segmentation3 Mar 2026
- 2026MVGGT: Multimodal Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer for Multiview 3D Referring Expression Segmentation11 Jan 2026
- 2025Text2Loc++: Generalizing 3D Point Cloud Localization from Natural Language19 Nov 2025
- 2025B2N3D: Progressive Learning from Binary to N-ary Relationships for 3D Object Grounding11 Oct 2025
- 2025Multimodal Referring Segmentation: A Survey1 Aug 2025
- 2025Talk2Event: Grounded Understanding of Dynamic Scenes from Event Cameras23 Jul 2025
- 2025TriCLIP-3D: A Unified Parameter-Efficient Framework for Tri-Modal 3D Visual Grounding based on CLIP20 Jul 2025
- 2025Unified Representation Space for 3D Visual Grounding17 Jun 2025
- 2025FreeQ-Graph: Free-form Querying with Semantic Consistent Scene Graph for 3D Scene Understanding16 Jun 2025
- 2025DEGround: An Effective Baseline for Ego-centric 3D Visual Grounding with a Homogeneous Framework5 Jun 2025
- 2025LSVG: Language-Guided Scene Graphs with 2D-Assisted Multi-Modal Encoding for 3D Visual Grounding7 May 2025
12 newest of 68 All 68 (JSON)