CoT3DRef: Chain-of-Thoughts Data-Efficient 3D Visual Grounding
On the map: LLM reasoning → Spatial and embodied reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
3D visual grounding is the ability to localize objects in 3D scenes conditioned by utterances. Most existing methods devote the referring head to localize the referred object directly, causing failure in complex scenarios. In addition, it does not illustrate how and why the network reaches the final decision. In this paper, we address this question Can we design an interpretable 3D visual grounding framework that has the potential to mimic the human perception system?. To this end, we formulate the 3D visual grounding problem as a sequence-to-sequence Seq2Seq task by first predicting a chain of anchors and then the final target. Interpretability not only improves the overall performance but also helps us identify failure cases. Following the chain of thoughts approach enables us to decompose the referring task into interpretable intermediate steps, boosting the performance and making our framework extremely data-efficient. Moreover, our proposed framework can be easily integrated into any existing architecture. We validate our approach through comprehensive experiments on the Nr3D, Sr3D, and Scanrefer benchmarks and show consistent performance gains compared to existing methods without requiring manually annotated data. Furthermore, our proposed framework, dubbed CoT3DRef, is significantly data-efficient, whereas on the Sr3D dataset, when trained only on 10% of the data, we match the SOTA performance that trained on the entire data. The code is available at https:eslambakr.github.io/cot3dref.github.io/.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Spatial and embodied reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 49 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Oct 2023.
Builds on
49 of 72 references.
Closest ancestors · 2
Same direction, newest first
- 2023Chain-of-Thought Predictive Control3 Apr
- 2022Chain of Thought Imitation with Procedure Cloning22 May
Other references · 47
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,326
- 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,401
- 2015Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classificationcited by 3,611
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,117
35 more
- 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,576
- 2018Dynamic Graph CNN for Learning on Point Cloudscited by 2,223
- 2021MDETR -- Modulated Detection for End-to-End Multi-Modal Understandingcited by 819
- 2023Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 752
- 2017Scene Graph Generation by Iterative Message Passingcited by 462
- 2019ScanRefer: 3D Object Localization in RGB-D Scans using Natural Languagecited by 452
- 2018VirtualHome: Simulating Household Activities via Programscited by 415
- 2022Training-Free Structured Diffusion Guidance for Compositional Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 388
- 2018Image Generation from Scene Graphscited by 324
- 2018Graph R-CNN for Scene Graph Generationcited by 298
- 2023Faithful Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 288
- 2021TransVG: End-to-End Visual Grounding with Transformerscited by 271
- 2017Scene Graph Generation from Objects, Phrases and Region Captionscited by 154
- 2021InstanceRefer: Cooperative Holistic Understanding for Visual Grounding on Point Clouds through Instance Multi-level Contextual Referringcited by 141
- 2022Multi-View Transformer for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 140
- 2021Bottom Up Top Down Detection Transformers for Language Grounding in Images and Point Cloudscited by 128
- 2022Text and Patterns: For Effective Chain of Thought, It Takes Two to Tangocited by 128
- 2021SAT: 2D Semantics Assisted Training for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 124
- 2022Language Conditioned Spatial Relation Reasoning for 3D Object Groundingcited by 122
- 20223D-SPS: Single-Stage 3D Visual Grounding via Referred Point Progressive Selectioncited by 110
- 2020Deep Learning for Image and Point Cloud Fusion in Autonomous Driving: A Reviewcited by 108
- 20213D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 106
- 2019Embodied Question Answering in Photorealistic Environments with Point Cloud Perceptioncited by 103
- 2017Detecting Visual Relationships with Deep Relational Networkscited by 97
- 2021LanguageRefer: Spatial-Language Model for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 89
- 2021TransRefer3D: Entity-and-Relation Aware Transformer for Fine-Grained 3D Visual Groundingcited by 86
- 2021Free-form Description Guided 3D Visual Graph Network for Object Grounding in Point Cloudcited by 81
- 2018Vision-based Navigation with Language-based Assistance via Imitation Learning with Indirect Interventioncited by 77
- 2023NS3D: Neuro-Symbolic Grounding of 3D Objects and Relationscited by 57
- 2022Look Around and Refer: 2D Synthetic Semantics Knowledge Distillation for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 41
- 2022ScanEnts3D: Exploiting Phrase-to-3D-Object Correspondences for Improved Visio-Linguistic Models in 3D Scenescited by 32
- 2021VOILA: Visual-Observation-Only Imitation Learning for Autonomous Navigationcited by 31
- 2017End-to-End Learning of Semantic Graspingcited by 20
- 2022Toward Explainable and Fine-Grained 3D Grounding through Referring Textual Phrasescited by 16
- 2022Unsupervised Vision-Language Parsing: Seamlessly Bridging Visual Scene Graphs with Language Structures via Dependency Relationshipscited by 9
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 6; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2025Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 182
- 2024ScanReason: Empowering 3D Visual Grounding with Reasoning Capabilitiescited by 47
- 2024A Survey on Text-guided 3D Visual Grounding: Elements, Recent Advances, and Future Directionscited by 25
- 2025SCA3D: Enhancing Cross-modal 3D Retrieval via 3D Shape and Caption Paired Data Augmentationcited by 9
- 2025Language-to-Space Programming for Training-Free 3D Visual Groundingcited by 8
- 2025ViewSRD: 3D Visual Grounding via Structured Multi-View Decompositioncited by 8
- 2024Query3D: LLM-Powered Open-Vocabulary Scene Segmentation with Language Embedded 3D Gaussiancited by 5
- 2024Multi-Object 3D Grounding with Dynamic Modules and Language-Informed Spatial Attentioncited by 4
- 2024Data-Efficient 3D Visual Grounding via Order-Aware Referringcited by 3
- 2025PanoGrounder: Bridging 2D and 3D with Panoramic Scene Representations for VLM-based 3D Visual Groundingcited by 3
- 2024LidaRefer: Context-aware Outdoor 3D Visual Grounding for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026SSR3D-LLM: Structured Spatial Reasoning via Latent Steps for Fine-Grained Grounding in Unified 3D-LLMscited by 0
1 more
- 2026PruneGround: Plug-and-play Spatial Pruning for 3D Visual Grounding30 Jun 2026
- 2026SSR3D-LLM: Structured Spatial Reasoning via Latent Steps for Fine-Grained Grounding in Unified 3D-LLMs27 May 2026
- 2025PanoGrounder: Bridging 2D and 3D with Panoramic Scene Representations for VLM-based 3D Visual Grounding24 Dec 2025
- 2025ViewSRD: 3D Visual Grounding via Structured Multi-View Decomposition15 Jul 2025
- 2025Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: A Comprehensive Survey16 Mar 2025
- 2025SCA3D: Enhancing Cross-modal 3D Retrieval via 3D Shape and Caption Paired Data Augmentation26 Feb 2025
- 2025Language-to-Space Programming for Training-Free 3D Visual Grounding3 Feb 2025
- 2024LidaRefer: Context-aware Outdoor 3D Visual Grounding for Autonomous Driving7 Nov 2024
- 2024Multi-Object 3D Grounding with Dynamic Modules and Language-Informed Spatial Attention29 Oct 2024
- 2024Query3D: LLM-Powered Open-Vocabulary Scene Segmentation with Language Embedded 3D Gaussian7 Aug 2024
- 2024ScanReason: Empowering 3D Visual Grounding with Reasoning Capabilities1 Jul 2024
- 2024A Survey on Text-guided 3D Visual Grounding: Elements, Recent Advances, and Future Directions9 Jun 2024
1 more
- 2024Data-Efficient 3D Visual Grounding via Order-Aware Referring25 Mar 2024
- 2024A Survey on Text-guided 3D Visual Grounding: Elements, Recent Advances, and Future Directionscited by 25
- 2025SCA3D: Enhancing Cross-modal 3D Retrieval via 3D Shape and Caption Paired Data Augmentationcited by 9
- 2025Language-to-Space Programming for Training-Free 3D Visual Groundingcited by 8
- 2025ViewSRD: 3D Visual Grounding via Structured Multi-View Decompositioncited by 8
- 2024Query3D: LLM-Powered Open-Vocabulary Scene Segmentation with Language Embedded 3D Gaussiancited by 5
- 2024Multi-Object 3D Grounding with Dynamic Modules and Language-Informed Spatial Attentioncited by 4
- 2024Data-Efficient 3D Visual Grounding via Order-Aware Referringcited by 3
- 2025PanoGrounder: Bridging 2D and 3D with Panoramic Scene Representations for VLM-based 3D Visual Groundingcited by 3
- 2024LidaRefer: Context-aware Outdoor 3D Visual Grounding for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026PruneGround: Plug-and-play Spatial Pruning for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 0
- 2026PruneGround: Plug-and-play Spatial Pruning for 3D Visual Grounding30 Jun 2026
- 2025PanoGrounder: Bridging 2D and 3D with Panoramic Scene Representations for VLM-based 3D Visual Grounding24 Dec 2025
- 2025ViewSRD: 3D Visual Grounding via Structured Multi-View Decomposition15 Jul 2025
- 2025SCA3D: Enhancing Cross-modal 3D Retrieval via 3D Shape and Caption Paired Data Augmentation26 Feb 2025
- 2025Language-to-Space Programming for Training-Free 3D Visual Grounding3 Feb 2025
- 2024LidaRefer: Context-aware Outdoor 3D Visual Grounding for Autonomous Driving7 Nov 2024
- 2024Multi-Object 3D Grounding with Dynamic Modules and Language-Informed Spatial Attention29 Oct 2024
- 2024Query3D: LLM-Powered Open-Vocabulary Scene Segmentation with Language Embedded 3D Gaussian7 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey on Text-guided 3D Visual Grounding: Elements, Recent Advances, and Future Directions9 Jun 2024
- 2024Data-Efficient 3D Visual Grounding via Order-Aware Referring25 Mar 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025OpenGround: Planning-based Online Perception for Open-World 3D Visual Grounding
- 2025From Objects to Anywhere: A Holistic Benchmark for Multi-level Visual Grounding in 3D Scenes
- 2026Grounded 3D-Aware Spatial Vision-Language Modeling
- 2025Zero-Shot 3D Visual Grounding from Vision-Language Models
- 2026UniGround: Universal 3D Visual Grounding via Training-Free Scene Parsing
- 2026Reasoning Matters for 3D Visual Grounding
- 2025View-on-Graph: Zero-shot 3D Visual Grounding via Vision-Language Reasoning on Scene Graphs
- 2025SceneCOT: Eliciting Grounded Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in 3D Scenes