Simultaneously Localize, Segment and Rank the Camouflaged Objects
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Camouflage is a key defence mechanism across species that is critical to survival. Common strategies for camouflage include background matching, imitating the color and pattern of the environment, and disruptive coloration, disguising body outlines [35]. Camouflaged object detection (COD) aims to segment camouflaged objects hiding in their surroundings. Existing COD models are built upon binary ground truth to segment the camouflaged objects without illustrating the level of camouflage. In this paper, we revisit this task and argue that explicitly modeling the conspicuousness of camouflaged objects against their particular backgrounds can not only lead to a better understanding about camouflage and evolution of animals, but also provide guidance to design more sophisticated camouflage techniques. Furthermore, we observe that it is some specific parts of the camouflaged objects that make them detectable by predators. With the above understanding about camouflaged objects, we present the first ranking based COD network (Rank-Net) to simultaneously localize, segment and rank camouflaged objects. The localization model is proposed to find the discriminative regions that make the camouflaged object obvious. The segmentation model segments the full scope of the camouflaged objects. And, the ranking model infers the detectability of different camouflaged objects. Moreover, we contribute a large COD testing set to evaluate the generalization ability of COD models. Experimental results show that our model achieves new state-of-the-art, leading to a more interpretable COD network.
Key facts. Cited by 198 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Mar 2021.
Builds on
33 of 69 references.
References · 33
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
- 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
- 2015Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localizationcited by 2,430
- 2018Dual Attention Network for Scene Segmentationcited by 1,001
- 2017Grad-CAM++: Improved Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 936
- 2018Path Aggregation Network for Instance Segmentationcited by 796
- 2017Structure-measure: A New Way to Evaluate Foreground Mapscited by 480
- 2020PraNet: Parallel Reverse Attention Network for Polyp Segmentationcited by 460
- 2018Enhanced-alignment Measure for Binary Foreground Map Evaluationcited by 370
21 more
- 2018Learning Pixel-level Semantic Affinity with Image-level Supervision for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 321
- 2019EGNet:Edge Guidance Network for Salient Object Detectioncited by 237
- 2019Cascaded Partial Decoder for Fast and Accurate Salient Object Detectioncited by 216
- 2021Concealed Object Detectioncited by 212
- 2019A Simple Pooling-Based Design for Real-Time Salient Object Detectioncited by 211
- 2017Object Region Mining with Adversarial Erasing: A Simple Classification to Semantic Segmentation Approachcited by 201
- 2014The Secrets of Salient Object Segmentationcited by 200
- 2020Inf-Net: Automatic COVID-19 Lung Infection Segmentation from CT Imagescited by 184
- 2019F3Net: Fusion, Feedback and Focus for Salient Object Detectioncited by 176
- 2018Adversarial Complementary Learning for Weakly Supervised Object Localizationcited by 166
- 2019FickleNet: Weakly and Semi-supervised Semantic Image Segmentation using Stochastic Inferencecited by 162
- 2018Revisiting Dilated Convolution: A Simple Approach for Weakly- and Semi- Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 145
- 2020UC-Net: Uncertainty Inspired RGB-D Saliency Detection via Conditional Variational Autoencoderscited by 98
- 2020Weakly-Supervised Salient Object Detection via Scribble Annotationscited by 96
- 2020Highly Efficient Salient Object Detection with 100K Parameterscited by 79
- 2020SOLOv2: Dynamic and Fast Instance Segmentationcited by 37
- 2018Revisiting Salient Object Detection: Simultaneous Detection, Ranking, and Subitizing of Multiple Salient Objectscited by 26
- 2017Semi and Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation Using Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 11
- 2020MirrorNet: Bio-Inspired Camouflaged Object Segmentationcited by 11
- 2017Foreground Detection in Camouflaged Scenescited by 8
- 2020Evaluating Salient Object Detection in Natural Images with Multiple Objects having Multi-level Saliencycited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 18; 2023: 42; 2024: 46; 2025: 42; 2026: 39.
198 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022Zoom In and Out: A Mixed-scale Triplet Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 145
- 2024VisionLLM v2: An End-to-End Generalist Multimodal Large Language Model for Hundreds of Vision-Language Taskscited by 136
- 2021Uncertainty-aware Joint Salient Object and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 114
- 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Low-Level Structure Segmentationscited by 113
- 2024Bilateral Reference for High-Resolution Dichotomous Image Segmentationcited by 112
- 2022Highly Accurate Dichotomous Image Segmentationcited by 110
- 2021Mutual Graph Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 103
- 2023Can SAM Segment Anything? When SAM Meets Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 99
- 2023Weakly-Supervised Concealed Object Segmentation with SAM-based Pseudo Labeling and Multi-scale Feature Groupingcited by 92
- 2023Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformerscited by 87
- 2021Context-aware Cross-level Fusion Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 86
- 2022High-resolution Iterative Feedback Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 78
38 more
- 2023SAM Struggles in Concealed Scenes -- Empirical Study on Segment Anythingcited by 75
- 2023Reti-Diff: Illumination Degradation Image Restoration with Retinex-based Latent Diffusion Modelcited by 69
- 2022Boundary-Guided Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 68
- 2022Deep Gradient Learning for Efficient Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 65
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Segment Anything Model for Vision and Beyondcited by 64
- 2024SAM2-UNet: Segment Anything 2 Makes Strong Encoder for Natural and Medical Image Segmentationcited by 63
- 2022Implicit Motion Handling for Video Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 60
- 2022CamoFormer: Masked Separable Attention for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 58
- 2023VSCode: General Visual Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection with 2D Prompt Learningcited by 58
- 2024SAM2-Adapter: Evaluating & Adapting Segment Anything 2 in Downstream Tasks: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and Morecited by 58
- 2023Strategic Preys Make Acute Predators: Enhancing Camouflaged Object Detectors by Generating Camouflaged Objectscited by 56
- 2023SAM Fails to Segment Anything? -- SAM-Adapter: Adapting SAM in Underperformed Scenes: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and Morecited by 53
- 2022Source-free Depth for Object Pop-outcited by 52
- 2023Advances in Deep Concealed Scene Understandingcited by 47
- 2024Frequency-Spatial Entanglement Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 46
- 2022Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection with Scribble Annotationscited by 43
- 2021Fast Camouflaged Object Detection via Edge-based Reversible Re-calibration Networkcited by 42
- 2022Feature Aggregation and Propagation Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 40
- 2023Frequency Perception Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 37
- 2024A Survey of Camouflaged Object Detection and Beyondcited by 37
- 2022Camouflaged Object Detection via Context-aware Cross-level Fusioncited by 32
- 2022OSFormer: One-Stage Camouflaged Instance Segmentation with Transformerscited by 30
- 2025RUN: Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Object Segmentationcited by 28
- 2023Diffusion Model for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2021Dual Attention-in-Attention Model for Joint Rain Streak and Raindrop Removalcited by 24
- 2022Boosting Camouflaged Object Detection with Dual-Task Interactive Transformercited by 24
- 2024A Simple yet Effective Network based on Vision Transformer for Camouflaged Object and Salient Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2024Fantastic Animals and Where to Find Them: Segment Any Marine Animal with Dual SAMcited by 23
- 2024SAM-COD: SAM-guided Unified Framework for Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 22
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Modelscited by 21
- 2022Towards Deeper Understanding of Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2023Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2024Spider: A Unified Framework for Context-dependent Concept Segmentationcited by 18
- 2024Hierarchical Graph Interaction Transformer with Dynamic Token Clustering for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2023Towards Diverse Binary Segmentation via A Simple yet General Gated Networkcited by 17
- 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Universal Foreground Segmentationscited by 17
- 2021Improving Camouflaged Object Detection with the Uncertainty of Pseudo-edge Labelscited by 16
- 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Modelcited by 16
50 most cited of 198 All 198 (JSON)
- 2026Consensus-Aware Multi-Source Fusion for Reference-Guided Camouflaged Object Detection30 Sep 2026
- 2026UnfoldCRF: Structured Mask Refinement with Image-Conditioned Latent Regions27 Sep 2026
- 2026Can Frozen Hyperspherical Features Guide the Selection of Pseudo Masks?24 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking Camouflage Image Generation towards a Training-Free Paradigm13 Sep 2026
- 2026LGFN: Lightweight Gated RGB-Polarization Fusion with Modality-Availability Conditioning for Camouflaged Object Detection11 Sep 2026
- 2026Seeing the Unseen: Camouflaged Object Detection Beyond the Visible Spectrum31 Aug 2026
- 2026Is There Really a Camouflaged Object? Towards Realistic Camouflaged Object Detection11 Aug 2026
- 2026LAD-COD: Language-Aligned Dense Perception for Camouflaged Object Detection8 Aug 2026
- 2026VCP-DCN: Beyond Visual Concealed Property via Depth Collaborative Network for Camouflaged Object Detection30 Jul 2026
- 2026When Does Resolution Help a Frozen Backbone? Global Attention at Resolution Predicts Scalable Adaptation for Camouflaged and Marine Animal Segmentation2 Jul 2026
- 2026CamoNAS: Neural Architecture Search for Enhanced Camouflaged Object Detection2 Jul 2026
- 2026HVPNet: A Bio-Inspired Network for General Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection30 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026DifferSeg: Towards Diverse Multimodal Binary Segmentation via Differential Perception and Frequency Guidance8 Jun 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Consistency Learning for Test-time Adaptation in Camouflage Perception25 May 2026
- 2026Weakly Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection Based on the SAM Model and Mask Guidance25 May 2026
- 2026BED-SAM2: Boundary-Enhanced-Depth SAM2 via Monocular Geometric Priors24 May 2026
- 2026B-GRTO: Bootstrapped Group Relative Tool Optimization for Referring Segmentation22 May 2026
- 2026Global-Local Feature Decoding with Adapter-Guided SAMv2 for Salient Object Detection4 May 2026
- 2026Exploring Boundary-Aware Spatial-Frequency Fusion for Camouflaged Object Detection20 Apr 2026
- 2026When W4A4 Breaks Camouflaged Object Detection: Token-Group Dual-Constraint Activation Quantization18 Apr 2026
- 2026Certainty Is Redundant: Token Sparsification for Efficient Camouflaged Object Detection with Vision Foundation Models18 Apr 2026
- 2026Camo-M3FD: A New Benchmark Dataset for Cross-Spectral Camouflaged Pedestrian Detection17 Apr 2026
- 2026YUV20K: A Complexity-Driven Benchmark and Trajectory-Aware Alignment Model for Video Camouflaged Object Detection11 Apr 2026
- 2026CAMotion: A High-Quality Benchmark for Camouflaged Moving Object Detection in the Wild9 Apr 2026
- 2026Modality-Specific Hierarchical Enhancement for RGB-D Camouflaged Object Detection3 Apr 2026
- 2026Camouflage-aware Image-Text Retrieval via Expert Collaboration1 Apr 2026
- 2026IP-SAM: Rethinking Prompt-Conditioned Segmentation for Prompt-Absent Deployment28 Mar 2026
- 2026Language-Guided Structure-Aware Network for Camouflaged Object Detection25 Mar 2026
- 2026FCL-COD: Weakly Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection with Frequency-aware and Contrastive Learning24 Mar 2026
- 2026HFP-SAM: Hierarchical Frequency Prompted SAM for Efficient Marine Animal Segmentation13 Mar 2026
- 2026EReCu: Pseudo-label Evolution Fusion and Refinement with Multi-Cue Learning for Unsupervised Camouflage Detection12 Mar 2026
- 2026Bi-CamoDiffusion: A Boundary-informed Diffusion Approach for Camouflaged Object Detection9 Mar 2026
- 2026YCDa: YCbCr Decoupled Attention for Real-time Realistic Camouflaged Object Detection2 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Accurate Segmentation Purely from Self-Supervision27 Feb 2026
- 2026Discover, Segment, and Select: A Progressive Mechanism for Zero-shot Camouflaged Object Segmentation23 Feb 2026
- 2026Small but Mighty: Dynamic Wavelet Expert-Guided Fine-Tuning of Large-Scale Models for Optical Remote Sensing Object Segmentation14 Jan 2026
- 2026HyperCOD: The First Challenging Benchmark and Baseline for Hyperspectral Camouflaged Object Detection7 Jan 2026
- 2026GenCAMO: Scene-Graph Contextual Decoupling for Environment-aware and Mask-free Camouflage Image-Dense Annotation Generation3 Jan 2026
- 2026Boosting Segment Anything Model to Generalize Visually Non-Salient Scenarios2 Jan 2026
- 2025RealCamo: Boosting Real Camouflage Synthesis with Layout Controls and Textual-Visual Guidance28 Dec 2025
- 2025Debate-Enhanced Pseudo Labeling and Frequency-Aware Progressive Debiasing for Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection with Scribble Annotations23 Dec 2025
- 2025Assisted Refinement Network Based on Channel Information Interaction for Camouflaged and Salient Object Detection12 Dec 2025
- 2025RefOnce: Distilling References into a Prototype Memory for Referring Camouflaged Object Detection26 Nov 2025
- 2025Text-guided Controllable Diffusion for Realistic Camouflage Images Generation25 Nov 2025
- 2025SAM3-Adapter: Efficient Adaptation of Segment Anything 3 for Camouflage Object Segmentation, Shadow Detection, and Medical Image Segmentation24 Nov 2025
- 2025DualGazeNet: A Biologically Inspired Dual-Gaze Query Network for Salient Object Detection24 Nov 2025
- 2025MSRNet: A Multi-Scale Recursive Network for Camouflaged Object Detection16 Nov 2025
- 2025C3Net: Context-Contrast Network for Camouflaged Object Detection16 Nov 2025
- 2025S3OD: Towards Generalizable Salient Object Detection with Synthetic Data24 Oct 2025
- 2025Controllable-LPMoE: Adapting to Challenging Object Segmentation via Dynamic Local Priors from Mixture-of-Experts24 Oct 2025
50 newest of 198 All 198 (JSON)
- 2023Reti-Diff: Illumination Degradation Image Restoration with Retinex-based Latent Diffusion Modelcited by 69
- 2023Diffusion Model for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Modelscited by 21
- 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Modelcited by 16
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2025Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Visual Perception with Generative Refinementcited by 11
- 2023Catch Me If You Can Describe Me: Open-Vocabulary Camouflaged Instance Segmentation with Diffusioncited by 3
- 2025Text-guided Controllable Diffusion for Realistic Camouflage Images Generationcited by 3
- 2025Text-guided Controllable Diffusion for Realistic Camouflage Images Generation25 Nov 2025
- 2025Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Visual Perception with Generative Refinement20 Aug 2025
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detection18 Jul 2024
- 2023Catch Me If You Can Describe Me: Open-Vocabulary Camouflaged Instance Segmentation with Diffusion29 Dec 2023
- 2023Reti-Diff: Illumination Degradation Image Restoration with Retinex-based Latent Diffusion Model20 Nov 2023
- 2023Diffusion Model for Camouflaged Object Detection1 Aug 2023
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Models29 May 2023
- 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Model11 Apr 2023
- 2022Zoom In and Out: A Mixed-scale Triplet Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 145
- 2021Uncertainty-aware Joint Salient Object and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 114
- 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Low-Level Structure Segmentationscited by 113
- 2024Bilateral Reference for High-Resolution Dichotomous Image Segmentationcited by 112
- 2022Highly Accurate Dichotomous Image Segmentationcited by 110
- 2021Mutual Graph Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 103
- 2023Can SAM Segment Anything? When SAM Meets Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 99
- 2023Weakly-Supervised Concealed Object Segmentation with SAM-based Pseudo Labeling and Multi-scale Feature Groupingcited by 92
- 2023Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformerscited by 87
- 2021Context-aware Cross-level Fusion Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 86
- 2022High-resolution Iterative Feedback Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 78
- 2023SAM Struggles in Concealed Scenes -- Empirical Study on Segment Anythingcited by 75
12 most cited of 183 All 183 (JSON)
- 2026Consensus-Aware Multi-Source Fusion for Reference-Guided Camouflaged Object Detection30 Sep 2026
- 2026UnfoldCRF: Structured Mask Refinement with Image-Conditioned Latent Regions27 Sep 2026
- 2026Can Frozen Hyperspherical Features Guide the Selection of Pseudo Masks?24 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking Camouflage Image Generation towards a Training-Free Paradigm13 Sep 2026
- 2026LGFN: Lightweight Gated RGB-Polarization Fusion with Modality-Availability Conditioning for Camouflaged Object Detection11 Sep 2026
- 2026Seeing the Unseen: Camouflaged Object Detection Beyond the Visible Spectrum31 Aug 2026
- 2026Is There Really a Camouflaged Object? Towards Realistic Camouflaged Object Detection11 Aug 2026
- 2026LAD-COD: Language-Aligned Dense Perception for Camouflaged Object Detection8 Aug 2026
- 2026VCP-DCN: Beyond Visual Concealed Property via Depth Collaborative Network for Camouflaged Object Detection30 Jul 2026
- 2026When Does Resolution Help a Frozen Backbone? Global Attention at Resolution Predicts Scalable Adaptation for Camouflaged and Marine Animal Segmentation2 Jul 2026
- 2026CamoNAS: Neural Architecture Search for Enhanced Camouflaged Object Detection2 Jul 2026
- 2026HVPNet: A Bio-Inspired Network for General Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection30 Jun 2026
12 newest of 183 All 183 (JSON)