mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Simultaneously Localize, Segment and Rank the Camouflaged Objects

arXiv 2103.04011 ↗First posted 6 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 198

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Camouflage is a key defence mechanism across species that is critical to survival. Common strategies for camouflage include background matching, imitating the color and pattern of the environment, and disruptive coloration, disguising body outlines [35]. Camouflaged object detection (COD) aims to segment camouflaged objects hiding in their surroundings. Existing COD models are built upon binary ground truth to segment the camouflaged objects without illustrating the level of camouflage. In this paper, we revisit this task and argue that explicitly modeling the conspicuousness of camouflaged objects against their particular backgrounds can not only lead to a better understanding about camouflage and evolution of animals, but also provide guidance to design more sophisticated camouflage techniques. Furthermore, we observe that it is some specific parts of the camouflaged objects that make them detectable by predators. With the above understanding about camouflaged objects, we present the first ranking based COD network (Rank-Net) to simultaneously localize, segment and rank camouflaged objects. The localization model is proposed to find the discriminative regions that make the camouflaged object obvious. The segmentation model segments the full scope of the camouflaged objects. And, the ranking model infers the detectability of different camouflaged objects. Moreover, we contribute a large COD testing set to evaluate the generalization ability of COD models. Experimental results show that our model achieves new state-of-the-art, leading to a more interpretable COD network.

Key facts. Cited by 198 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Mar 2021.

Builds on

33 of 69 references.

References · 33

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  3. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  4. 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
  5. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
  6. 2015Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localizationcited by 2,430
  7. 2018Dual Attention Network for Scene Segmentationcited by 1,001
  8. 2017Grad-CAM++: Improved Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 936
  9. 2018Path Aggregation Network for Instance Segmentationcited by 796
  10. 2017Structure-measure: A New Way to Evaluate Foreground Mapscited by 480
  11. 2020PraNet: Parallel Reverse Attention Network for Polyp Segmentationcited by 460
  12. 2018Enhanced-alignment Measure for Binary Foreground Map Evaluationcited by 370
21 more
  1. 2018Learning Pixel-level Semantic Affinity with Image-level Supervision for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 321
  2. 2019EGNet:Edge Guidance Network for Salient Object Detectioncited by 237
  3. 2019Cascaded Partial Decoder for Fast and Accurate Salient Object Detectioncited by 216
  4. 2021Concealed Object Detectioncited by 212
  5. 2019A Simple Pooling-Based Design for Real-Time Salient Object Detectioncited by 211
  6. 2017Object Region Mining with Adversarial Erasing: A Simple Classification to Semantic Segmentation Approachcited by 201
  7. 2014The Secrets of Salient Object Segmentationcited by 200
  8. 2020Inf-Net: Automatic COVID-19 Lung Infection Segmentation from CT Imagescited by 184
  9. 2019F3Net: Fusion, Feedback and Focus for Salient Object Detectioncited by 176
  10. 2018Adversarial Complementary Learning for Weakly Supervised Object Localizationcited by 166
  11. 2019FickleNet: Weakly and Semi-supervised Semantic Image Segmentation using Stochastic Inferencecited by 162
  12. 2018Revisiting Dilated Convolution: A Simple Approach for Weakly- and Semi- Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 145
  13. 2020UC-Net: Uncertainty Inspired RGB-D Saliency Detection via Conditional Variational Autoencoderscited by 98
  14. 2020Weakly-Supervised Salient Object Detection via Scribble Annotationscited by 96
  15. 2020Highly Efficient Salient Object Detection with 100K Parameterscited by 79
  16. 2020SOLOv2: Dynamic and Fast Instance Segmentationcited by 37
  17. 2018Revisiting Salient Object Detection: Simultaneous Detection, Ranking, and Subitizing of Multiple Salient Objectscited by 26
  18. 2017Semi and Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation Using Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 11
  19. 2020MirrorNet: Bio-Inspired Camouflaged Object Segmentationcited by 11
  20. 2017Foreground Detection in Camouflaged Scenescited by 8
  21. 2020Evaluating Salient Object Detection in Natural Images with Multiple Objects having Multi-level Saliencycited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 18; 2023: 42; 2024: 46; 2025: 42; 2026: 39.

198 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2022Zoom In and Out: A Mixed-scale Triplet Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 145
  2. 2024VisionLLM v2: An End-to-End Generalist Multimodal Large Language Model for Hundreds of Vision-Language Taskscited by 136
  3. 2021Uncertainty-aware Joint Salient Object and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 114
  4. 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Low-Level Structure Segmentationscited by 113
  5. 2024Bilateral Reference for High-Resolution Dichotomous Image Segmentationcited by 112
  6. 2022Highly Accurate Dichotomous Image Segmentationcited by 110
  7. 2021Mutual Graph Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 103
  8. 2023Can SAM Segment Anything? When SAM Meets Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 99
  9. 2023Weakly-Supervised Concealed Object Segmentation with SAM-based Pseudo Labeling and Multi-scale Feature Groupingcited by 92
  10. 2023Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformerscited by 87
  11. 2021Context-aware Cross-level Fusion Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 86
  12. 2022High-resolution Iterative Feedback Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 78
38 more
  1. 2023SAM Struggles in Concealed Scenes -- Empirical Study on Segment Anythingcited by 75
  2. 2023Reti-Diff: Illumination Degradation Image Restoration with Retinex-based Latent Diffusion Modelcited by 69
  3. 2022Boundary-Guided Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 68
  4. 2022Deep Gradient Learning for Efficient Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 65
  5. 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Segment Anything Model for Vision and Beyondcited by 64
  6. 2024SAM2-UNet: Segment Anything 2 Makes Strong Encoder for Natural and Medical Image Segmentationcited by 63
  7. 2022Implicit Motion Handling for Video Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 60
  8. 2022CamoFormer: Masked Separable Attention for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 58
  9. 2023VSCode: General Visual Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection with 2D Prompt Learningcited by 58
  10. 2024SAM2-Adapter: Evaluating & Adapting Segment Anything 2 in Downstream Tasks: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and Morecited by 58
  11. 2023Strategic Preys Make Acute Predators: Enhancing Camouflaged Object Detectors by Generating Camouflaged Objectscited by 56
  12. 2023SAM Fails to Segment Anything? -- SAM-Adapter: Adapting SAM in Underperformed Scenes: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and Morecited by 53
  13. 2022Source-free Depth for Object Pop-outcited by 52
  14. 2023Advances in Deep Concealed Scene Understandingcited by 47
  15. 2024Frequency-Spatial Entanglement Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 46
  16. 2022Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection with Scribble Annotationscited by 43
  17. 2021Fast Camouflaged Object Detection via Edge-based Reversible Re-calibration Networkcited by 42
  18. 2022Feature Aggregation and Propagation Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 40
  19. 2023Frequency Perception Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 37
  20. 2024A Survey of Camouflaged Object Detection and Beyondcited by 37
  21. 2022Camouflaged Object Detection via Context-aware Cross-level Fusioncited by 32
  22. 2022OSFormer: One-Stage Camouflaged Instance Segmentation with Transformerscited by 30
  23. 2025RUN: Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Object Segmentationcited by 28
  24. 2023Diffusion Model for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 27
  25. 2021Dual Attention-in-Attention Model for Joint Rain Streak and Raindrop Removalcited by 24
  26. 2022Boosting Camouflaged Object Detection with Dual-Task Interactive Transformercited by 24
  27. 2024A Simple yet Effective Network based on Vision Transformer for Camouflaged Object and Salient Object Detectioncited by 23
  28. 2024Fantastic Animals and Where to Find Them: Segment Any Marine Animal with Dual SAMcited by 23
  29. 2024SAM-COD: SAM-guided Unified Framework for Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 22
  30. 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Modelscited by 21
  31. 2022Towards Deeper Understanding of Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
  32. 2023Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
  33. 2024Spider: A Unified Framework for Context-dependent Concept Segmentationcited by 18
  34. 2024Hierarchical Graph Interaction Transformer with Dynamic Token Clustering for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 18
  35. 2023Towards Diverse Binary Segmentation via A Simple yet General Gated Networkcited by 17
  36. 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Universal Foreground Segmentationscited by 17
  37. 2021Improving Camouflaged Object Detection with the Uncertainty of Pseudo-edge Labelscited by 16
  38. 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Modelcited by 16

50 most cited of 198 All 198 (JSON)