Source-free Depth for Object Pop-out
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Abstract (arXiv)
Depth cues are known to be useful for visual perception. However, direct measurement of depth is often impracticable. Fortunately, though, modern learning-based methods offer promising depth maps by inference in the wild. In this work, we adapt such depth inference models for object segmentation using the objects' "pop-out" prior in 3D. The "pop-out" is a simple composition prior that assumes objects reside on the background surface. Such compositional prior allows us to reason about objects in the 3D space. More specifically, we adapt the inferred depth maps such that objects can be localized using only 3D information. Such separation, however, requires knowledge about contact surface which we learn using the weak supervision of the segmentation mask. Our intermediate representation of contact surface, and thereby reasoning about objects purely in 3D, allows us to better transfer the depth knowledge into semantics. The proposed adaptation method uses only the depth model without needing the source data used for training, making the learning process efficient and practical. Our experiments on eight datasets of two challenging tasks, namely camouflaged object detection and salient object detection, consistently demonstrate the benefit of our method in terms of both performance and generalizability.
Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 64 of its 103 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Dec 2022.
Builds on
64 of 103 references.
References · 64
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- 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,484
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- 2022Continual Test-Time Domain Adaptationcited by 520
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- 2019Cascaded Partial Decoder for Fast and Accurate Salient Object Detectioncited by 216
38 more
- 2021Concealed Object Detectioncited by 212
- 2019A Simple Pooling-Based Design for Real-Time Salient Object Detectioncited by 211
- 2021Simultaneously Localize, Segment and Rank the Camouflaged Objectscited by 198
- 2020Robust Consistent Video Depth Estimationcited by 188
- 2021Exploiting the Intrinsic Neighborhood Structure for Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 176
- 2021Generalized Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 175
- 2021Source-Free Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentationcited by 168
- 2021Camouflaged Object Segmentation with Distraction Miningcited by 151
- 2022Zoom In and Out: A Mixed-scale Triplet Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 145
- 2018Revisiting Single Image Depth Estimation: Toward Higher Resolution Maps with Accurate Object Boundariescited by 144
- 2019Rethinking RGB-D Salient Object Detection: Models, Data Sets, and Large-Scale Benchmarkscited by 133
- 2021NeRFReN: Neural Radiance Fields with Reflectionscited by 121
- 2021Uncertainty-aware Joint Salient Object and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 114
- 2021Boosting Monocular Depth Estimation Models to High-Resolution via Content-Adaptive Multi-Resolution Mergingcited by 104
- 2021Mutual Graph Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 103
- 2021Domain Impression: A Source Data Free Domain Adaptation Methodcited by 91
- 2020Domain Adaptation without Source Datacited by 88
- 2021Context-aware Cross-level Fusion Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 86
- 2020JL-DCF: Joint Learning and Densely-Cooperative Fusion Framework for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 79
- 2020RGB-D Salient Object Detection: A Surveycited by 73
- 2021Specificity-preserving RGB-D Saliency Detectioncited by 70
- 2022Boundary-Guided Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 68
- 2022Deep Gradient Learning for Efficient Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 65
- 2019Geometry-Aware Symmetric Domain Adaptation for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 61
- 2022Balancing Discriminability and Transferability for Source-Free Domain Adaptationcited by 58
- 2021Consistent Depth of Moving Objects in Videocited by 56
- 2020Accurate RGB-D Salient Object Detection via Collaborative Learningcited by 52
- 2021RGB-D Saliency Detection via Cascaded Mutual Information Minimizationcited by 50
- 2020Cross-Modal Weighting Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 47
- 2017Learning Uncertain Convolutional Features for Accurate Saliency Detectioncited by 44
- 2021Toward Practical Monocular Indoor Depth Estimationcited by 42
- 2020Bilateral Attention Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 35
- 2021Cross-modality Discrepant Interaction Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 34
- 2021Depth Quality-Inspired Feature Manipulation for Efficient RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 33
- 2021Learning to Relate Depth and Semantics for Unsupervised Domain Adaptationcited by 32
- 2021Saliency-Associated Object Trackingcited by 30
- 2019Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Depth Prediction from Imagescited by 29
- 2022SPSN: Superpixel Prototype Sampling Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 26
50 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 9; 2024: 14; 2025: 16; 2026: 13.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 104
- 2023VSCode: General Visual Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection with 2D Prompt Learningcited by 58
- 2023Advances in Deep Concealed Scene Understandingcited by 47
- 2024A Survey of Camouflaged Object Detection and Beyondcited by 37
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Modelscited by 21
- 2024Exploring Deeper! Segment Anything Model with Depth Perception for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 20
- 2023Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2024Hierarchical Graph Interaction Transformer with Dynamic Token Clustering for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Modelcited by 16
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2025Integrating Extra Modality Helps Segmentor Find Camouflaged Objects Wellcited by 14
- 2025Improving SAM for Camouflaged Object Detection via Dual Stream Adapterscited by 13
38 more
- 2023Object Segmentation by Mining Cross-Modal Semanticscited by 12
- 2025Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Visual Perception with Generative Refinementcited by 11
- 2025Controllable-LPMoE: Adapting to Challenging Object Segmentation via Dynamic Local Priors from Mixture-of-Expertscited by 9
- 2023Collaborative Camouflaged Object Detection: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 8
- 2023Large Model Based Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2024Depth Awakens: A Depth-perceptual Attention Fusion Network for RGB-D Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 7
- 2024Unlocking Attributes' Contribution to Successful Camouflage: A Combined Textual and VisualAnalysis Strategycited by 6
- 2025Deep Learning in Concealed Dense Predictioncited by 6
- 2026DifferSeg: Towards Diverse Multimodal Binary Segmentation via Differential Perception and Frequency Guidancecited by 6
- 2024PlantCamo: Plant Camouflage Detectioncited by 5
- 2025Beyond Single Images: Retrieval Self-Augmented Unsupervised Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2024Adaptive Guidance Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2026HVPNet: A Bio-Inspired Network for General Salient and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Mamba Capsule Routing Towards Part-Whole Relational Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2024Towards Real Zero-Shot Camouflaged Object Segmentation without Camouflaged Annotationscited by 3
- 2025Stepwise Decomposition and Dual-stream Focus: A Novel Approach for Training-free Camouflaged Object Segmentationcited by 3
- 2025MCOD: The First Challenging Benchmark for Multispectral Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2025UniMRSeg: Unified Modality-Relax Segmentation via Hierarchical Self-Supervised Compensationcited by 3
- 2024GreenCOD: A Green Camouflaged Object Detection Methodcited by 2
- 2024Depth-guided Texture Diffusion for Image Semantic Segmentationcited by 2
- 2024Deep Fourier-embedded Network for RGB and Thermal Salient Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2025PDDM: Pseudo Depth Diffusion Model for RGB-PD Semantic Segmentation Based in Complex Indoor Scenescited by 2
- 2026RA-SOD: Reliability-Aware RGB-T Salient Object Detection under Modality Degradationcited by 2
- 2024A Saliency Enhanced Feature Fusion based multiscale RGB-D Salient Object Detection Networkcited by 1
- 2025High-Precision Dichotomous Image Segmentation via Depth Integrity-Prior and Fine-Grained Patch Strategycited by 1
- 2025RealCamo: Boosting Real Camouflage Synthesis with Layout Controls and Textual-Visual Guidancecited by 1
- 2026CAMotion: A High-Quality Benchmark for Camouflaged Moving Object Detection in the Wildcited by 1
- 2025Mamba-based Spatio-Frequency Motion Perception for Video Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025First RAG, Second SEG: A Training-Free Paradigm for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025RefOnce: Distilling References into a Prototype Memory for Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Conditional Polarization Guidance for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Camouflage-aware Image-Text Retrieval via Expert Collaborationcited by 0
- 2026Modality-Specific Hierarchical Enhancement for RGB-D Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Modality-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Multi-Modal Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Hierarchical Consistency Learning for Test-time Adaptation in Camouflage Perceptioncited by 0
- 2026CamoNAS: Neural Architecture Search for Enhanced Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026VCP-DCN: Beyond Visual Concealed Property via Depth Collaborative Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2026Consensus-Aware Multi-Source Fusion for Reference-Guided Camouflaged Object Detection30 Sep 2026
- 2026RA-SOD: Reliability-Aware RGB-T Salient Object Detection under Modality Degradation11 Sep 2026
- 2026LAD-COD: Language-Aligned Dense Perception for Camouflaged Object Detection8 Aug 2026
- 2026VCP-DCN: Beyond Visual Concealed Property via Depth Collaborative Network for Camouflaged Object Detection30 Jul 2026
- 2026CamoNAS: Neural Architecture Search for Enhanced Camouflaged Object Detection2 Jul 2026
- 2026HVPNet: A Bio-Inspired Network for General Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection30 Jun 2026
- 2026DifferSeg: Towards Diverse Multimodal Binary Segmentation via Differential Perception and Frequency Guidance8 Jun 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Consistency Learning for Test-time Adaptation in Camouflage Perception25 May 2026
- 2026Modality-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Multi-Modal Camouflaged Object Detection14 Apr 2026
- 2026CAMotion: A High-Quality Benchmark for Camouflaged Moving Object Detection in the Wild9 Apr 2026
- 2026Modality-Specific Hierarchical Enhancement for RGB-D Camouflaged Object Detection3 Apr 2026
- 2026Camouflage-aware Image-Text Retrieval via Expert Collaboration1 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026Conditional Polarization Guidance for Camouflaged Object Detection31 Mar 2026
- 2025RealCamo: Boosting Real Camouflage Synthesis with Layout Controls and Textual-Visual Guidance28 Dec 2025
- 2025RefOnce: Distilling References into a Prototype Memory for Referring Camouflaged Object Detection26 Nov 2025
- 2025Controllable-LPMoE: Adapting to Challenging Object Segmentation via Dynamic Local Priors from Mixture-of-Experts24 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond Single Images: Retrieval Self-Augmented Unsupervised Camouflaged Object Detection21 Oct 2025
- 2025UniMRSeg: Unified Modality-Relax Segmentation via Hierarchical Self-Supervised Compensation19 Sep 2025
- 2025MCOD: The First Challenging Benchmark for Multispectral Camouflaged Object Detection19 Sep 2025
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025First RAG, Second SEG: A Training-Free Paradigm for Camouflaged Object Detection21 Aug 2025
- 2025Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Visual Perception with Generative Refinement20 Aug 2025
- 2025Mamba-based Spatio-Frequency Motion Perception for Video Camouflaged Object Detection31 Jul 2025
- 2025Stepwise Decomposition and Dual-stream Focus: A Novel Approach for Training-free Camouflaged Object Segmentation7 Jun 2025
- 2025Deep Learning in Concealed Dense Prediction15 Apr 2025
- 2025PDDM: Pseudo Depth Diffusion Model for RGB-PD Semantic Segmentation Based in Complex Indoor Scenes24 Mar 2025
- 2025High-Precision Dichotomous Image Segmentation via Depth Integrity-Prior and Fine-Grained Patch Strategy8 Mar 2025
- 2025Improving SAM for Camouflaged Object Detection via Dual Stream Adapters8 Mar 2025
- 2025Integrating Extra Modality Helps Segmentor Find Camouflaged Objects Well20 Feb 2025
- 2024Deep Fourier-embedded Network for RGB and Thermal Salient Object Detection27 Nov 2024
- 2024PlantCamo: Plant Camouflage Detection23 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Real Zero-Shot Camouflaged Object Segmentation without Camouflaged Annotations22 Oct 2024
- 2024Mamba Capsule Routing Towards Part-Whole Relational Camouflaged Object Detection5 Oct 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Graph Interaction Transformer with Dynamic Token Clustering for Camouflaged Object Detection27 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey of Camouflaged Object Detection and Beyond26 Aug 2024
- 2024Unlocking Attributes' Contribution to Successful Camouflage: A Combined Textual and VisualAnalysis Strategy22 Aug 2024
- 2024Depth-guided Texture Diffusion for Image Semantic Segmentation17 Aug 2024
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detection18 Jul 2024
- 2024Exploring Deeper! Segment Anything Model with Depth Perception for Camouflaged Object Detection17 Jul 2024
- 2024GreenCOD: A Green Camouflaged Object Detection Method25 May 2024
- 2024Depth Awakens: A Depth-perceptual Attention Fusion Network for RGB-D Camouflaged Object Detection9 May 2024
- 2024Adaptive Guidance Learning for Camouflaged Object Detection5 May 2024
- 2024A Saliency Enhanced Feature Fusion based multiscale RGB-D Salient Object Detection Network22 Jan 2024
- 2023Large Model Based Referring Camouflaged Object Detection28 Nov 2023
- 2023VSCode: General Visual Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection with 2D Prompt Learning25 Nov 2023
- 2023Collaborative Camouflaged Object Detection: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark6 Oct 2023
- 2023Referring Camouflaged Object Detection13 Jun 2023
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Models29 May 2023
- 2023Object Segmentation by Mining Cross-Modal Semantics17 May 2023
- 2023Advances in Deep Concealed Scene Understanding21 Apr 2023
50 newest of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Modelscited by 21
- 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Modelcited by 16
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2025Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Visual Perception with Generative Refinementcited by 11
- 2025PDDM: Pseudo Depth Diffusion Model for RGB-PD Semantic Segmentation Based in Complex Indoor Scenescited by 2
- 2025Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Visual Perception with Generative Refinement20 Aug 2025
- 2025PDDM: Pseudo Depth Diffusion Model for RGB-PD Semantic Segmentation Based in Complex Indoor Scenes24 Mar 2025
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detection18 Jul 2024
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Models29 May 2023
- 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Model11 Apr 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 104
- 2023VSCode: General Visual Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection with 2D Prompt Learningcited by 58
- 2023Advances in Deep Concealed Scene Understandingcited by 47
- 2024A Survey of Camouflaged Object Detection and Beyondcited by 37
- 2024Exploring Deeper! Segment Anything Model with Depth Perception for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 20
- 2023Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2024Hierarchical Graph Interaction Transformer with Dynamic Token Clustering for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2025Integrating Extra Modality Helps Segmentor Find Camouflaged Objects Wellcited by 14
- 2025Improving SAM for Camouflaged Object Detection via Dual Stream Adapterscited by 13
- 2023Object Segmentation by Mining Cross-Modal Semanticscited by 12
- 2023Collaborative Camouflaged Object Detection: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 8
- 2023Large Model Based Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 8
12 most cited of 43 All 43 (JSON)
- 2026Consensus-Aware Multi-Source Fusion for Reference-Guided Camouflaged Object Detection30 Sep 2026
- 2026RA-SOD: Reliability-Aware RGB-T Salient Object Detection under Modality Degradation11 Sep 2026
- 2026LAD-COD: Language-Aligned Dense Perception for Camouflaged Object Detection8 Aug 2026
- 2026VCP-DCN: Beyond Visual Concealed Property via Depth Collaborative Network for Camouflaged Object Detection30 Jul 2026
- 2026CamoNAS: Neural Architecture Search for Enhanced Camouflaged Object Detection2 Jul 2026
- 2026HVPNet: A Bio-Inspired Network for General Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection30 Jun 2026
- 2026DifferSeg: Towards Diverse Multimodal Binary Segmentation via Differential Perception and Frequency Guidance8 Jun 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Consistency Learning for Test-time Adaptation in Camouflage Perception25 May 2026
- 2026Modality-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Multi-Modal Camouflaged Object Detection14 Apr 2026
- 2026CAMotion: A High-Quality Benchmark for Camouflaged Moving Object Detection in the Wild9 Apr 2026
- 2026Modality-Specific Hierarchical Enhancement for RGB-D Camouflaged Object Detection3 Apr 2026
- 2026Camouflage-aware Image-Text Retrieval via Expert Collaboration1 Apr 2026
12 newest of 43 All 43 (JSON)