Uncertainty-aware Joint Salient Object and Camouflaged Object Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Visual salient object detection (SOD) aims at finding the salient object(s) that attract human attention, while camouflaged object detection (COD) on the contrary intends to discover the camouflaged object(s) that hidden in the surrounding. In this paper, we propose a paradigm of leveraging the contradictory information to enhance the detection ability of both salient object detection and camouflaged object detection. We start by exploiting the easy positive samples in the COD dataset to serve as hard positive samples in the SOD task to improve the robustness of the SOD model. Then, we introduce a similarity measure module to explicitly model the contradicting attributes of these two tasks. Furthermore, considering the uncertainty of labeling in both tasks' datasets, we propose an adversarial learning network to achieve both higher order similarity measure and network confidence estimation. Experimental results on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our solution leads to state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance for both tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 114 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Apr 2021.
Builds on
30 of 61 references.
References · 30
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- 2018Dual Attention Network for Scene Segmentationcited by 1,001
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- 2019A Simple Pooling-Based Design for Real-Time Salient Object Detectioncited by 211
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- 2021Simultaneously Localize, Segment and Rank the Camouflaged Objectscited by 198
18 more
- 2015Visual Saliency Based on Multiscale Deep Featurescited by 185
- 2019F3Net: Fusion, Feedback and Focus for Salient Object Detectioncited by 176
- 2018Adversarial Learning for Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 173
- 2019Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation with High- and Low-level Consistencycited by 147
- 2021Mutual Graph Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 103
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 18; 2023: 34; 2024: 28; 2025: 22; 2026: 6.
114 papers.
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- 2022Zoom In and Out: A Mixed-scale Triplet Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 145
- 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Low-Level Structure Segmentationscited by 113
- 2023Can SAM Segment Anything? When SAM Meets Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 99
- 2023Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformerscited by 87
- 2022High-resolution Iterative Feedback Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 78
- 2022Boundary-Guided Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 68
- 2022Deep Gradient Learning for Efficient Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 65
- 2022CamoFormer: Masked Separable Attention for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 58
- 2023VSCode: General Visual Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection with 2D Prompt Learningcited by 58
- 2024SAM2-Adapter: Evaluating & Adapting Segment Anything 2 in Downstream Tasks: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and Morecited by 58
- 2023Strategic Preys Make Acute Predators: Enhancing Camouflaged Object Detectors by Generating Camouflaged Objectscited by 56
- 2023SAM Fails to Segment Anything? -- SAM-Adapter: Adapting SAM in Underperformed Scenes: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and Morecited by 53
38 more
- 2022Source-free Depth for Object Pop-outcited by 52
- 2023ZoomNeXt: A Unified Collaborative Pyramid Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 48
- 2023Advances in Deep Concealed Scene Understandingcited by 47
- 2024Frequency-Spatial Entanglement Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 46
- 2022Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection with Scribble Annotationscited by 43
- 2024A Survey of Camouflaged Object Detection and Beyondcited by 37
- 2022Camouflaged Object Detection via Context-aware Cross-level Fusioncited by 32
- 2023Diffusion Model for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2021A Survey on Epistemic (Model) Uncertainty in Supervised Learning: Recent Advances and Applicationscited by 24
- 2022Boosting Camouflaged Object Detection with Dual-Task Interactive Transformercited by 24
- 2024A Simple yet Effective Network based on Vision Transformer for Camouflaged Object and Salient Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2024SAM-COD: SAM-guided Unified Framework for Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 22
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Modelscited by 21
- 2024Exploring Deeper! Segment Anything Model with Depth Perception for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 20
- 2021Salient Objects in Cluttercited by 19
- 2022Towards Deeper Understanding of Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2023Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2021Generative Transformer for Accurate and Reliable Salient Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2022Democracy Does Matter: Comprehensive Feature Mining for Co-Salient Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2024Hierarchical Graph Interaction Transformer with Dynamic Token Clustering for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2023Towards Diverse Binary Segmentation via A Simple yet General Gated Networkcited by 17
- 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Universal Foreground Segmentationscited by 17
- 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Modelcited by 16
- 2024Frequency-Guided Spatial Adaptation for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 15
- 2023Open-Vocabulary Camouflaged Object Segmentationcited by 14
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2025Improving SAM for Camouflaged Object Detection via Dual Stream Adapterscited by 13
- 2022MFFN: Multi-view Feature Fusion Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 12
- 2023Object Segmentation by Mining Cross-Modal Semanticscited by 12
- 2024Evaluating SAM2's Role in Camouflaged Object Detection: From SAM to SAM2cited by 12
- 2023Edge-Aware Mirror Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 10
- 2024GLCONet: Learning Multi-source Perception Representation for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 10
- 2021Dense Uncertainty Estimationcited by 9
- 2023Unified-modal Salient Object Detection via Adaptive Prompt Learningcited by 9
- 2025Controllable-LPMoE: Adapting to Challenging Object Segmentation via Dynamic Local Priors from Mixture-of-Expertscited by 9
- 2023Collaborative Camouflaged Object Detection: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 8
- 2023Large Model Based Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2023Building Extraction from Remote Sensing Images via an Uncertainty-Aware Networkcited by 7
50 most cited of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2026Is There Really a Camouflaged Object? Towards Realistic Camouflaged Object Detection11 Aug 2026
- 2026LAD-COD: Language-Aligned Dense Perception for Camouflaged Object Detection8 Aug 2026
- 2026CamoNAS: Neural Architecture Search for Enhanced Camouflaged Object Detection2 Jul 2026
- 2026CAMotion: A High-Quality Benchmark for Camouflaged Moving Object Detection in the Wild9 Apr 2026
- 2026Camouflage-aware Image-Text Retrieval via Expert Collaboration1 Apr 2026
- 2026IP-SAM: Rethinking Prompt-Conditioned Segmentation for Prompt-Absent Deployment28 Mar 2026
- 2025Debate-Enhanced Pseudo Labeling and Frequency-Aware Progressive Debiasing for Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection with Scribble Annotations23 Dec 2025
- 2025RefOnce: Distilling References into a Prototype Memory for Referring Camouflaged Object Detection26 Nov 2025
- 2025SAM3-Adapter: Efficient Adaptation of Segment Anything 3 for Camouflage Object Segmentation, Shadow Detection, and Medical Image Segmentation24 Nov 2025
- 2025MSRNet: A Multi-Scale Recursive Network for Camouflaged Object Detection16 Nov 2025
- 2025C3Net: Context-Contrast Network for Camouflaged Object Detection16 Nov 2025
- 2025Controllable-LPMoE: Adapting to Challenging Object Segmentation via Dynamic Local Priors from Mixture-of-Experts24 Oct 2025
38 more
- 2025Beyond Single Images: Retrieval Self-Augmented Unsupervised Camouflaged Object Detection21 Oct 2025
- 2025APGNet: Adaptive Prior-Guided for Underwater Camouflaged Object Detection14 Oct 2025
- 2025SPEGNet: Synergistic Perception-Guided Network for Camouflaged Object Detection6 Oct 2025
- 2025SAM-TTT: Segment Anything Model via Reverse Parameter Configuration and Test-Time Training for Camouflaged Object Detection15 Sep 2025
- 2025Distribution-Specific Learning for Joint Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection8 Aug 2025
- 2025SAMwave: Wavelet-Driven Feature Enrichment for Effective Adaptation of Segment Anything Model27 Jul 2025
- 2025Synthetic-to-Real Camouflaged Object Detection25 Jul 2025
- 2025Uncertainty-Masked Bernoulli Diffusion for Camouflaged Object Detection Refinement12 Jun 2025
- 2025DRRNet: Macro-Micro Feature Fusion and Dual Reverse Refinement for Camouflaged Object Detection14 May 2025
- 2025Promoting SAM for Camouflaged Object Detection via Selective Key Point-based Guidance14 May 2025
- 2025Deep Learning in Concealed Dense Prediction15 Apr 2025
- 2025A Revisit to the Decoder for Camouflaged Object Detection18 Mar 2025
- 2025FMNet: Frequency-Assisted Mamba-Like Linear Attention Network for Camouflaged Object Detection14 Mar 2025
- 2025Improving SAM for Camouflaged Object Detection via Dual Stream Adapters8 Mar 2025
- 2025Uncertainty Aware Human-machine Collaboration in Camouflaged Object Detection12 Feb 2025
- 2025Toward Realistic Camouflaged Object Detection: Benchmarks and Method13 Jan 2025
- 2024Seamless Detection: Unifying Salient Object Detection and Camouflaged Object Detection22 Dec 2024
- 2024Rethinking Detecting Salient and Camouflaged Objects in Unconstrained Scenes14 Dec 2024
- 2024COMPrompter: reconceptualized segment anything model with multiprompt network for camouflaged object detection28 Nov 2024
- 2024PlantCamo: Plant Camouflage Detection23 Oct 2024
- 2024AGSENet: A Robust Road Ponding Detection Method for Proactive Traffic Safety22 Oct 2024
- 2024SurANet: Surrounding-Aware Network for Concealed Object Detection via Highly-Efficient Interactive Contrastive Learning Strategy9 Oct 2024
- 2024Mamba Capsule Routing Towards Part-Whole Relational Camouflaged Object Detection5 Oct 2024
- 2024Frequency-Guided Spatial Adaptation for Camouflaged Object Detection19 Sep 2024
- 2024GLCONet: Learning Multi-source Perception Representation for Camouflaged Object Detection15 Sep 2024
- 2024Frequency-Spatial Entanglement Learning for Camouflaged Object Detection3 Sep 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Graph Interaction Transformer with Dynamic Token Clustering for Camouflaged Object Detection27 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey of Camouflaged Object Detection and Beyond26 Aug 2024
- 2024Unlocking Attributes' Contribution to Successful Camouflage: A Combined Textual and VisualAnalysis Strategy22 Aug 2024
- 2024SAM-COD: SAM-guided Unified Framework for Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection20 Aug 2024
- 2024Depth-guided Texture Diffusion for Image Semantic Segmentation17 Aug 2024
- 2024SAM2-Adapter: Evaluating & Adapting Segment Anything 2 in Downstream Tasks: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and More8 Aug 2024
- 2024Evaluating SAM2's Role in Camouflaged Object Detection: From SAM to SAM231 Jul 2024
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detection18 Jul 2024
- 2024Exploring Deeper! Segment Anything Model with Depth Perception for Camouflaged Object Detection17 Jul 2024
- 2024GreenCOD: A Green Camouflaged Object Detection Method25 May 2024
- 2024NubbleDrop: A Simple Way to Improve Matching Strategy for Prompted One-Shot Segmentation19 May 2024
- 2024Adaptive Guidance Learning for Camouflaged Object Detection5 May 2024
50 newest of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2023Diffusion Model for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Modelscited by 21
- 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Modelcited by 16
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2024FocusDiffuser: Perceiving Local Disparities for Camouflaged Object Detection18 Jul 2024
- 2023Diffusion Model for Camouflaged Object Detection1 Aug 2023
- 2023CamoDiffusion: Camouflaged Object Detection via Conditional Diffusion Models29 May 2023
- 2023CamDiff: Camouflage Image Augmentation via Diffusion Model11 Apr 2023
- 2023Open-Vocabulary Camouflaged Object Segmentationcited by 14
- 2023Open-Vocabulary Camouflaged Object Segmentation19 Nov 2023
- 2022Zoom In and Out: A Mixed-scale Triplet Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 145
- 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Low-Level Structure Segmentationscited by 113
- 2023Can SAM Segment Anything? When SAM Meets Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 99
- 2023Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformerscited by 87
- 2022High-resolution Iterative Feedback Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 78
- 2022Boundary-Guided Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 68
- 2022Deep Gradient Learning for Efficient Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 65
- 2022CamoFormer: Masked Separable Attention for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 58
- 2023VSCode: General Visual Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection with 2D Prompt Learningcited by 58
- 2024SAM2-Adapter: Evaluating & Adapting Segment Anything 2 in Downstream Tasks: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and Morecited by 58
- 2023Strategic Preys Make Acute Predators: Enhancing Camouflaged Object Detectors by Generating Camouflaged Objectscited by 56
- 2023SAM Fails to Segment Anything? -- SAM-Adapter: Adapting SAM in Underperformed Scenes: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and Morecited by 53
12 most cited of 106 All 106 (JSON)
- 2026Is There Really a Camouflaged Object? Towards Realistic Camouflaged Object Detection11 Aug 2026
- 2026LAD-COD: Language-Aligned Dense Perception for Camouflaged Object Detection8 Aug 2026
- 2026CamoNAS: Neural Architecture Search for Enhanced Camouflaged Object Detection2 Jul 2026
- 2026CAMotion: A High-Quality Benchmark for Camouflaged Moving Object Detection in the Wild9 Apr 2026
- 2026Camouflage-aware Image-Text Retrieval via Expert Collaboration1 Apr 2026
- 2026IP-SAM: Rethinking Prompt-Conditioned Segmentation for Prompt-Absent Deployment28 Mar 2026
- 2025Debate-Enhanced Pseudo Labeling and Frequency-Aware Progressive Debiasing for Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection with Scribble Annotations23 Dec 2025
- 2025RefOnce: Distilling References into a Prototype Memory for Referring Camouflaged Object Detection26 Nov 2025
- 2025SAM3-Adapter: Efficient Adaptation of Segment Anything 3 for Camouflage Object Segmentation, Shadow Detection, and Medical Image Segmentation24 Nov 2025
- 2025MSRNet: A Multi-Scale Recursive Network for Camouflaged Object Detection16 Nov 2025
- 2025C3Net: Context-Contrast Network for Camouflaged Object Detection16 Nov 2025
- 2025Beyond Single Images: Retrieval Self-Augmented Unsupervised Camouflaged Object Detection21 Oct 2025
12 newest of 106 All 106 (JSON)