SAM2-Adapter: Evaluating & Adapting Segment Anything 2 in Downstream Tasks: Camouflage, Shadow, Medical Image Segmentation, and More
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Abstract (arXiv)
The advent of large models, also known as foundation models, has significantly transformed the AI research landscape, with models like Segment Anything (SAM) achieving notable success in diverse image segmentation scenarios. Despite its advancements, SAM encountered limitations in handling some complex low-level segmentation tasks like camouflaged object and medical imaging. In response, in 2023, we introduced SAM-Adapter, which demonstrated improved performance on these challenging tasks. Now, with the release of Segment Anything 2 (SAM2), a successor with enhanced architecture and a larger training corpus, we reassess these challenges. This paper introduces SAM2-Adapter, the first adapter designed to overcome the persistent limitations observed in SAM2 and achieve new state-of-the-art (SOTA) results in specific downstream tasks including medical image segmentation, camouflaged (concealed) object detection, and shadow detection. SAM2-Adapter builds on the SAM-Adapter's strengths, offering enhanced generalizability and composability for diverse applications. We present extensive experimental results demonstrating SAM2-Adapter's effectiveness. We show the potential and encourage the research community to leverage the SAM2 model with our SAM2-Adapter for achieving superior segmentation outcomes. Code, pre-trained models, and data processing protocols are available at http://tianrun-chen.github.io/SAM-Adaptor/
Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 69 of its 106 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Aug 2024.
Builds on
69 of 106 references.
References · 69
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,713
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,234
- 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,859
- 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,236
- 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 4,033
- 2016Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)cited by 3,502
- 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,241
- 2018Encoder-Decoder with Atrous Separable Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 3,223
- 2021SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformerscited by 2,940
- 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,479
- 2021Masked-attention Mask Transformer for Universal Image Segmentationcited by 2,351
38 more
- 2017Rethinking Atrous Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 2,161
- 2018UNet++: A Nested U-Net Architecture for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 1,525
- 2015SegNet: A Deep Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Image Segmentationcited by 1,487
- 2020Rethinking Semantic Segmentation from a Sequence-to-Sequence Perspective with Transformerscited by 1,369
- 2021Segmenter: Transformer for Semantic Segmentationcited by 855
- 2022Exploring Plain Vision Transformer Backbones for Object Detectioncited by 724
- 2018BiSeNet: Bilateral Segmentation Network for Real-time Semantic Segmentationcited by 645
- 2019Kvasir-SEG: A Segmented Polyp Datasetcited by 589
- 2022Vision Transformer Adapter for Dense Predictionscited by 565
- 2014Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets and Fully Connected CRFscited by 554
- 2023Medical SAM Adapter: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 490
- 2023Faster Segment Anything: Towards Lightweight SAM for Mobile Applicationscited by 352
- 2023Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Analysis: an Experimental Studycited by 291
- 2021Anabranch Network for Camouflaged Object Segmentationcited by 227
- 2021Simultaneously Localize, Segment and Rank the Camouflaged Objectscited by 198
- 2019Asymmetric Non-local Neural Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 196
- 2023EfficientSAM: Leveraged Masked Image Pretraining for Efficient Segment Anythingcited by 188
- 2023RSPrompter: Learning to Prompt for Remote Sensing Instance Segmentation based on Visual Foundation Modelcited by 181
- 2017Stacked Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks for Jointly Learning Shadow Detection and Shadow Removalcited by 161
- 2023Segment Anything Model (SAM) for Digital Pathology: Assess Zero-shot Segmentation on Whole Slide Imagingcited by 161
- 2022Panoptic NeRF: 3D-to-2D Label Transfer for Panoptic Urban Scene Segmentationcited by 152
- 2021Camouflaged Object Segmentation with Distraction Miningcited by 151
- 2020Semantic Flow for Fast and Accurate Scene Parsingcited by 128
- 2021Rethinking BiSeNet For Real-time Semantic Segmentationcited by 124
- 2024IBD: Alleviating Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models via Image-Biased Decodingcited by 118
- 2021Uncertainty-aware Joint Salient Object and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 114
- 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Low-Level Structure Segmentationscited by 114
- 2019Towards Ghost-free Shadow Removal via Dual Hierarchical Aggregation Network and Shadow Matting GANcited by 103
- 2023Can SAM Segment Anything? When SAM Meets Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 100
- 2019ACFNet: Attentional Class Feature Network for Semantic Segmentationcited by 75
- 2019Rendering Synthetic Objects into Legacy Photographscited by 72
- 2023SAM.MD: Zero-shot medical image segmentation capabilities of the Segment Anything Modelcited by 61
- 2017Direction-aware Spatial Context Features for Shadow Detectioncited by 56
- 2021Learning Statistical Texture for Semantic Segmentationcited by 51
- 2023LLaFS: When Large Language Models Meet Few-Shot Segmentationcited by 48
- 2020Class-wise Dynamic Graph Convolution for Semantic Segmentationcited by 44
- 2024Segment Anything in Medical Images and Videos: Benchmark and Deploymentcited by 42
- 2017A+D Net: Training a Shadow Detector with Adversarial Shadow Attenuationcited by 39
50 most cited of 69 All 69 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 38; 2026: 17.
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- 2025OmniSAM: Omnidirectional Segment Anything Model for UDA in Panoramic Semantic Segmentationcited by 28
- 2025EdgeTAM: On-Device Track Anything Modelcited by 21
- 2025ROS-SAM: High-Quality Interactive Segmentation for Remote Sensing Moving Objectcited by 15
- 2025Improving SAM for Camouflaged Object Detection via Dual Stream Adapterscited by 13
- 2025SAM2 for Image and Video Segmentation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 13
- 2025CRISP-SAM2: SAM2 with Cross-Modal Interaction and Semantic Prompting for Multi-Organ Segmentationcited by 12
- 2024When SAM2 Meets Video Camouflaged Object Segmentation: A Comprehensive Evaluation and Adaptationcited by 11
- 2025Vanish into Thin Air: Cross-prompt Universal Adversarial Attacks for SAM2cited by 11
- 2025Structural and Statistical Texture Knowledge Distillation and Learning for Segmentationcited by 9
- 2025SAM-I2V: Upgrading SAM to Support Promptable Video Segmentation with Less than 0.2% Training Costcited by 8
- 2024RevSAM2: Prompt SAM2 for Medical Image Segmentation via Reverse-Propagation without Fine-tuningcited by 7
- 2024Rethinking Detecting Salient and Camouflaged Objects in Unconstrained Scenescited by 7
38 more
- 2025CamSAM2: Segment Anything Accurately in Camouflaged Videoscited by 7
- 2025SAM3-Adapter: Efficient Adaptation of Segment Anything 3 for Camouflage Object Segmentation, Shadow Detection, and Medical Image Segmentationcited by 7
- 2025SCALER: SAM-Enhanced Collaborative Learning for Label-Deficient Concealed Object Segmentationcited by 6
- 2026DifferSeg: Towards Diverse Multimodal Binary Segmentation via Differential Perception and Frequency Guidancecited by 6
- 2024SEG-SAM: Semantic-Guided SAM for Unified Medical Image Segmentationcited by 5
- 2025UniUltra: Interactive Parameter-Efficient SAM2 for Universal Ultrasound Segmentationcited by 5
- 2026Refining Context-Entangled Content Segmentation via Curriculum Selection and Anti-Curriculum Promotioncited by 5
- 2025SASVi -- Segment Any Surgical Videocited by 4
- 2025RS2-SAM2: Customized SAM2 for Referring Remote Sensing Image Segmentationcited by 4
- 2025Evaluating SAM2 for Video Semantic Segmentationcited by 4
- 2025SpaceSeg: A High-Precision Intelligent Perception Segmentation Method for Multi-Spacecraft On-Orbit Targetscited by 3
- 2025Synergistic Bleeding Region and Point Detection in Laparoscopic Surgical Videoscited by 3
- 2025SAM4D: Segment Anything in Camera and LiDAR Streamscited by 3
- 2025SAMwave: Wavelet-Driven Feature Enrichment for Effective Adaptation of Segment Anything Modelcited by 3
- 2025SAMSOD: Rethinking SAM Optimization for RGB-T Salient Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2025FreqDINO: Frequency-Guided Adaptation for Generalized Boundary-Aware Ultrasound Image Segmentationcited by 3
- 2025Segment Anything for Video: A Comprehensive Review of Video Object Segmentation and Tracking from Past to Futurecited by 2
- 2025Supervise Less, See More: Training-free Nuclear Instance Segmentation with Prototype-Guided Promptingcited by 2
- 2024When SAM2 Meets Video Shadow and Mirror Detectioncited by 1
- 2025CamoSAM2: SAM2-oriented Prompt Auto-Refinement for Video Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Shape Distribution Matters: Shape-specific Mixture-of-Experts for Amodal Segmentation under Diverse Occlusionscited by 1
- 2025Multimodal SAM-adapter for Semantic Segmentationcited by 1
- 2025Memory-SAM: Human-Prompt-Free Tongue Segmentation via Retrieval-to-Promptcited by 1
- 2025MapSAM2: Adapting SAM2 for Automatic Segmentation of Historical Map Images and Time Seriescited by 1
- 2025RobotSeg: A Model and Dataset for Segmenting Robots in Image and Videocited by 1
- 2026Live Interactive Training for Video Segmentationcited by 1
- 2025FAMSeg: Fetal Femur and Cranial Ultrasound Segmentation Using Feature-Aware Attention and Mamba Enhancementcited by 0
- 2025RangeSAM: On the Potential of Visual Foundation Models for Range-View represented LiDAR segmentationcited by 0
- 2025MirrorSAM2: Segment Mirror in Videos with Depth Perceptioncited by 0
- 2025Synergistic Modality-and-Slice Memory Framework for Cross-Modal 3D Brain Tumor Segmentationcited by 0
- 2025How Universal Are SAM2 Features?cited by 0
- 2025Automated urban waterlogging assessment and early warning through a mixture of foundation modelscited by 0
- 2025Towards Better Ultrasound Video Segmentation Foundation Model: An Empirical study on SAM2 Finetuning from Data Perspectivecited by 0
- 2025OFL-SAM2: Prompt SAM2 with Online Few-shot Learner for Efficient Medical Image Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026HFP-SAM: Hierarchical Frequency Prompted SAM for Efficient Marine Animal Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026IP-SAM: Rethinking Prompt-Conditioned Segmentation for Prompt-Absent Deploymentcited by 0
- 2026Conditional Polarization Guidance for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026UCell: rethinking generalizability and scaling of bio-medical vision modelscited by 0
50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond the Encoder: Object-Centric Representations Emerging from Segmentation Foundation Models13 Oct 2026
- 2026Domain Adaptation of SAM 2.1 for Building-Component Segmentation in Image-Based 3D Reconstruction8 Oct 2026
- 2026FreqDINO++: A Frequency-Guided Multi-Task Routing Vision Foundation Model for Universal Ultrasound Analysis17 Sep 2026
- 2026SPARK-SAM: Learning How to Prompt and Respond for Infrared Small Target Segmentation21 Aug 2026
- 2026Temporal-Emerged Prompting for Segment Anything in Multiframe Infrared Small Target Detection26 Jun 2026
- 2026From Reconstruction to Decision: A Post-Encoder Plug-in Adapter for Curvilinear Segmentation22 Jun 2026
- 2026DifferSeg: Towards Diverse Multimodal Binary Segmentation via Differential Perception and Frequency Guidance8 Jun 2026
- 2026BED-SAM2: Boundary-Enhanced-Depth SAM2 via Monocular Geometric Priors24 May 2026
- 2026M4-SAM: Multi-Modal Mixture-of-Experts with Memory-Augmented SAM for RGB-D Video Salient Object Detection12 May 2026
- 2026Modality-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Multi-Modal Camouflaged Object Detection14 Apr 2026
- 2026Weight Group-wise Post-Training Quantization for Medical Foundation Model9 Apr 2026
- 2026UCell: rethinking generalizability and scaling of bio-medical vision models31 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026Conditional Polarization Guidance for Camouflaged Object Detection31 Mar 2026
- 2026IP-SAM: Rethinking Prompt-Conditioned Segmentation for Prompt-Absent Deployment28 Mar 2026
- 2026Live Interactive Training for Video Segmentation27 Mar 2026
- 2026HFP-SAM: Hierarchical Frequency Prompted SAM for Efficient Marine Animal Segmentation13 Mar 2026
- 2026Refining Context-Entangled Content Segmentation via Curriculum Selection and Anti-Curriculum Promotion1 Feb 2026
- 2025OFL-SAM2: Prompt SAM2 with Online Few-shot Learner for Efficient Medical Image Segmentation31 Dec 2025
- 2025FreqDINO: Frequency-Guided Adaptation for Generalized Boundary-Aware Ultrasound Image Segmentation12 Dec 2025
- 2025Evaluating SAM2 for Video Semantic Segmentation1 Dec 2025
- 2025RobotSeg: A Model and Dataset for Segmenting Robots in Image and Video28 Nov 2025
- 2025Supervise Less, See More: Training-free Nuclear Instance Segmentation with Prototype-Guided Prompting25 Nov 2025
- 2025SAM3-Adapter: Efficient Adaptation of Segment Anything 3 for Camouflage Object Segmentation, Shadow Detection, and Medical Image Segmentation24 Nov 2025
- 2025SCALER: SAM-Enhanced Collaborative Learning for Label-Deficient Concealed Object Segmentation22 Nov 2025
- 2025UniUltra: Interactive Parameter-Efficient SAM2 for Universal Ultrasound Segmentation19 Nov 2025
- 2025Towards Better Ultrasound Video Segmentation Foundation Model: An Empirical study on SAM2 Finetuning from Data Perspective7 Nov 2025
- 2025MapSAM2: Adapting SAM2 for Automatic Segmentation of Historical Map Images and Time Series31 Oct 2025
- 2025Vanish into Thin Air: Cross-prompt Universal Adversarial Attacks for SAM228 Oct 2025
- 2025Automated urban waterlogging assessment and early warning through a mixture of foundation models21 Oct 2025
- 2025How Universal Are SAM2 Features?19 Oct 2025
- 2025Memory-SAM: Human-Prompt-Free Tongue Segmentation via Retrieval-to-Prompt17 Oct 2025
- 2025Synergistic Modality-and-Slice Memory Framework for Cross-Modal 3D Brain Tumor Segmentation12 Oct 2025
- 2025SAMSOD: Rethinking SAM Optimization for RGB-T Salient Object Detection4 Oct 2025
- 2025MirrorSAM2: Segment Mirror in Videos with Depth Perception21 Sep 2025
- 2025RangeSAM: On the Potential of Visual Foundation Models for Range-View represented LiDAR segmentation19 Sep 2025
- 2025Multimodal SAM-adapter for Semantic Segmentation12 Sep 2025
- 2025Shape Distribution Matters: Shape-specific Mixture-of-Experts for Amodal Segmentation under Diverse Occlusions3 Aug 2025
- 2025Segment Anything for Video: A Comprehensive Review of Video Object Segmentation and Tracking from Past to Future30 Jul 2025
- 2025SAMwave: Wavelet-Driven Feature Enrichment for Effective Adaptation of Segment Anything Model27 Jul 2025
- 2025CRISP-SAM2: SAM2 with Cross-Modal Interaction and Semantic Prompting for Multi-Organ Segmentation29 Jun 2025
- 2025SAM4D: Segment Anything in Camera and LiDAR Streams26 Jun 2025
- 2025FAMSeg: Fetal Femur and Cranial Ultrasound Segmentation Using Feature-Aware Attention and Mamba Enhancement9 Jun 2025
- 2025SAM-I2V: Upgrading SAM to Support Promptable Video Segmentation with Less than 0.2% Training Cost2 Jun 2025
- 2025CamoSAM2: SAM2-oriented Prompt Auto-Refinement for Video Camouflaged Object Detection1 Apr 2025
- 2025Synergistic Bleeding Region and Point Detection in Laparoscopic Surgical Videos28 Mar 2025
- 2025CamSAM2: Segment Anything Accurately in Camouflaged Videos25 Mar 2025
- 2025SAM2 for Image and Video Segmentation: A Comprehensive Survey17 Mar 2025
- 2025ROS-SAM: High-Quality Interactive Segmentation for Remote Sensing Moving Object15 Mar 2025
- 2025SpaceSeg: A High-Precision Intelligent Perception Segmentation Method for Multi-Spacecraft On-Orbit Targets14 Mar 2025
- 2025Structural and Statistical Texture Knowledge Distillation and Learning for Segmentation11 Mar 2025
50 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2025OmniSAM: Omnidirectional Segment Anything Model for UDA in Panoramic Semantic Segmentationcited by 28
- 2025EdgeTAM: On-Device Track Anything Modelcited by 21
- 2025ROS-SAM: High-Quality Interactive Segmentation for Remote Sensing Moving Objectcited by 15
- 2025Improving SAM for Camouflaged Object Detection via Dual Stream Adapterscited by 13
- 2025SAM2 for Image and Video Segmentation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 13
- 2025CRISP-SAM2: SAM2 with Cross-Modal Interaction and Semantic Prompting for Multi-Organ Segmentationcited by 12
- 2024When SAM2 Meets Video Camouflaged Object Segmentation: A Comprehensive Evaluation and Adaptationcited by 11
- 2025Vanish into Thin Air: Cross-prompt Universal Adversarial Attacks for SAM2cited by 11
- 2025SAM-I2V: Upgrading SAM to Support Promptable Video Segmentation with Less than 0.2% Training Costcited by 8
- 2024RevSAM2: Prompt SAM2 for Medical Image Segmentation via Reverse-Propagation without Fine-tuningcited by 7
- 2024Rethinking Detecting Salient and Camouflaged Objects in Unconstrained Scenescited by 7
- 2025CamSAM2: Segment Anything Accurately in Camouflaged Videoscited by 7
12 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond the Encoder: Object-Centric Representations Emerging from Segmentation Foundation Models13 Oct 2026
- 2026Domain Adaptation of SAM 2.1 for Building-Component Segmentation in Image-Based 3D Reconstruction8 Oct 2026
- 2026FreqDINO++: A Frequency-Guided Multi-Task Routing Vision Foundation Model for Universal Ultrasound Analysis17 Sep 2026
- 2026SPARK-SAM: Learning How to Prompt and Respond for Infrared Small Target Segmentation21 Aug 2026
- 2026Temporal-Emerged Prompting for Segment Anything in Multiframe Infrared Small Target Detection26 Jun 2026
- 2026From Reconstruction to Decision: A Post-Encoder Plug-in Adapter for Curvilinear Segmentation22 Jun 2026
- 2026DifferSeg: Towards Diverse Multimodal Binary Segmentation via Differential Perception and Frequency Guidance8 Jun 2026
- 2026BED-SAM2: Boundary-Enhanced-Depth SAM2 via Monocular Geometric Priors24 May 2026
- 2026Modality-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Multi-Modal Camouflaged Object Detection14 Apr 2026
- 2026Weight Group-wise Post-Training Quantization for Medical Foundation Model9 Apr 2026
- 2026UCell: rethinking generalizability and scaling of bio-medical vision models31 Mar 2026
- 2026Conditional Polarization Guidance for Camouflaged Object Detection31 Mar 2026
12 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)