mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

VSCode: General Visual Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection with 2D Prompt Learning

arXiv 2311.15011 ↗First posted 25 Nov 2023cs.CVcited by 58

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Abstract (arXiv)

Salient object detection (SOD) and camouflaged object detection (COD) are related yet distinct binary mapping tasks. These tasks involve multiple modalities, sharing commonalities and unique cues. Existing research often employs intricate task-specific specialist models, potentially leading to redundancy and suboptimal results. We introduce VSCode, a generalist model with novel 2D prompt learning, to jointly address four SOD tasks and three COD tasks. We utilize VST as the foundation model and introduce 2D prompts within the encoder-decoder architecture to learn domain and task-specific knowledge on two separate dimensions. A prompt discrimination loss helps disentangle peculiarities to benefit model optimization. VSCode outperforms state-of-the-art methods across six tasks on 26 datasets and exhibits zero-shot generalization to unseen tasks by combining 2D prompts, such as RGB-D COD. Source code has been available at https://github.com/Sssssuperior/VSCode.

Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 84 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Nov 2023.

Builds on

49 of 84 references.

References · 49

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
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  9. 2021Anabranch Network for Camouflaged Object Segmentationcited by 227
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  11. 2014The Secrets of Salient Object Segmentationcited by 200
  12. 2021Simultaneously Localize, Segment and Rank the Camouflaged Objectscited by 198
37 more
  1. 2015Visual Saliency Based on Multiscale Deep Featurescited by 185
  2. 2021Visual Saliency Transformercited by 175
  3. 2021Self-supervised Video Object Segmentation by Motion Groupingcited by 147
  4. 2022Zoom In and Out: A Mixed-scale Triplet Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 145
  5. 2019Rethinking RGB-D Salient Object Detection: Models, Data Sets, and Large-Scale Benchmarkscited by 133
  6. 2021Salient Object Detection via Integrity Learningcited by 133
  7. 2020Suppress and Balance: A Simple Gated Network for Salient Object Detectioncited by 126
  8. 2021Uncertainty-aware Joint Salient Object and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 114
  9. 2020Label Decoupling Framework for Salient Object Detectioncited by 111
  10. 2021Mutual Graph Learning for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 103
  11. 2023Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformerscited by 87
  12. 2020Highly Efficient Salient Object Detection with 100K Parameterscited by 79
  13. 2020JL-DCF: Joint Learning and Densely-Cooperative Fusion Framework for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 79
  14. 2021Full-Duplex Strategy for Video Object Segmentationcited by 78
  15. 2021Progressively Normalized Self-Attention Network for Video Polyp Segmentationcited by 75
  16. 2020Hierarchical Dynamic Filtering Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 72
  17. 2016It's Moving! A Probabilistic Model for Causal Motion Segmentation in Moving Camera Videoscited by 71
  18. 2021Specificity-preserving RGB-D Saliency Detectioncited by 70
  19. 2020RGBT Salient Object Detection: A Large-scale Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 69
  20. 2022Implicit Motion Handling for Video Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 60
  21. 2019RGB-T Image Saliency Detection via Collaborative Graph Learningcited by 58
  22. 2019Semi-Supervised Video Salient Object Detection Using Pseudo-Labelscited by 54
  23. 2020Accurate RGB-D Salient Object Detection via Collaborative Learningcited by 52
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  30. 2020Multi-interactive Dual-decoder for RGB-thermal Salient Object Detectioncited by 44
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  32. 2022Does Thermal Really Always Matter for RGB-T Salient Object Detection?cited by 37
  33. 2020Cascade Graph Neural Networks for RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 36
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  37. 2022MFFN: Multi-view Feature Fusion Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 12

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 14; 2025: 18; 2026: 25.

58 papers.

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  1. 2024A Survey of Camouflaged Object Detection and Beyondcited by 37
  2. 2024When SAM2 Meets Video Camouflaged Object Segmentation: A Comprehensive Evaluation and Adaptationcited by 11
  3. 2023Unified-modal Salient Object Detection via Adaptive Prompt Learningcited by 9
  4. 2024Inspiring the Next Generation of Segment Anything Models: Comprehensively Evaluate SAM and SAM 2 with Diverse Prompts Towards Context-Dependent Concepts under Different Scenescited by 9
  5. 2025Controllable-LPMoE: Adapting to Challenging Object Segmentation via Dynamic Local Priors from Mixture-of-Expertscited by 9
  6. 2024Rethinking Detecting Salient and Camouflaged Objects in Unconstrained Scenescited by 7
  7. 2024CGCOD: Class-Guided Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 7
  8. 2024Adapting Segment Anything Model to Multi-modal Salient Object Detection with Semantic Feature Fusion Guidancecited by 6
  9. 2024SSFam: Scribble Supervised Salient Object Detection Familycited by 6
  10. 2025Deep Learning in Concealed Dense Predictioncited by 6
  11. 2026DifferSeg: Towards Diverse Multimodal Binary Segmentation via Differential Perception and Frequency Guidancecited by 6
  12. 2024PlantCamo: Plant Camouflage Detectioncited by 5
38 more
  1. 2025Beyond Single Images: Retrieval Self-Augmented Unsupervised Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 5
  2. 2024CONDA: Condensed Deep Association Learning for Co-Salient Object Detectioncited by 4
  3. 2026HVPNet: A Bio-Inspired Network for General Salient and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 4
  4. 2024Pluralistic Salient Object Detectioncited by 3
  5. 2024Mamba Capsule Routing Towards Part-Whole Relational Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 3
  6. 2025Visual Consensus Prompting for Co-Salient Object Detectioncited by 3
  7. 2025Distribution-Specific Learning for Joint Salient and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 3
  8. 2025MCOD: The First Challenging Benchmark for Multispectral Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 3
  9. 2025Text-guided Controllable Diffusion for Realistic Camouflage Images Generationcited by 3
  10. 2024Salient Object Detection From Arbitrary Modalitiescited by 2
  11. 2025FMNet: Frequency-Assisted Mamba-Like Linear Attention Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 2
  12. 2025Salient Object Detection in Traffic Scene through the TSOD10K Datasetcited by 2
  13. 2025Synthetic-to-Real Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 2
  14. 2025WaterFlow: Explicit Physics-Prior Rectified Flow for Underwater Saliency Mask Generationcited by 2
  15. 2026RA-SOD: Reliability-Aware RGB-T Salient Object Detection under Modality Degradationcited by 2
  16. 2024Spatial Coherence Loss: All Objects Matter in Salient and Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 1
  17. 2024SODAWideNet++: Combining Attention and Convolutions for Salient Object Detectioncited by 1
  18. 2025Prompt-Driven Continual Graph Learningcited by 1
  19. 2025GAPNet: A Lightweight Framework for Image and Video Salient Object Detection via Granularity-Aware Paradigmcited by 1
  20. 2025Power Battery Detectioncited by 1
  21. 2026Small but Mighty: Dynamic Wavelet Expert-Guided Fine-Tuning of Large-Scale Models for Optical Remote Sensing Object Segmentationcited by 1
  22. 2026EReCu: Pseudo-label Evolution Fusion and Refinement with Multi-Cue Learning for Unsupervised Camouflage Detectioncited by 1
  23. 2026CAMotion: A High-Quality Benchmark for Camouflaged Moving Object Detection in the Wildcited by 1
  24. 2026From RGB Generation to Dense Field Readout: Pixel-Space Dense Prediction with Text-to-Image Modelscited by 1
  25. 2026Is It Time for the Renaissance of Salient Object Detection in the Era of MLLMs?cited by 1
  26. 2025SFGNet: Semantic and Frequency Guided Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
  27. 2025MSRNet: A Multi-Scale Recursive Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
  28. 2025RefOnce: Distilling References into a Prototype Memory for Referring Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
  29. 2025Wavefront-Constrained Passive Obscured Object Detectioncited by 0
  30. 2026DGA-Net: Enhancing SAM with Depth Prompting and Graph-Anchor Guidance for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
  31. 2026Revisiting Salient Object Detection from an Observer-Centric Perspectivecited by 0
  32. 2026Language-Guided Structure-Aware Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
  33. 2026IP-SAM: Rethinking Prompt-Conditioned Segmentation for Prompt-Absent Deploymentcited by 0
  34. 2026Modality-Agnostic Prompt Learning for Multi-Modal Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 0
  35. 2026DGSSM: Diffusion guided state-space models for multimodal salient object detectioncited by 0
  36. 2026RIDE: Retinex-Informed Decoupling for Exposing Concealed Objectscited by 0
  37. 2026Learning Spatially Adaptive Structural Coordination for Underwater Salient Object Detectioncited by 0
  38. 2026BED-SAM2: Boundary-Enhanced-Depth SAM2 via Monocular Geometric Priorscited by 0

50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)