mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Tracking

arXiv 2103.07351 ↗First posted 12 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 80

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Abstract (arXiv)

A reliable and accurate 3D tracking framework is essential for predicting future locations of surrounding objects and planning the observer's actions in numerous applications such as autonomous driving. We propose a framework that can effectively associate moving objects over time and estimate their full 3D bounding box information from a sequence of 2D images captured on a moving platform. The object association leverages quasi-dense similarity learning to identify objects in various poses and viewpoints with appearance cues only. After initial 2D association, we further utilize 3D bounding boxes depth-ordering heuristics for robust instance association and motion-based 3D trajectory prediction for re-identification of occluded vehicles. In the end, an LSTM-based object velocity learning module aggregates the long-term trajectory information for more accurate motion extrapolation. Experiments on our proposed simulation data and real-world benchmarks, including KITTI, nuScenes, and Waymo datasets, show that our tracking framework offers robust object association and tracking on urban-driving scenarios. On the Waymo Open benchmark, we establish the first camera-only baseline in the 3D tracking and 3D detection challenges. Our quasi-dense 3D tracking pipeline achieves impressive improvements on the nuScenes 3D tracking benchmark with near five times tracking accuracy of the best vision-only submission among all published methods. Our code, data and trained models are available at https://github.com/SysCV/qd-3dt.

Key facts. Cited by 80 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 67 of its 103 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Mar 2021.

Builds on

67 of 103 references.

References · 67

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  3. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  4. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  5. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
  6. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  7. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
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  11. 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
  12. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
38 more
  1. 2017What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision?cited by 2,335
  2. 2013Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentationcited by 2,160
  3. 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
  4. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
  5. 2019FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detectioncited by 1,573
  6. 2016YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Strongercited by 1,429
  7. 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
  8. 2018BDD100K: A Diverse Driving Dataset for Heterogeneous Multitask Learningcited by 1,282
  9. 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
  10. 2020Center-based 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 1,143
  11. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 939
  12. 2017Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metriccited by 908
  13. 2016Playing for Data: Ground Truth from Computer Gamescited by 816
  14. 2017In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identificationcited by 784
  15. 2018CornerNet: Detecting Objects as Paired Keypointscited by 763
  16. 2019Argoverse: 3D Tracking and Forecasting with Rich Mapscited by 728
  17. 2016Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 721
  18. 2016Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Trackingcited by 566
  19. 2016MOT16: A Benchmark for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 531
  20. 2020Tracking Objects as Pointscited by 483
  21. 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 455
  22. 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
  23. 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
  24. 2019Class-balanced Grouping and Sampling for Point Cloud 3D Object Detectioncited by 350
  25. 2016Virtual Worlds as Proxy for Multi-Object Tracking Analysiscited by 340
  26. 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 277
  27. 2019M3D-RPN: Monocular 3D Region Proposal Network for Object Detectioncited by 251
  28. 2019MOTS: Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 222
  29. 2020Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 220
  30. 2019Disentangling Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 215
  31. 2017Playing for Benchmarkscited by 169
  32. 2014Multiple Object Tracking: A Literature Reviewcited by 165
  33. 2019Accurate Monocular Object Detection via Color-Embedded 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
  34. 2015MOTChallenge 2015: Towards a Benchmark for Multi-Target Trackingcited by 133
  35. 2017Detect to Track and Track to Detectcited by 131
  36. 2020Kinematic 3D Object Detection in Monocular Videocited by 116
  37. 2015UA-DETRAC: A New Benchmark and Protocol for Multi-Object Detection and Trackingcited by 98
  38. 2017Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular imagecited by 95

50 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 20; 2023: 20; 2024: 21; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.

80 papers.

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  1. 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
  2. 2022Observation-Centric SORT: Rethinking SORT for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 345
  3. 2023Exploring Object-Centric Temporal Modeling for Efficient Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 313
  4. 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representationcited by 239
  5. 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
  6. 2022SHIFT: A Synthetic Driving Dataset for Continuous Multi-Task Domain Adaptationcited by 146
  7. 2024HUGS: Holistic Urban 3D Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 141
  8. 2024VLP: Vision Language Planning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 125
  9. 2022ViP3D: End-to-end Visual Trajectory Prediction via 3D Agent Queriescited by 116
  10. 2023Visual Point Cloud Forecasting enables Scalable Autonomous Drivingcited by 97
  11. 2022MUTR3D: A Multi-camera Tracking Framework via 3D-to-2D Queriescited by 90
  12. 2023CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perceptioncited by 81
38 more
  1. 2023DrivingDiffusion: Layout-Guided multi-view driving scene video generation with latent diffusion modelcited by 75
  2. 2023SSCBench: A Large-Scale 3D Semantic Scene Completion Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 72
  3. 2023Exploring Recurrent Long-term Temporal Fusion for Multi-view 3D Perceptioncited by 65
  4. 2022QDTrack: Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Appearance-Only Multiple Object Trackingcited by 61
  5. 2023Standing Between Past and Future: Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Multi-Camera 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 54
  6. 2023OVTrack: Open-Vocabulary Multiple Object Trackingcited by 53
  7. 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusioncited by 50
  8. 2024SparseAD: Sparse Query-Centric Paradigm for Efficient End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 46
  9. 2023UCMCTrack: Multi-Object Tracking with Uniform Camera Motion Compensationcited by 42
  10. 2022DeepFusionMOT: A 3D Multi-Object Tracking Framework Based on Camera-LiDAR Fusion with Deep Associationcited by 33
  11. 2021Deep Learning on Monocular Object Pose Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 31
  12. 2022CC-3DT: Panoramic 3D Object Tracking via Cross-Camera Fusioncited by 31
  13. 2021Attention meets Geometry: Geometry Guided Spatial-Temporal Attention for Consistent Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 27
  14. 2022TripletTrack: 3D Object Tracking using Triplet Embeddings and LSTMcited by 26
  15. 2024GraphAD: Interaction Scene Graph for End-to-end Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
  16. 2022A Comprehensive Review of Computer Vision in Sports: Open Issues, Future Trends and Research Directionscited by 21
  17. 2023RaTrack: Moving Object Detection and Tracking with 4D Radar Point Cloudcited by 21
  18. 2023ByteTrackV2: 2D and 3D Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 20
  19. 2022Multi-Camera Multiple 3D Object Tracking on the Move for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 19
  20. 2022Quality Matters: Embracing Quality Clues for Robust 3D Multi-Object Trackingcited by 17
  21. 2024MCTrack: A Unified 3D Multi-Object Tracking Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
  22. 2023DORT: Modeling Dynamic Objects in Recurrent for Multi-Camera 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 11
  23. 2023Delving into Motion-Aware Matching for Monocular 3D Object Trackingcited by 11
  24. 2023Correlation Pyramid Network for 3D Single Object Trackingcited by 10
  25. 2024Seeing Beyond Views: Multi-View Driving Scene Video Generation with Holistic Attentioncited by 10
  26. 2025ReferGPT: Towards Zero-Shot Referring Multi-Object Trackingcited by 10
  27. 20253D-MOOD: Lifting 2D to 3D for Monocular Open-Set Object Detectioncited by 10
  28. 2024CR3DT: Camera-RADAR Fusion for 3D Detection and Trackingcited by 9
  29. 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
  30. 2022Depth Perspective-aware Multiple Object Trackingcited by 8
  31. 2022Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking on the Move via Single-Stage Global Association Approachcited by 7
  32. 2022DirectTracker: 3D Multi-Object Tracking Using Direct Image Alignment and Photometric Bundle Adjustmentcited by 6
  33. 2023Predict to Detect: Prediction-guided 3D Object Detection using Sequential Imagescited by 6
  34. 2021View Birdification in the Crowd: Ground-Plane Localization from Perceived Movementscited by 4
  35. 2022SRCN3D: Sparse R-CNN 3D for Compact Convolutional Multi-View 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 3
  36. 2022ViewBirdiformer: Learning to recover ground-plane crowd trajectories and ego-motion from a single ego-centric viewcited by 3
  37. 2025ExpertAD: Enhancing Autonomous Driving Systems with Mixture of Expertscited by 3
  38. 2026EVolSplat4D: Efficient Volume-based Gaussian Splatting for 4D Urban Scene Synthesiscited by 3

50 most cited of 80 All 80 (JSON)