Monocular Quasi-Dense 3D Object Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
A reliable and accurate 3D tracking framework is essential for predicting future locations of surrounding objects and planning the observer's actions in numerous applications such as autonomous driving. We propose a framework that can effectively associate moving objects over time and estimate their full 3D bounding box information from a sequence of 2D images captured on a moving platform. The object association leverages quasi-dense similarity learning to identify objects in various poses and viewpoints with appearance cues only. After initial 2D association, we further utilize 3D bounding boxes depth-ordering heuristics for robust instance association and motion-based 3D trajectory prediction for re-identification of occluded vehicles. In the end, an LSTM-based object velocity learning module aggregates the long-term trajectory information for more accurate motion extrapolation. Experiments on our proposed simulation data and real-world benchmarks, including KITTI, nuScenes, and Waymo datasets, show that our tracking framework offers robust object association and tracking on urban-driving scenarios. On the Waymo Open benchmark, we establish the first camera-only baseline in the 3D tracking and 3D detection challenges. Our quasi-dense 3D tracking pipeline achieves impressive improvements on the nuScenes 3D tracking benchmark with near five times tracking accuracy of the best vision-only submission among all published methods. Our code, data and trained models are available at https://github.com/SysCV/qd-3dt.
Key facts. Cited by 80 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 67 of its 103 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Mar 2021.
Builds on
67 of 103 references.
References · 67
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- 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
- 2020Center-based 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 1,143
- 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 939
- 2017Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metriccited by 908
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- 2017In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identificationcited by 784
- 2018CornerNet: Detecting Objects as Paired Keypointscited by 763
- 2019Argoverse: 3D Tracking and Forecasting with Rich Mapscited by 728
- 2016Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 721
- 2016Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Trackingcited by 566
- 2016MOT16: A Benchmark for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 531
- 2020Tracking Objects as Pointscited by 483
- 2018Pseudo-LiDAR from Visual Depth Estimation: Bridging the Gap in 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 455
- 2017Deep Layer Aggregationcited by 436
- 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
- 2019Class-balanced Grouping and Sampling for Point Cloud 3D Object Detectioncited by 350
- 2016Virtual Worlds as Proxy for Multi-Object Tracking Analysiscited by 340
- 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 277
- 2019M3D-RPN: Monocular 3D Region Proposal Network for Object Detectioncited by 251
- 2019MOTS: Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 222
- 2020Quasi-Dense Similarity Learning for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 220
- 2019Disentangling Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 215
- 2017Playing for Benchmarkscited by 169
- 2014Multiple Object Tracking: A Literature Reviewcited by 165
- 2019Accurate Monocular Object Detection via Color-Embedded 3D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
- 2015MOTChallenge 2015: Towards a Benchmark for Multi-Target Trackingcited by 133
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50 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 20; 2023: 20; 2024: 21; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.
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50 most cited of 80 All 80 (JSON)
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50 newest of 80 All 80 (JSON)
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- 2025ExpertAD: Enhancing Autonomous Driving Systems with Mixture of Experts13 Nov 2025
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- 2024GraphAD: Interaction Scene Graph for End-to-end Autonomous Driving28 Mar 2024
- 2024VLP: Vision Language Planning for Autonomous Driving10 Jan 2024
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- 2023Exploring Object-Centric Temporal Modeling for Efficient Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 313
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12 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2026MAGneT-3D: Monocular and Domain-Generalizable Temporal 3D Detection14 Aug 2026
- 2026Map-Det3D: Metric Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction Prior for Multi-view 3D Object Detection from Streaming Inputs12 Aug 2026
- 2026DVPSFormer: Efficient Online Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentation for Autonomous Driving28 Jul 2026
- 2026Sparse3DTrack: Monocular 3D Object Tracking Using Sparse Supervision18 Mar 2026
- 2026Occlusion-Aware SORT: Observing Occlusion for Robust Multi-Object Tracking6 Mar 2026
- 2026EVolSplat4D: Efficient Volume-based Gaussian Splatting for 4D Urban Scene Synthesis22 Jan 2026
- 2025To New Beginnings: A Survey of Unified Perception in Autonomous Vehicle Software28 Aug 2025
- 20253D-MOOD: Lifting 2D to 3D for Monocular Open-Set Object Detection31 Jul 2025
- 2025ReferGPT: Towards Zero-Shot Referring Multi-Object Tracking12 Apr 2025
- 2025Bayesian Approximation-Based Trajectory Prediction and Tracking with 4D Radar3 Feb 2025
- 2024Test-time Correction: An Online 3D Detection System via Visual Prompting10 Dec 2024
- 2024Seeing Beyond Views: Multi-View Driving Scene Video Generation with Holistic Attention4 Dec 2024
12 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)