Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Track
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Abstract (arXiv)
The presence of objects that are confusingly similar to the tracked target, poses a fundamental challenge in appearance-based visual tracking. Such distractor objects are easily misclassified as the target itself, leading to eventual tracking failure. While most methods strive to suppress distractors through more powerful appearance models, we take an alternative approach. We propose to keep track of distractor objects in order to continue tracking the target. To this end, we introduce a learned association network, allowing us to propagate the identities of all target candidates from frame-to-frame. To tackle the problem of lacking ground-truth correspondences between distractor objects in visual tracking, we propose a training strategy that combines partial annotations with self-supervision. We conduct comprehensive experimental validation and analysis of our approach on several challenging datasets. Our tracker sets a new state-of-the-art on six benchmarks, achieving an AUC score of 67.1% on LaSOT and a +5.8% absolute gain on the OxUvA long-term dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 131 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 50 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.
Builds on
50 of 74 references.
References · 50
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2013Sinkhorn Distances: Lightspeed Computation of Optimal Transportation Distancescited by 2,277
- 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,437
- 2017SuperPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Descriptioncited by 1,313
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
- 2016Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Trackingcited by 566
- 2018SiamRPN++: Evolution of Siamese Visual Tracking with Very Deep Networkscited by 445
- 2018LaSOT: A High-quality Benchmark for Large-scale Single Object Trackingcited by 424
- 2021Transformer Trackingcited by 412
- 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
38 more
- 2019Learning Discriminative Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 344
- 2019D2-Net: A Trainable CNN for Joint Detection and Description of Local Featurescited by 324
- 2018ATOM: Accurate Tracking by Overlap Maximizationcited by 285
- 2018Fast Online Object Tracking and Segmentation: A Unifying Approachcited by 272
- 2016ECO: Efficient Convolution Operators for Trackingcited by 239
- 2020Probabilistic Regression for Visual Trackingcited by 231
- 2021Transformer Meets Tracker: Exploiting Temporal Context for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 220
- 2020Ocean: Object-aware Anchor-free Trackingcited by 212
- 2015Learning Multi-Domain Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Trackingcited by 209
- 2019Learning a Neural Solver for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 198
- 2020Siamese Box Adaptive Network for Visual Trackingcited by 189
- 2018Distractor-aware Siamese Networks for Visual Object Trackingcited by 187
- 2019SiamFC++: Towards Robust and Accurate Visual Tracking with Target Estimation Guidelinescited by 177
- 2019Siam R-CNN: Visual Tracking by Re-Detectioncited by 174
- 2019SiamCAR: Siamese Fully Convolutional Classification and Regression for Visual Trackingcited by 147
- 2017Need for Speed: A Benchmark for Higher Frame Rate Object Trackingcited by 137
- 2020MOTChallenge: A Benchmark for Single-Camera Multiple Target Trackingcited by 134
- 2020LaSOT: A High-quality Large-scale Single Object Tracking Benchmarkcited by 130
- 2020Know Your Surroundings: Exploiting Scene Information for Object Trackingcited by 119
- 2015A Novel Performance Evaluation Methodology for Single-Target Trackerscited by 113
- 2020Deformable Siamese Attention Networks for Visual Object Trackingcited by 97
- 2020Alpha-Refine: Boosting Tracking Performance by Precise Bounding Box Estimationcited by 81
- 2020High-Performance Long-Term Tracking with Meta-Updatercited by 79
- 2020Graph Attention Trackingcited by 70
- 2016Beyond Correlation Filters: Learning Continuous Convolution Operators for Visual Trackingcited by 66
- 2017Learning Background-Aware Correlation Filters for Visual Trackingcited by 65
- 2020AutoTrack: Towards High-Performance Visual Tracking for UAV with Automatic Spatio-Temporal Regularizationcited by 62
- 2020Tracking by Instance Detection: A Meta-Learning Approachcited by 61
- 2019GlobalTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Long-term Trackingcited by 57
- 2018Long-term Tracking in the Wild: A Benchmarkcited by 55
- 2018Unveiling the Power of Deep Trackingcited by 41
- 2019'Skimming-Perusal' Tracking: A Framework for Real-Time and Robust Long-term Trackingcited by 34
- 2019ROAM: Recurrently Optimizing Tracking Modelcited by 28
- 2020How to Train Your Energy-Based Model for Regressioncited by 23
- 2016Adaptive Decontamination of the Training Set: A Unified Formulation for Discriminative Visual Trackingcited by 12
- 2020Visual Tracking by TridentAlign and Context Embeddingcited by 9
- 2018Learning regression and verification networks for long-term visual trackingcited by 8
- 2020CRACT: Cascaded Regression-Align-Classification for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 27; 2023: 32; 2024: 25; 2025: 27; 2026: 17.
131 papers.
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- 2022Joint Feature Learning and Relation Modeling for Tracking: A One-Stream Frameworkcited by 328
- 2022MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attentioncited by 278
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- 2022AiATrack: Attention in Attention for Transformer Visual Trackingcited by 137
- 2021SwinTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Transformer Trackingcited by 126
- 2022Backbone is All Your Need: A Simplified Architecture for Visual Object Trackingcited by 119
- 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 117
- 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2023Generalized Relation Modeling for Transformer Trackingcited by 93
- 2024SAMURAI: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Zero-Shot Visual Tracking with Motion-Aware Memorycited by 91
- 2023Robust Object Modeling for Visual Trackingcited by 80
- 2024SAM2Long: Enhancing SAM 2 for Long Video Segmentation with a Training-Free Memory Treecited by 77
38 more
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- 2021Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlookcited by 45
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- 2022RGBD1K: A Large-scale Dataset and Benchmark for RGB-D Object Trackingcited by 42
- 2022Robust Visual Tracking by Segmentationcited by 38
- 2023CiteTracker: Correlating Image and Text for Visual Trackingcited by 36
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Trackingcited by 36
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learningcited by 30
- 2023EgoTracks: A Long-term Egocentric Visual Object Tracking Datasetcited by 27
- 2023Target-Aware Tracking with Long-term Context Attentioncited by 27
- 2024Unifying Visual and Vision-Language Tracking via Contrastive Learningcited by 27
- 2022WebUAV-3M: A Benchmark for Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep UAV Trackingcited by 26
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- 2024DTLLM-VLT: Diverse Text Generation for Visual Language Tracking Based on LLMcited by 24
- 2025Exploring Decoupled Spatio-Temporal Consistency Learning and Self-Prompting Evolution for Self-Supervised Trackingcited by 23
- 2022AVisT: A Benchmark for Visual Object Tracking in Adverse Visibilitycited by 22
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Taskscited by 22
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- 2023Unified Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Single- and Multi-Modal Visual Object Trackingcited by 20
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- 2023OmniTracker: Unifying Object Tracking by Tracking-with-Detectioncited by 19
- 2022Learning Spatial-Frequency Transformer for Visual Object Trackingcited by 18
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- 2023Semi-Supervised Visual Tracking of Marine Animals using Autonomous Underwater Vehiclescited by 15
- 2024WebUOT-1M: Advancing Deep Underwater Object Tracking with A Million-Scale Benchmarkcited by 15
- 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Trackingcited by 15
- 2023Evidential Detection and Tracking Collaboration: New Problem, Benchmark and Algorithm for Robust Anti-UAV Systemcited by 13
50 most cited of 131 All 131 (JSON)
- 2026Template-Search Domain Adaptation via Multi-Stage Feature Alignment for Cross-Modal Object Tracking29 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning to Track from Privileged Target Appearances2 Sep 2026
- 2026FeedbackTrack: Visual-Cortex-Inspired Cross-Frame Feedback for Transformer Tracking10 Aug 2026
- 2026Models as Tools: An Agentic Coordination Framework for Unified Multimodal Visual Tracking1 Aug 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal UAV Object Tracking: State-Aware Representation Learning and A Unified Benchmark21 Jul 2026
- 2026Active Adversarial Perturbation-driven Associative Memory Retrieval for RGB-Event Visual Object Tracking24 Jun 2026
- 2026SENTRY: SAM2-Enhanced Neighbor-Aware and Temporally Reasoned Memory for Visual Tracking23 Jun 2026
- 2026VL-UniTrack: A Unified Framework with Visual-Language Prompts for UAV-Ground Visual Tracking6 May 2026
- 2026FreqTrack: Frequency Learning based Vision Transformer for RGB-Event Object Tracking16 Apr 2026
- 2026STATrack: A Target-Aware Fully Spiking Neural Network for Efficient UAV Tracking29 Mar 2026
- 2026EdgeDAM: Real-time Object Tracking for Mobile Devices5 Mar 2026
- 2026MUOT_3M: A 3 Million Frame Multimodal Underwater Benchmark and the MUTrack Tracking Method20 Feb 2026
38 more
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- 2026UBATrack: Spatio-Temporal State Space Model for General Multi-Modal Tracking21 Jan 2026
- 2026DeTracker: Motion-decoupled Vehicle Detection and Tracking in Unstabilized Satellite Videos14 Jan 2026
- 2026Decoupling Amplitude and Phase Attention in Frequency Domain for RGB-Event based Visual Object Tracking3 Jan 2026
- 2025How Far are Modern Trackers from UAV-Anti-UAV? A Million-Scale Benchmark and New Baseline8 Dec 2025
- 2025UAUTrack: Towards Unified Multimodal Anti-UAV Visual Tracking2 Dec 2025
- 2025Context-Aware Token Pruning and Discriminative Selective Attention for Transformer Tracking25 Nov 2025
- 2025SatSAM2: Motion-Constrained Video Object Tracking in Satellite Imagery using Promptable SAM2 and Kalman Priors23 Nov 2025
- 2025Tracking and Segmenting Anything in Any Modality22 Nov 2025
- 2025SOTFormer: A Minimal Transformer for Unified Object Tracking and Trajectory Prediction14 Nov 2025
- 2025UniSOT: A Unified Framework for Multi-Modality Single Object Tracking3 Nov 2025
- 2025Dynamic Semantic-Aware Correlation Modeling for UAV Tracking24 Oct 2025
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- 2025Multi-State Tracker: Enhancing Efficient Object Tracking via Multi-State Specialization and Interaction15 Aug 2025
- 2025SOI is the Root of All Evil: Quantifying and Breaking Similar Object Interference in Single Object Tracking13 Aug 2025
- 2025DMTrack: Spatio-Temporal Multimodal Tracking via Dual-Adapter3 Aug 2025
- 2025CST Anti-UAV: A Thermal Infrared Benchmark for Tiny UAV Tracking in Complex Scenes31 Jul 2025
- 2025SAMITE: Position Prompted SAM2 with Calibrated Memory for Visual Object Tracking29 Jul 2025
- 2025Exploring Decoupled Spatio-Temporal Consistency Learning and Self-Prompting Evolution for Self-Supervised Tracking29 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learning27 Jul 2025
- 2025ATCTrack: Aligning Target-Context Cues with Dynamic Target States for Robust Vision-Language Tracking26 Jul 2025
- 2025Is Tracking really more challenging in First Person Egocentric Vision?21 Jul 2025
- 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Tracking8 Jul 2025
- 2025Mamba-FETrack V2: Revisiting State Space Model for Frame-Event based Visual Object Tracking30 Jun 2025
- 2025CLDTracker: A Comprehensive Language Description for Visual Tracking29 May 2025
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Features26 May 2025
- 2025RGB-D Tracking via Hierarchical Modality Aggregation and Distribution Network24 Apr 2025
- 2025Learning Occlusion-Robust Vision Transformers for Real-Time UAV Tracking12 Apr 2025
- 2025UncTrack: Reliable Visual Object Tracking with Uncertainty-Aware Prototype Memory Network17 Mar 2025
- 2025LightFC-X: Lightweight Convolutional Tracker for RGB-X Tracking25 Feb 2025
- 2025DeTrack: In-model Latent Denoising Learning for Visual Object Tracking5 Jan 2025
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Tracking15 Dec 2024
- 2024A Distractor-Aware Memory for Visual Object Tracking with SAM226 Nov 2024
- 2024SAMURAI: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Zero-Shot Visual Tracking with Motion-Aware Memory18 Nov 2024
- 2024NT-VOT211: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Night-time Visual Object Tracking27 Oct 2024
- 2024Depth Attention for Robust RGB Tracking27 Oct 2024
- 2024SAM2Long: Enhancing SAM 2 for Long Video Segmentation with a Training-Free Memory Tree21 Oct 2024
50 newest of 131 All 131 (JSON)
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Trackingcited by 36
- 2025Mamba-FETrack V2: Revisiting State Space Model for Frame-Event based Visual Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2026SMTrack: State-Aware Mamba for Efficient Temporal Modeling in Visual Trackingcited by 1
- 2026UBATrack: Spatio-Temporal State Space Model for General Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 0
- 2026SMTrack: State-Aware Mamba for Efficient Temporal Modeling in Visual Tracking2 Feb 2026
- 2026UBATrack: Spatio-Temporal State Space Model for General Multi-Modal Tracking21 Jan 2026
- 2025Mamba-FETrack V2: Revisiting State Space Model for Frame-Event based Visual Object Tracking30 Jun 2025
- 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Tracking15 Dec 2024
- 2022Joint Feature Learning and Relation Modeling for Tracking: A One-Stream Frameworkcited by 328
- 2022MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attentioncited by 278
- 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 190
- 2022AiATrack: Attention in Attention for Transformer Visual Trackingcited by 137
- 2021SwinTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Transformer Trackingcited by 126
- 2022Backbone is All Your Need: A Simplified Architecture for Visual Object Trackingcited by 119
- 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 117
- 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2023Generalized Relation Modeling for Transformer Trackingcited by 93
- 2024SAMURAI: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Zero-Shot Visual Tracking with Motion-Aware Memorycited by 91
- 2023Robust Object Modeling for Visual Trackingcited by 80
- 2024SAM2Long: Enhancing SAM 2 for Long Video Segmentation with a Training-Free Memory Treecited by 77
12 most cited of 125 All 125 (JSON)
- 2026Template-Search Domain Adaptation via Multi-Stage Feature Alignment for Cross-Modal Object Tracking29 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning to Track from Privileged Target Appearances2 Sep 2026
- 2026FeedbackTrack: Visual-Cortex-Inspired Cross-Frame Feedback for Transformer Tracking10 Aug 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal UAV Object Tracking: State-Aware Representation Learning and A Unified Benchmark21 Jul 2026
- 2026Active Adversarial Perturbation-driven Associative Memory Retrieval for RGB-Event Visual Object Tracking24 Jun 2026
- 2026SENTRY: SAM2-Enhanced Neighbor-Aware and Temporally Reasoned Memory for Visual Tracking23 Jun 2026
- 2026VL-UniTrack: A Unified Framework with Visual-Language Prompts for UAV-Ground Visual Tracking6 May 2026
- 2026FreqTrack: Frequency Learning based Vision Transformer for RGB-Event Object Tracking16 Apr 2026
- 2026STATrack: A Target-Aware Fully Spiking Neural Network for Efficient UAV Tracking29 Mar 2026
- 2026EdgeDAM: Real-time Object Tracking for Mobile Devices5 Mar 2026
- 2026MUOT_3M: A 3 Million Frame Multimodal Underwater Benchmark and the MUTrack Tracking Method20 Feb 2026
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
12 newest of 125 All 125 (JSON)