mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Learning Target Candidate Association to Keep Track of What Not to Track

arXiv 2103.16556 ↗First posted 30 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 131

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Abstract (arXiv)

The presence of objects that are confusingly similar to the tracked target, poses a fundamental challenge in appearance-based visual tracking. Such distractor objects are easily misclassified as the target itself, leading to eventual tracking failure. While most methods strive to suppress distractors through more powerful appearance models, we take an alternative approach. We propose to keep track of distractor objects in order to continue tracking the target. To this end, we introduce a learned association network, allowing us to propagate the identities of all target candidates from frame-to-frame. To tackle the problem of lacking ground-truth correspondences between distractor objects in visual tracking, we propose a training strategy that combines partial annotations with self-supervision. We conduct comprehensive experimental validation and analysis of our approach on several challenging datasets. Our tracker sets a new state-of-the-art on six benchmarks, achieving an AUC score of 67.1% on LaSOT and a +5.8% absolute gain on the OxUvA long-term dataset.

Key facts. Cited by 131 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 50 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.

Builds on

50 of 74 references.

References · 50

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
  4. 2013Sinkhorn Distances: Lightspeed Computation of Optimal Transportation Distancescited by 2,277
  5. 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,437
  6. 2017SuperPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Descriptioncited by 1,313
  7. 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
  8. 2016Fully-Convolutional Siamese Networks for Object Trackingcited by 566
  9. 2018SiamRPN++: Evolution of Siamese Visual Tracking with Very Deep Networkscited by 445
  10. 2018LaSOT: A High-quality Benchmark for Large-scale Single Object Trackingcited by 424
  11. 2021Transformer Trackingcited by 412
  12. 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
38 more
  1. 2019Learning Discriminative Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 344
  2. 2019D2-Net: A Trainable CNN for Joint Detection and Description of Local Featurescited by 324
  3. 2018ATOM: Accurate Tracking by Overlap Maximizationcited by 285
  4. 2018Fast Online Object Tracking and Segmentation: A Unifying Approachcited by 272
  5. 2016ECO: Efficient Convolution Operators for Trackingcited by 239
  6. 2020Probabilistic Regression for Visual Trackingcited by 231
  7. 2021Transformer Meets Tracker: Exploiting Temporal Context for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 220
  8. 2020Ocean: Object-aware Anchor-free Trackingcited by 212
  9. 2015Learning Multi-Domain Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Trackingcited by 209
  10. 2019Learning a Neural Solver for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 198
  11. 2020Siamese Box Adaptive Network for Visual Trackingcited by 189
  12. 2018Distractor-aware Siamese Networks for Visual Object Trackingcited by 187
  13. 2019SiamFC++: Towards Robust and Accurate Visual Tracking with Target Estimation Guidelinescited by 177
  14. 2019Siam R-CNN: Visual Tracking by Re-Detectioncited by 174
  15. 2019SiamCAR: Siamese Fully Convolutional Classification and Regression for Visual Trackingcited by 147
  16. 2017Need for Speed: A Benchmark for Higher Frame Rate Object Trackingcited by 137
  17. 2020MOTChallenge: A Benchmark for Single-Camera Multiple Target Trackingcited by 134
  18. 2020LaSOT: A High-quality Large-scale Single Object Tracking Benchmarkcited by 130
  19. 2020Know Your Surroundings: Exploiting Scene Information for Object Trackingcited by 119
  20. 2015A Novel Performance Evaluation Methodology for Single-Target Trackerscited by 113
  21. 2020Deformable Siamese Attention Networks for Visual Object Trackingcited by 97
  22. 2020Alpha-Refine: Boosting Tracking Performance by Precise Bounding Box Estimationcited by 81
  23. 2020High-Performance Long-Term Tracking with Meta-Updatercited by 79
  24. 2020Graph Attention Trackingcited by 70
  25. 2016Beyond Correlation Filters: Learning Continuous Convolution Operators for Visual Trackingcited by 66
  26. 2017Learning Background-Aware Correlation Filters for Visual Trackingcited by 65
  27. 2020AutoTrack: Towards High-Performance Visual Tracking for UAV with Automatic Spatio-Temporal Regularizationcited by 62
  28. 2020Tracking by Instance Detection: A Meta-Learning Approachcited by 61
  29. 2019GlobalTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Long-term Trackingcited by 57
  30. 2018Long-term Tracking in the Wild: A Benchmarkcited by 55
  31. 2018Unveiling the Power of Deep Trackingcited by 41
  32. 2019'Skimming-Perusal' Tracking: A Framework for Real-Time and Robust Long-term Trackingcited by 34
  33. 2019ROAM: Recurrently Optimizing Tracking Modelcited by 28
  34. 2020How to Train Your Energy-Based Model for Regressioncited by 23
  35. 2016Adaptive Decontamination of the Training Set: A Unified Formulation for Discriminative Visual Trackingcited by 12
  36. 2020Visual Tracking by TridentAlign and Context Embeddingcited by 9
  37. 2018Learning regression and verification networks for long-term visual trackingcited by 8
  38. 2020CRACT: Cascaded Regression-Align-Classification for Robust Visual Trackingcited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 27; 2023: 32; 2024: 25; 2025: 27; 2026: 17.

131 papers.

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  1. 2022Joint Feature Learning and Relation Modeling for Tracking: A One-Stream Frameworkcited by 328
  2. 2022MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attentioncited by 278
  3. 2023Universal Instance Perception as Object Discovery and Retrievalcited by 190
  4. 2022AiATrack: Attention in Attention for Transformer Visual Trackingcited by 137
  5. 2021SwinTrack: A Simple and Strong Baseline for Transformer Trackingcited by 126
  6. 2022Backbone is All Your Need: A Simplified Architecture for Visual Object Trackingcited by 119
  7. 2022Transforming Model Prediction for Trackingcited by 117
  8. 2022Towards Grand Unification of Object Trackingcited by 93
  9. 2023Generalized Relation Modeling for Transformer Trackingcited by 93
  10. 2024SAMURAI: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Zero-Shot Visual Tracking with Motion-Aware Memorycited by 91
  11. 2023Robust Object Modeling for Visual Trackingcited by 80
  12. 2024SAM2Long: Enhancing SAM 2 for Long Video Segmentation with a Training-Free Memory Treecited by 77
38 more
  1. 2023HIPTrack: Visual Tracking with Historical Promptscited by 71
  2. 2024Tracking Meets LoRA: Faster Training, Larger Model, Stronger Performancecited by 70
  3. 2022TCTrack: Temporal Contexts for Aerial Trackingcited by 69
  4. 2024A Distractor-Aware Memory for Visual Object Tracking with SAM2cited by 63
  5. 2023Towards Unified Token Learning for Vision-Language Trackingcited by 62
  6. 2023Joint Visual Grounding and Tracking with Natural Language Specificationcited by 59
  7. 2022Prompting for Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 58
  8. 2023MixFormerV2: Efficient Fully Transformer Trackingcited by 56
  9. 2022Revisiting Color-Event based Tracking: A Unified Network, Dataset, and Metriccited by 51
  10. 2021Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Filters and Siamese Networks: A Survey and Outlookcited by 45
  11. 2023Cross-modal Orthogonal High-rank Augmentation for RGB-Event Transformer-trackerscited by 43
  12. 2022RGBD1K: A Large-scale Dataset and Benchmark for RGB-D Object Trackingcited by 42
  13. 2022Robust Visual Tracking by Segmentationcited by 38
  14. 2023CiteTracker: Correlating Image and Text for Visual Trackingcited by 36
  15. 2024Exploring Enhanced Contextual Information for Video-Level Object Trackingcited by 36
  16. 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learningcited by 30
  17. 2023EgoTracks: A Long-term Egocentric Visual Object Tracking Datasetcited by 27
  18. 2023Target-Aware Tracking with Long-term Context Attentioncited by 27
  19. 2024Unifying Visual and Vision-Language Tracking via Contrastive Learningcited by 27
  20. 2022WebUAV-3M: A Benchmark for Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep UAV Trackingcited by 26
  21. 2023Towards Real-World Visual Tracking with Temporal Contextscited by 26
  22. 2022Visual Object Tracking in First Person Visioncited by 25
  23. 2024DTLLM-VLT: Diverse Text Generation for Visual Language Tracking Based on LLMcited by 24
  24. 2025Exploring Decoupled Spatio-Temporal Consistency Learning and Self-Prompting Evolution for Self-Supervised Trackingcited by 23
  25. 2022AVisT: A Benchmark for Visual Object Tracking in Adverse Visibilitycited by 22
  26. 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Taskscited by 22
  27. 2024OmniVid: A Generative Framework for Universal Video Understandingcited by 22
  28. 2025Learning Occlusion-Robust Vision Transformers for Real-Time UAV Trackingcited by 22
  29. 2023Unified Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Single- and Multi-Modal Visual Object Trackingcited by 20
  30. 2023Single-Stage Visual Query Localization in Egocentric Videoscited by 20
  31. 2024XTrack: Multimodal Training Boosts RGB-X Video Object Trackerscited by 20
  32. 2023OmniTracker: Unifying Object Tracking by Tracking-with-Detectioncited by 19
  33. 2022Learning Spatial-Frequency Transformer for Visual Object Trackingcited by 18
  34. 2024CRSOT: Cross-Resolution Object Tracking using Unaligned Frame and Event Camerascited by 17
  35. 2023Semi-Supervised Visual Tracking of Marine Animals using Autonomous Underwater Vehiclescited by 15
  36. 2024WebUOT-1M: Advancing Deep Underwater Object Tracking with A Million-Scale Benchmarkcited by 15
  37. 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Trackingcited by 15
  38. 2023Evidential Detection and Tracking Collaboration: New Problem, Benchmark and Algorithm for Robust Anti-UAV Systemcited by 13

50 most cited of 131 All 131 (JSON)