mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

STEP: Segmenting and Tracking Every Pixel

arXiv 2102.11859 ↗First posted 23 Feb 2021cs.CVcited by 72

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Abstract (arXiv)

The task of assigning semantic classes and track identities to every pixel in a video is called video panoptic segmentation. Our work is the first that targets this task in a real-world setting requiring dense interpretation in both spatial and temporal domains. As the ground-truth for this task is difficult and expensive to obtain, existing datasets are either constructed synthetically or only sparsely annotated within short video clips. To overcome this, we introduce a new benchmark encompassing two datasets, KITTI-STEP, and MOTChallenge-STEP. The datasets contain long video sequences, providing challenging examples and a test-bed for studying long-term pixel-precise segmentation and tracking under real-world conditions. We further propose a novel evaluation metric Segmentation and Tracking Quality (STQ) that fairly balances semantic and tracking aspects of this task and is more appropriate for evaluating sequences of arbitrary length. Finally, we provide several baselines to evaluate the status of existing methods on this new challenging dataset. We have made our datasets, metric, benchmark servers, and baselines publicly available, and hope this will inspire future research.

Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 56 of its 82 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Feb 2021.

Builds on

56 of 82 references.

References · 56

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
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  9. 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,845
  10. 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,427
  11. 2014Going Deeper with Convolutionscited by 4,231
  12. 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,239
38 more
  1. 2018Encoder-Decoder with Atrous Separable Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 3,210
  2. 2020RAFT: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 2,385
  3. 2017Rethinking Atrous Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 2,154
  4. 2017Multi-Task Learning Using Uncertainty to Weigh Losses for Scene Geometry and Semanticscited by 1,345
  5. 2019Objects as Pointscited by 1,172
  6. 2017CyCADA: Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Domain Adaptationcited by 1,079
  7. 2016Simple Online and Realtime Trackingcited by 862
  8. 2016Playing for Data: Ground Truth from Computer Gamescited by 816
  9. 2018Panoptic Segmentationcited by 796
  10. 2016FlowNet 2.0: Evolution of Optical Flow Estimation with Deep Networkscited by 780
  11. 2018Learning to Adapt Structured Output Space for Semantic Segmentationcited by 584
  12. 2014Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets and Fully Connected CRFscited by 552
  13. 2020HOTA: A Higher Order Metric for Evaluating Multi-Object Trackingcited by 546
  14. 2016MOT16: A Benchmark for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 531
  15. 2020Tracking Objects as Pointscited by 483
  16. 2019Video Instance Segmentationcited by 391
  17. 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
  18. 2019Panoptic-DeepLabcited by 362
  19. 2020MOT20: A benchmark for multi object tracking in crowded scenescited by 355
  20. 2016Virtual Worlds as Proxy for Multi-Object Tracking Analysiscited by 340
  21. 2019MOTS: Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 222
  22. 2016UberNet: Training a `Universal' Convolutional Neural Network for Low-, Mid-, and High-Level Vision using Diverse Datasets and Limited Memorycited by 200
  23. 2016Deep Feature Flow for Video Recognitioncited by 186
  24. 2015ParseNet: Looking Wider to See Bettercited by 176
  25. 2019UPSNet: A Unified Panoptic Segmentation Networkcited by 175
  26. 2017Playing for Benchmarkscited by 169
  27. 2014Simultaneous Detection and Segmentationcited by 158
  28. 2020TAO: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Tracking Any Objectcited by 146
  29. 2020Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 141
  30. 2020MOTChallenge: A Benchmark for Single-Camera Multiple Target Trackingcited by 134
  31. 2020Chained-Tracker: Chaining Paired Attentive Regression Results for End-to-End Joint Multiple-Object Detection and Trackingcited by 115
  32. 2019Seamless Scene Segmentationcited by 112
  33. 2020ViP-DeepLab: Learning Visual Perception with Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 95
  34. 2017SegFlow: Joint Learning for Video Object Segmentation and Optical Flowcited by 92
  35. 2017Annotating Object Instances with a Polygon-RNNcited by 88
  36. 2018PReMVOS: Proposal-generation, Refinement and Merging for Video Object Segmentationcited by 81
  37. 2019DeeperLab: Single-Shot Image Parsercited by 63
  38. 2018Long-term Tracking in the Wild: A Benchmarkcited by 55

50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 16; 2023: 17; 2024: 12; 2025: 7; 2026: 12.

72 papers.

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  1. 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 570
  2. 2022AMOS: A Large-Scale Abdominal Multi-Organ Benchmark for Versatile Medical Image Segmentationcited by 347
  3. 2023Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentationcited by 197
  4. 2021Panoptic nuScenes: A Large-Scale Benchmark for LiDAR Panoptic Segmentation and Trackingcited by 165
  5. 2022Panoptic NeRF: 3D-to-2D Label Transfer for Panoptic Urban Scene Segmentationcited by 152
  6. 2023Transformer-Based Visual Segmentation: A Surveycited by 124
  7. 2022ReCo: Retrieve and Co-segment for Zero-shot Transfercited by 115
  8. 2022A Generalist Framework for Panoptic Segmentation of Images and Videoscited by 99
  9. 2022Video K-Net: A Simple, Strong, and Unified Baseline for Video Segmentationcited by 79
  10. 20214D Panoptic LiDAR Segmentationcited by 64
  11. 2022Waymo Open Dataset: Panoramic Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 57
  12. 2021Opening up Open-World Trackingcited by 50
38 more
  1. 2023Panoptic Video Scene Graph Generationcited by 46
  2. 2022Unsupervised Hierarchical Semantic Segmentation with Multiview Cosegmentation and Clustering Transformerscited by 39
  3. 2023Test-Time Training on Video Streamscited by 37
  4. 2021PolyphonicFormer: Unified Query Learning for Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 36
  5. 2022TubeFormer-DeepLab: Video Mask Transformercited by 35
  6. 2023TarViS: A Unified Approach for Target-based Video Segmentationcited by 32
  7. 2022PVO: Panoptic Visual Odometrycited by 26
  8. 2024UniVS: Unified and Universal Video Segmentation with Prompts as Queriescited by 26
  9. 2023Video-kMaX: A Simple Unified Approach for Online and Near-Online Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 24
  10. 2023Tube-Link: A Flexible Cross Tube Framework for Universal Video Segmentationcited by 23
  11. 2021DeepLab2: A TensorFlow Library for Deep Labelingcited by 22
  12. 2024DVIS-DAQ: Improving Video Segmentation via Dynamic Anchor Queriescited by 22
  13. 2024ViCaS: A Dataset for Combining Holistic and Pixel-level Video Understanding using Captions with Grounded Segmentationcited by 16
  14. 2022Synthehicle: Multi-Vehicle Multi-Camera Tracking in Virtual Citiescited by 12
  15. 2022In Pursuit of Many: A Review of Modern Multiple Object Tracking Systemscited by 12
  16. 2024JRDB-PanoTrack: An Open-world Panoptic Segmentation and Tracking Robotic Dataset in Crowded Human Environmentscited by 10
  17. 2023PanopticNeRF-360: Panoramic 3D-to-2D Label Transfer in Urban Scenescited by 9
  18. 2022Track Targets by Dense Spatio-Temporal Position Encodingcited by 8
  19. 2023Lidar Panoptic Segmentation and Tracking without Bells and Whistlescited by 7
  20. 2026VidEoMT: Your ViT is Secretly Also a Video Segmentation Modelcited by 7
  21. 2023Video Object Segmentation in Panoptic Wild Scenescited by 6
  22. 2023PlaneRecTR++: Unified Query Learning for Joint 3D Planar Reconstruction and Pose Estimationcited by 6
  23. 2024General and Task-Oriented Video Segmentationcited by 6
  24. 2024DPBridge: Latent Diffusion Bridge for Dense Predictioncited by 6
  25. 2025Adapting Vision-Language Models Without Labels: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 6
  26. 2023Compensation Learning in Semantic Segmentationcited by 5
  27. 2024RMP-SAM: Towards Real-Time Multi-Purpose Segment Anythingcited by 5
  28. 2026Vision as Unified Multimodal Generationcited by 5
  29. 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmarkcited by 4
  30. 2022Hybrid Tracker with Pixel and Instance for Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 3
  31. 2022A Lightweight Machine Learning Pipeline for LiDAR-simulationcited by 3
  32. 2023A Simple Video Segmenter by Tracking Objects Along Axial Trajectoriescited by 3
  33. 2025TrackOcc: Camera-based 4D Panoptic Occupancy Trackingcited by 3
  34. 2026Latent Gaussian Splatting for 4D Panoptic Occupancy Trackingcited by 3
  35. 2026PMT: Plain Mask Transformer for Image and Video Segmentation with Frozen Vision Encoderscited by 3
  36. 2021An End-to-End Trainable Video Panoptic Segmentation Method usingTransformerscited by 2
  37. 2022TRoVE: Transforming Road Scene Datasets into Photorealistic Virtual Environmentscited by 2
  38. 2022Time-Space Transformers for Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 2

50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)