STEP: Segmenting and Tracking Every Pixel
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Abstract (arXiv)
The task of assigning semantic classes and track identities to every pixel in a video is called video panoptic segmentation. Our work is the first that targets this task in a real-world setting requiring dense interpretation in both spatial and temporal domains. As the ground-truth for this task is difficult and expensive to obtain, existing datasets are either constructed synthetically or only sparsely annotated within short video clips. To overcome this, we introduce a new benchmark encompassing two datasets, KITTI-STEP, and MOTChallenge-STEP. The datasets contain long video sequences, providing challenging examples and a test-bed for studying long-term pixel-precise segmentation and tracking under real-world conditions. We further propose a novel evaluation metric Segmentation and Tracking Quality (STQ) that fairly balances semantic and tracking aspects of this task and is more appropriate for evaluating sequences of arbitrary length. Finally, we provide several baselines to evaluate the status of existing methods on this new challenging dataset. We have made our datasets, metric, benchmark servers, and baselines publicly available, and hope this will inspire future research.
Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 56 of its 82 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Feb 2021.
Builds on
56 of 82 references.
References · 56
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- 2016Simple Online and Realtime Trackingcited by 862
- 2016Playing for Data: Ground Truth from Computer Gamescited by 816
- 2018Panoptic Segmentationcited by 796
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- 2020Tracking Objects as Pointscited by 483
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- 2019Panoptic-DeepLabcited by 362
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- 2016Virtual Worlds as Proxy for Multi-Object Tracking Analysiscited by 340
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50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 16; 2023: 17; 2024: 12; 2025: 7; 2026: 12.
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- 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 570
- 2022AMOS: A Large-Scale Abdominal Multi-Organ Benchmark for Versatile Medical Image Segmentationcited by 347
- 2023Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentationcited by 197
- 2021Panoptic nuScenes: A Large-Scale Benchmark for LiDAR Panoptic Segmentation and Trackingcited by 165
- 2022Panoptic NeRF: 3D-to-2D Label Transfer for Panoptic Urban Scene Segmentationcited by 152
- 2023Transformer-Based Visual Segmentation: A Surveycited by 124
- 2022ReCo: Retrieve and Co-segment for Zero-shot Transfercited by 115
- 2022A Generalist Framework for Panoptic Segmentation of Images and Videoscited by 99
- 2022Video K-Net: A Simple, Strong, and Unified Baseline for Video Segmentationcited by 79
- 20214D Panoptic LiDAR Segmentationcited by 64
- 2022Waymo Open Dataset: Panoramic Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 57
- 2021Opening up Open-World Trackingcited by 50
38 more
- 2023Panoptic Video Scene Graph Generationcited by 46
- 2022Unsupervised Hierarchical Semantic Segmentation with Multiview Cosegmentation and Clustering Transformerscited by 39
- 2023Test-Time Training on Video Streamscited by 37
- 2021PolyphonicFormer: Unified Query Learning for Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 36
- 2022TubeFormer-DeepLab: Video Mask Transformercited by 35
- 2023TarViS: A Unified Approach for Target-based Video Segmentationcited by 32
- 2022PVO: Panoptic Visual Odometrycited by 26
- 2024UniVS: Unified and Universal Video Segmentation with Prompts as Queriescited by 26
- 2023Video-kMaX: A Simple Unified Approach for Online and Near-Online Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 24
- 2023Tube-Link: A Flexible Cross Tube Framework for Universal Video Segmentationcited by 23
- 2021DeepLab2: A TensorFlow Library for Deep Labelingcited by 22
- 2024DVIS-DAQ: Improving Video Segmentation via Dynamic Anchor Queriescited by 22
- 2024ViCaS: A Dataset for Combining Holistic and Pixel-level Video Understanding using Captions with Grounded Segmentationcited by 16
- 2022Synthehicle: Multi-Vehicle Multi-Camera Tracking in Virtual Citiescited by 12
- 2022In Pursuit of Many: A Review of Modern Multiple Object Tracking Systemscited by 12
- 2024JRDB-PanoTrack: An Open-world Panoptic Segmentation and Tracking Robotic Dataset in Crowded Human Environmentscited by 10
- 2023PanopticNeRF-360: Panoramic 3D-to-2D Label Transfer in Urban Scenescited by 9
- 2022Track Targets by Dense Spatio-Temporal Position Encodingcited by 8
- 2023Lidar Panoptic Segmentation and Tracking without Bells and Whistlescited by 7
- 2026VidEoMT: Your ViT is Secretly Also a Video Segmentation Modelcited by 7
- 2023Video Object Segmentation in Panoptic Wild Scenescited by 6
- 2023PlaneRecTR++: Unified Query Learning for Joint 3D Planar Reconstruction and Pose Estimationcited by 6
- 2024General and Task-Oriented Video Segmentationcited by 6
- 2024DPBridge: Latent Diffusion Bridge for Dense Predictioncited by 6
- 2025Adapting Vision-Language Models Without Labels: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 6
- 2023Compensation Learning in Semantic Segmentationcited by 5
- 2024RMP-SAM: Towards Real-Time Multi-Purpose Segment Anythingcited by 5
- 2026Vision as Unified Multimodal Generationcited by 5
- 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmarkcited by 4
- 2022Hybrid Tracker with Pixel and Instance for Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 3
- 2022A Lightweight Machine Learning Pipeline for LiDAR-simulationcited by 3
- 2023A Simple Video Segmenter by Tracking Objects Along Axial Trajectoriescited by 3
- 2025TrackOcc: Camera-based 4D Panoptic Occupancy Trackingcited by 3
- 2026Latent Gaussian Splatting for 4D Panoptic Occupancy Trackingcited by 3
- 2026PMT: Plain Mask Transformer for Image and Video Segmentation with Frozen Vision Encoderscited by 3
- 2021An End-to-End Trainable Video Panoptic Segmentation Method usingTransformerscited by 2
- 2022TRoVE: Transforming Road Scene Datasets into Photorealistic Virtual Environmentscited by 2
- 2022Time-Space Transformers for Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 2
50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026Hard-Region Supervision: #1 on the Waymo Open Dataset 2D Video Panoptic Segmentation Leaderboard30 Sep 2026
- 2026S4VY: Segment Anything in Feed-Forward 4D Visual Geometry29 Sep 2026
- 2026LVMT: Video Mask Transformer for Long-term Video Segmentation28 Sep 2026
- 2026DynEoMT: Learning Object Dynamicity from Online Segmentation Queries13 Sep 2026
- 2026Vision as Unified Multimodal Generation7 Jul 2026
- 2026Streaming Gaussian Encoding for 4D Panoptic Occupancy Tracking29 Jun 2026
- 2026Forget, Anticipate and Adapt: Test Time Training for Long Videos25 Jun 2026
- 2026Scene-Centric Unsupervised Video Panoptic Segmentation3 Jun 2026
- 2026PMT: Plain Mask Transformer for Image and Video Segmentation with Frozen Vision Encoders26 Mar 2026
- 2026Latent Gaussian Splatting for 4D Panoptic Occupancy Tracking26 Feb 2026
- 2026VidEoMT: Your ViT is Secretly Also a Video Segmentation Model19 Feb 2026
- 2026TSBOW -- Traffic Surveillance Benchmark for Occluded Vehicles Under Various Weather Conditions5 Feb 2026
38 more
- 2025RedunCut: Measurement-Driven Sampling and Accuracy Performance Modeling for Low-Cost Live Video Analytics30 Dec 2025
- 2025Adapting Vision-Language Models Without Labels: A Comprehensive Survey7 Aug 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Video Scene Parsing:Advances, Challenges, and Prospects16 Jun 2025
- 2025SydneyScapes: Image Segmentation for Australian Environments10 Apr 2025
- 2025CAM-Seg: A Continuous-valued Embedding Approach for Semantic Image Generation19 Mar 2025
- 2025Learning Appearance and Motion Cues for Panoptic Tracking12 Mar 2025
- 2025TrackOcc: Camera-based 4D Panoptic Occupancy Tracking11 Mar 2025
- 2024DPBridge: Latent Diffusion Bridge for Dense Prediction29 Dec 2024
- 2024ViCaS: A Dataset for Combining Holistic and Pixel-level Video Understanding using Captions with Grounded Segmentation12 Dec 2024
- 2024Configurable Embodied Data Generation for Class-Agnostic RGB-D Video Segmentation16 Oct 2024
- 2024Task-Decoupled Image Inpainting Framework for Class-specific Object Remover3 Oct 2024
- 2024Uplifting Range-View-based 3D Semantic Segmentation in Real-Time with Multi-Sensor Fusion12 Jul 2024
- 2024General and Task-Oriented Video Segmentation9 Jul 2024
- 20242nd Place Solution for PVUW Challenge 2024: Video Panoptic Segmentation1 Jun 2024
- 2024JRDB-PanoTrack: An Open-world Panoptic Segmentation and Tracking Robotic Dataset in Crowded Human Environments2 Apr 2024
- 2024DVIS-DAQ: Improving Video Segmentation via Dynamic Anchor Queries29 Mar 2024
- 2024MTMMC: A Large-Scale Real-World Multi-Modal Camera Tracking Benchmark29 Mar 2024
- 2024UniVS: Unified and Universal Video Segmentation with Prompts as Queries28 Feb 2024
- 2024RMP-SAM: Towards Real-Time Multi-Purpose Segment Anything18 Jan 2024
- 2023A Simple Video Segmenter by Tracking Objects Along Axial Trajectories30 Nov 2023
- 2023Panoptic Video Scene Graph Generation28 Nov 2023
- 2023Lidar Panoptic Segmentation and Tracking without Bells and Whistles19 Oct 2023
- 2023PanopticNeRF-360: Panoramic 3D-to-2D Label Transfer in Urban Scenes19 Sep 2023
- 2023Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentation7 Sep 2023
- 2023The TYC Dataset for Understanding Instance-Level Semantics and Motions of Cells in Microstructures23 Aug 2023
- 2023PlaneRecTR++: Unified Query Learning for Joint 3D Planar Reconstruction and Pose Estimation25 Jul 2023
- 2023Test-Time Training on Video Streams11 Jul 2023
- 20233rd Place Solution for PVUW Challenge 2023: Video Panoptic Segmentation11 Jun 2023
- 2023Video Object Segmentation in Panoptic Wild Scenes8 May 2023
- 2023Compensation Learning in Semantic Segmentation26 Apr 2023
- 2023Transformer-Based Visual Segmentation: A Survey19 Apr 2023
- 2023Video-kMaX: A Simple Unified Approach for Online and Near-Online Video Panoptic Segmentation10 Apr 2023
- 2023Uncertainty estimation in Deep Learning for Panoptic segmentation4 Apr 2023
- 2023Tube-Link: A Flexible Cross Tube Framework for Universal Video Segmentation22 Mar 2023
- 2023Unified Perception: Efficient Depth-Aware Video Panoptic Segmentation with Minimal Annotation Costs3 Mar 2023
- 2023TarViS: A Unified Approach for Target-based Video Segmentation6 Jan 2023
- 2022Track Targets by Dense Spatio-Temporal Position Encoding17 Oct 2022
- 2022A Generalist Framework for Panoptic Segmentation of Images and Videos12 Oct 2022
50 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2024DPBridge: Latent Diffusion Bridge for Dense Predictioncited by 6
- 2024DPBridge: Latent Diffusion Bridge for Dense Prediction29 Dec 2024
- 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 570
- 2022AMOS: A Large-Scale Abdominal Multi-Organ Benchmark for Versatile Medical Image Segmentationcited by 347
- 2023Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentationcited by 197
- 2021Panoptic nuScenes: A Large-Scale Benchmark for LiDAR Panoptic Segmentation and Trackingcited by 165
- 2022Panoptic NeRF: 3D-to-2D Label Transfer for Panoptic Urban Scene Segmentationcited by 152
- 2023Transformer-Based Visual Segmentation: A Surveycited by 124
- 2022ReCo: Retrieve and Co-segment for Zero-shot Transfercited by 115
- 2022A Generalist Framework for Panoptic Segmentation of Images and Videoscited by 99
- 2022Video K-Net: A Simple, Strong, and Unified Baseline for Video Segmentationcited by 79
- 20214D Panoptic LiDAR Segmentationcited by 64
- 2022Waymo Open Dataset: Panoramic Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 57
- 2021Opening up Open-World Trackingcited by 50
12 most cited of 69 All 69 (JSON)
- 2026Hard-Region Supervision: #1 on the Waymo Open Dataset 2D Video Panoptic Segmentation Leaderboard30 Sep 2026
- 2026S4VY: Segment Anything in Feed-Forward 4D Visual Geometry29 Sep 2026
- 2026LVMT: Video Mask Transformer for Long-term Video Segmentation28 Sep 2026
- 2026DynEoMT: Learning Object Dynamicity from Online Segmentation Queries13 Sep 2026
- 2026Vision as Unified Multimodal Generation7 Jul 2026
- 2026Streaming Gaussian Encoding for 4D Panoptic Occupancy Tracking29 Jun 2026
- 2026Forget, Anticipate and Adapt: Test Time Training for Long Videos25 Jun 2026
- 2026Scene-Centric Unsupervised Video Panoptic Segmentation3 Jun 2026
- 2026PMT: Plain Mask Transformer for Image and Video Segmentation with Frozen Vision Encoders26 Mar 2026
- 2026Latent Gaussian Splatting for 4D Panoptic Occupancy Tracking26 Feb 2026
- 2026VidEoMT: Your ViT is Secretly Also a Video Segmentation Model19 Feb 2026
- 2026TSBOW -- Traffic Surveillance Benchmark for Occluded Vehicles Under Various Weather Conditions5 Feb 2026
12 newest of 69 All 69 (JSON)